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Fig. 1 in An Australian multituberculate and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Holotype of multituberculate mammal Corriebaatar marywaltersae gen. et sp. nov. from Flat Rocks, Wonthaggi Formation (Aptian), Australia (NMV P216655), a left dentary fragment with p4 and anterior root of m1 in labial (A), lingual (B), and occlusal (C) views. Artwork by P. Trusler.

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Fig. 2 in An Australian multituberculate and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Fig. 2. Holotype of multituberculate mammal Corriebaatar marywaltersae gen. et sp. nov. from Flat Rocks, Wonthaggi Formation (Aptian), Australia (NMV P216655), a left dentary fragment with p4 and anterior root of m1 in lingual (A) and labial (B) views, stereopairs. Photographs by Steven Morton.

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Fig. 6 in New early Eocene tapiromorph perissodactyls from the Ghazij Formation of Pakistan, with implications for mammalian biochronology in Asia

Fig. 6. Biochronological correlation of early and middle Eocene mammal levels from Indo−Pakistan (right) to the Asian Land Mammal Age (left) defined in East and Central Asia. Circles indicate the presence of perissodactyl families in a biochronological interval in East and Central Asia, stars indicate their presence in Indo−Pakistan. Gray symbols indicate taxonomic uncertainties. The faunas from the middle Ghazij Formation and from the lower part of the upper Ghazij Formation lack tapiromorphs and other biochronologically informative taxa, and are characterized by an abundance of Quettacyonidae and Tillodontia. Asian mammal biochronology is based on Tsubamoto et al. (2004) and Missiaen (2011). Abbreviations: U. Upp. Ghazij, upper part of the upper Ghazij Formation; L. Upp. Ghazij, lower part of the upper Ghazij Formation.

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Fig. 4 in New early Eocene tapiromorph perissodactyls from the Ghazij Formation of Pakistan, with implications for mammalian biochronology in Asia

Fig. 4. Histograms showing the distribution of m1 (A) and m3 (B) size in Gandheralophus gen. nov. specimens of the two Pakistan species described here: G. minor and G. robustus (solid bars). The holotype of each species falls in the modal class. Comparison to a mixed male and female sample of the North American reference species, Hyracotherium tapirinum (Cope, 1875) (open bars; after Gingerich 1981) shows that the variability of Gandheralophus specimens is too great to represent a single species. Empirically, mammalian species have natural−log (length X width) ranges of 0.4 units (mean ± 2 standard deviations; Gingerich 1981). Each species shown here fits within a 0.4−unit range. Distributions of size of G. minor and G. robustus are strongly bimodal. Taken together they would have a range of 0.55 units (2.90 to 3.45) for m1 and of 0.80 units (3.45 to 4.25) for m3. Thus G. minor and G. robustus represent separate species.

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Fig. 1 in New early Eocene tapiromorph perissodactyls from the Ghazij Formation of Pakistan, with implications for mammalian biochronology in Asia

Fig. 1. Location map of Pakistan and western India showing the distribution of localities yielding early Eocene (solid circles) and middle Eocene (open circles) continental vertebrates. Tapiromorpha described here come from the Gandhera (GH−40), GH−45, and GH−46 localities in the upper part of the upper Ghazij Formation. All are near Kingri in Balochistan Province.

Fig. 1 in Large theropod dinosaur footprint associations in western Gondwana: Behavioural and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 1. Location of the large theropod trackbeds: track 1 indicates the Querulpa Chico locality while track 2 indicates the Chacarilla locality.

Fig. 5 in Large theropod dinosaur footprint associations in western Gondwana: Behavioural and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 5. Photographs of Early Cretaceous theropod footprints from the Querulpa Chico tracksite, Peru. A–I refer to the individual trackways in Fig. 4, and the number to the particular print in the trackway. Arrows point to hallux impressions. Scale bars 0.5 m.

Fig. 6. Early Cretaceous Chacarilla tracksite, Chile. A in Large theropod dinosaur footprint associations in western Gondwana: Behavioural and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 6. Early Cretaceous Chacarilla tracksite, Chile. A. Line drawing and photographs of the Chacarilla theropod tracksite, showing orientations and distribution of trackways. B. Schematic map of trackways 3 and 4, crossed perpendicularly by trackways 1, 5 and 2 (unidentified trackway). Scale bars in A 5 m.

Fig. 3 in Large theropod dinosaur footprint associations in western Gondwana: Behavioural and palaeogeographic implications

Fig. 3. Measurements taken in situ on footprints and trackways. Anteroposterior track length: distance between the distal tip of digit III and the proximal boundary of the sole; mediolateral track width: distance between the distal tip of lateral digits measured perpendicular to the track axis; pace angle: angle formed by the two segments joining three consecutive tracks; pace, distance between two consecutive tracks; stride length: distance between two consecutive tracks on the same side (left or right) of the trackway.

Fig. 2 in New remains attributable to the holotype of the sauropod dinosaur Neuquensaurus australis, with implications for saltasaurine systematics

Fig. 2. Holotypic sacrum of the sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), MLP Ly 1 and 7, from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Argentina. Stereophotographs and line drawings in ventral view. The abbreviations (s1–s7) indicate sacral vertebral identity. Dashed lines indicate missing bone, and dotted lines indicate intervertebral sutures.

Fig. 1 in New remains attributable to the holotype of the sauropod dinosaur Neuquensaurus australis, with implications for saltasaurine systematics

Fig. 1. Holotypic sacrum of the sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), MLP Ly 1 and 7, from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Argentina. Posterior view of sixth sacral vertebra and anterior view of seventh sacral vertebra showing corresponding matrix, which snaps together when the vertebrae are articulated. The abbreviations (s6–s7) indicate sacral vertebral identity. Dashed lines indicate missing bone.

