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Figure 22 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 22 Records of the material we analysed (circles), including the type localities of Neotropical junior synonyms cited in the text (stars and triangles). A.Tetragnatha bogotensis; B.Tetragnatha elongata; C.Tetragnatha keyserlingi (excluding Haiti); D.Tetragnatha mandibulata; E.Tetragnatha nitens; F.Tetragnatha vermiformis.
Figure 3 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 3 Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865, SEM photos. A. Left male palp, mesal view (MCTP 4299); B. Left male chelicera, upper view (MCTP 4299); C. Left female chelicera, upper view (MCTP 4299); D. Left male palp paracymbium, ventral view (SMF 0044); E. Left palp conductor detail, mesal view (MCTP 4299); F. Epiandrous field, ventral view (SMF 0044). Scale bars: 0.2 mm (A); 0.5 mm (B, C); 0.1 mm (D); 0.05 mm (E); 0.02 mm (F).
Figure 20 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 20 Embolous and conductor tip detail, dorsal view, SEM photos. A.T. bogotensis (MCTP 4299); B.T. elongata (MCTP 43306 ex 0370); C.T. keyserlingi (MCTP 43319 ex 6944); D.T. mandibulata (SMF 1356); E.T. nitens (MACN 2252); F.T. vermiformis (MCTP 43339 ex 1133). Scale bars: 0.05 mm (A, B, C, E, F); 0.02 mm (D).
Figure 21 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 21 Junior synonyms mentioned on the manuscript. A–G.T. bogotensis synonyms chelicerae, ♂ upper view, ♀ lower view: A.T. andina, ♀ syntype; B.T. peninsulana, ♀ syntype; C.T. boydi praedator, ♂ syntype; D.T. eremita, ♂ holotype; E.T. bemalcuei, ♀ holotype; F.T. ramboi, ♂ lectotype; G.T. haitiensis, ♀ holotype; H–M.T. keyserlingi synonyms, left chelicerae: H.T. kochi, ♀ syntype upper view; I–K.T. japonica (ZMH): I. ♀ syntype upper view; J, K. ♂ T. nigrita (misidentification): J. Upper view; K. Lower view; L, M.T. conformans upper view: L. ♂ paratype; M. ♀ holotype; N, O.T. nigrita sub T. cliens, left chelicerae upper view: N. ♂ holotype; O. ♀ paratype (misidentification); P, Q. Labels of T. cliens: P. ♂ holotype; Q. ♀ paratype. R–X.T. mandibulata synonyms: R–V.T. confraterna: R. ♂ syntype right chelicera, upper view; S. ♂ syntype left chelicera, lower view; T. ♂ syntype right palp, mesal-ventral view; U. ♀ syntype right chelicera, lower view; V. ♀ syntype genital fold, ventral view; W.T. necatoria, ♂ holotype left chelicera, upper view; X.T. infuscata, ♂ holotype right chelicera, upper view.
Figure 2 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 2 Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865, female. A. Dorsal habitus (SMF 1314); B. Lateral habitus (SMF 1314); C–F. Left chelicera (SMF 1314): C. Upper view; D. Inner view; E. Lower view; F. Outer view; G–I. Genital area: G. Genital fold, ventral view (MCTP 3381); H. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (SMF 1314); I. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (MCTP 13581). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E, F, G); 0.2 mm (H); 0.1 mm (I).
Figure 19 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 19 Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884, SEM photos (MCTP 43339 ex 11333). A. Left male chelicera, upper and lower views; B. Left female chelicera, upper and lower views; C. Left male palp, mesal view; D. Left palp conductor detail, mesal view; E. Male palp paracymbium, ventral view; F. Epiandrous field, ventral view. Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, C); 0.05 mm (D); 0.1 mm (E); 0.02 mm (F).
Figure 18 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 18 Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884, female. A. Dorsal habitus (SMF 1556); B. Lateral habitus (SMF 1556); C. Ventral habitus (SMF 1556); D–G. Left chelicera (SMF 1556): D. Upper view; E. Inner view; F. Lower view; G. Outer view; H, I. Genital area: H. Genital fold, ventral view (SMF 1556); I. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (MCTP 43339 ex 11333). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B, C); 0.2 mm (D, E, F, G, H, I).
Figure 17 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 17 Tetragnatha vermiformis Emerton, 1884, male (SMF 1556). A. Dorsal habitus. B. Lateral habitus. C. Ventral habitus; D–G. Left chelicera: D. Upper view; E. Inner view; F. Lower view; G. Outer view; H–J. Left male palp: H. Mesal view; I. Dorsal view; J. Ventral view (paracymbium). Scale bars, 2 mm (A, B, C); 0.5 mm (D, E, F, G); 0.2 mm (H, I, J).