Fig. 4 in New remains attributable to the holotype of the sauropod dinosaur Neuquensaurus australis, with implications for saltasaurine systematics

Fig. 4. Holotypic sacrum of the sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), MLP Ly 1 and 7, from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Argentina in right lateral view. The abbreviations (s1–s7) indicate sacral vertebral identity. Dashed lines indicate missing bone.

Fig. 5 in New remains attributable to the holotype of the sauropod dinosaur Neuquensaurus australis, with implications for saltasaurine systematics

Fig. 5. Holotypic seventh sacral vertebra of the sauropod Neuquensaurus australis (Lydekker, 1893), MLP Ly 1, from the Late Cretaceous of Neuquén, Argentina in left lateral (A), ventral (B), anterior (C), right lateral (D), dorsal (E), and posterior (F) views.

Fig. 8. Sauropod sacrum PVL 4017−18 in New remains attributable to the holotype of the sauropod dinosaur Neuquensaurus australis, with implications for saltasaurine systematics

Fig. 8. Sauropod sacrum PVL 4017−18 from the Saltasaurus loricatus quarry at El Brete, Argentina. Stereophotographs in right lateral view, with anterior towards the top. The abbreviations s1 and s7 indicate sacral vertebral identity.

Fig. 4 in A giant skull of the temnospondyl Xenotosuchus africanus from the Middle Triassic of South Africa and its ontogenetic implications

Fig. 4. Partial ontogenetic sequence representing sub−adult to adult stages in the temnospondyl Xenotosuchus africanus (Haughton, 1925) from the Middle Triassic (Cynognathus Assemblage Zone, Beaufort Group) of the Karoo Basin, South Africa. A. UCMP 41286 in dorsal (A1) and ventral (A2) views. B. SAM−PK−3008 in dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views. C. CGP/1/135 in dorsal (C1) and ventral (C2) views; arrows indicate ontogenetically variable characters of the cranium of X. africanus, as discussed in the text. Grey shading represents the preserved portions of each skull.

Fig. 3 in A giant skull of the temnospondyl Xenotosuchus africanus from the Middle Triassic of South Africa and its ontogenetic implications

Fig. 3. Mastodonsaurid temnospondyl Xenotosuchus africanus (Haughton, 1925) from the Middle Triassic (Cynognathus Assemblage Zone, Beaufort Group) of the Karoo Basin, South Africa, referred specimen CGP/1/135. A. Interpretive drawing (A1) and reconstruction (A2) in dorsal view. B. Interpretive drawing (B1) and reconstruction (B2) in ventral view. Grey shading represents plaster−of−Paris; heavy stiple represents matrix; cross−hatching represents broken bone.

Fig. 7 in An ailuravine rodent from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, western India, and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Fig. 7. Distribution of ailuravine rodents and possible routes of their dispersal during the early Eocene (based on Smith et al. 1994, with additional data mainly from Gaetani and Garzanti 1991; Gingerich et al. 1997). Black dots mark the position of Vastan in India and of ailuravine−yielding sites elsewhere; dashed lines indicate the possible/discussed dispersal routes, which include: Europe to Asia via the Turgai Strait and then to India via its leading edge (the favoured route); Europe to India via Africa and Madagascar; Europe to India directly through Turkey.

Fig. 6 in An ailuravine rodent from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, western India, and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Fig. 6. Ailuravine rodent Meldimys louisi (Michaux, 1964) from the lower Eocene of Paris Basin (France) (from Escarguel 1999). Isolated cheek teeth in occlusal views. A. UM2−727, left dP4 from Avenay (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: d). B. MNHN−PL−164, right P4 (reversed) from Avenay (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: e). C. MNHN−PL−186, right M1 (reversed) from Mutigny (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: a). D. MNHN−15799, right M2 (reversed) from Avenay (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: g). E. MNHN−PL−1090, left M3 from Mutigny (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: c). F. MNHN−PL−825, right m1 from Avenay (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: m). G. MNHN−5737, right m2 (type) from Avenay (Escarguel 1999: pl. 3: n).

Fig. 2 in A giant skull of the temnospondyl Xenotosuchus africanus from the Middle Triassic of South Africa and its ontogenetic implications

Fig. 2. Mastodonsaurid temnospondyl Xenotosuchus africanus (Haughton, 1925) from the Middle Triassic (Cynognathus Assemblage Zone, Beaufort Group) of the Karoo Basin, South Africa. Skulls of three specimens used in this study, reproduced to the same scale. A. Referred specimen CGP/1/135 in dorsal (A1) and ventral (A2) views. B. Lectotype SAM−PK−2360 in dorsal (B1) and ventral (B2) views. C. Referred specimen SAM−PK−3008 in dorsal (C1) and ventral (C2) views.

Fig. 4 in An ailuravine rodent from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan, western India, and its palaeobiogeographic implications

Fig. 4. Ailuravine rodent Meldimys musak sp. nov., from the lower Eocene Cambay Formation at Vastan (Gujarat, western India), isolated cheek teeth. A. GU/RSR/VAS 455, left M3 (reversed) in occlusal (A1 stereo), posterior (A2), anterior (A3), buccal (A4), and lingual (A5) views. B. GU/RSR/VAS 451, right M3, paratype, stereo pair of occlusal view. C. GU/RSR/VAS 452, right M3, stereo pair of occlusal view. D. GU/RSR/VAS 453, right M3, stereo pair of occlusal view.