Figure 14 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 14 Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826), male (MCTP 1426). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Ventral habitus; C–F. Left chelicera: C. Upper view; D. Inner view; E. Lower view; F. Outer view; G–J. Left male palp: G. Mesal view. H. Dorsal view; I. Ventral view (paracymbium); J. Paracymbium detail, ventral view. Scale bars, 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E, F); 0.5 mm (G, H, I); 0.2 mm (J).
Figure 11 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 11 Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841, male (SMF 1356). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Lateral habitus; C. Ventral habitus; D–G. Left chelicera: D. Upper view; E. Inner view; F. Lower view; G. Outer view; H–K. Left male palp: H. Mesal view with tibia; I. Mesal view detail; J. Dorsal view; K. Ventral view (paracymbium). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B, C); 1 mm (D, E, F, G); 0.5 mm (H); 0.2 mm (I, J, K).
Figure 10 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 10 Tetragnatha keyserlingi Simon, 1890, SEM photos. A. Left male chelicera, upper and lower views (MCTP 43319 ex 6944); B. Left female chelicera, upper and lower view (MCTP 14749); C. Left male palp, mesal view (MCTP 43319 ex 6944); D. Left palp conductor tip, mesal view (SMF 1552); E. Left male palp paracymbium, ventral view (SMF 1552); F. Epiandrous field, ventral view (MCTP 43319 ex 6944). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C, E); 0.02 mm (D); 0.05 mm (F).
Figure 16 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 16 Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826), SEM photos. A. Left male chelicera, upper and lower views (MCTP 1618). B. Left female chelicera, upper and lower views (MCTP 11555). C. Epiandrous field, ventral view (MCTP 1618). D. Left male palp, bulb detail, mesal view (MCTP 5985). E. Left male palp, mesal view (MCTP 5985); F. Left male palp paracymbium, ventral view (MCTP 5985). Scale bars: 1 mm (A, B); 0.1 mm (C); 0.5 mm (D, E, F).
Figure 1 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 1 Tetragnatha bogotensis Keyserling, 1865, male (SMF 0035). A. Dorsal habitus; B. Ventral habitus; C. Chelicerae upper row and eyes; D. Chelicerae lower row and maxilla; E–H. Left chelicera: E. Upper view; F. Inner view; G. Lower view; H. Outer view; I–K. Left male palp: I. Mesal view; J. Dorsal view; K. Ventral view (paracymbium). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E, F, G, H); 0.5 mm (I, J, K).
Figure 13 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 13 Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841, SEM photos. A. Left male chelicera, upper view (SMF 1356); B. Left male chelicera, lower view (SMF 1356); C. Left female chelicera, upper view (SMF 1552); D. Left female chelicera, lower view (SMF 1552); E. Left male palp, mesal view (SMF 1356); F. Left male palp conductor detail, mesal view (SMF 1356); G. Left male palp paracymbium, ventral view (SMF 1356); H. Epiandrous field, ventral view (SMF 1356). Scale bars: 0.5 mm (A, B, C, D, E); 0.05 mm (F); 0.1 mm (G); 0.02 mm (H).
Figure 15 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 15 Tetragnatha nitens (Audouin, 1826), female. A. Dorsal habitus (SMF 1528); B. lateral habitus (SMF 1528); C. Chelicerae upper row and eyes (SMF 1528); D. Chelicerae lower row and maxilla (SMF 1528); E–I. Left chelicera (SMF 1528): E. Upper view. F. Inner view. G. Lower view. H. Outer view. I. Basal cusp detail, distal view; J–L. Genital area: J.SEM of genital fold, ventral view (MCTP 11555); K. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (MCTP 43323 ex 7313); L. Internal genitalia variation, cleared, ventral view (SMF 1528). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B); 1 mm (C, D, E, F, G, H, J); 0.2 mm (I, K, L).
Figure 12 from: de Souza Castanheira P, Baptista RLC, Pizzetti DDP, Teixeira RA (2019) Contributions to the taxonomy of the long-jawed orb-weaving spider genus Tetragnatha (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in the Neotropical region, with comments on the morphology of the chelicerae. Zoosystematics and Evolution 95(2): 465-505. https://doi.org/10.3897/zse.95.36762
Figure 12 Tetragnatha mandibulata Walckenaer, 1841, female. A. Dorsal habitus (SMF 1552); B. Lateral habitus (SMF 1552); C. Ventral habitus (SMF 1552); D–G. Left chelicera (SMF 1552): D. Upper view; E. Inner view. F. Lower view; G. Outer view; H, I. Genital area: H. Genital fold, ventral view (SMF 1552); I. Internal genitalia, cleared, ventral view (SMF 1124). Scale bars: 2 mm (A, B, C); 1 mm (D, E, F, G, H); 0.1 mm (I).
Fig. 10 in Parallel evolution of leaf morphology in gnetophytes
Fig. 10 Supposed evolutionary relationships among Cretaceous and modern gnetophytes
Figure 7 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 7. Character distribution maps of the morphological datasets used in the generic-level phylogeny of Megachilini (A, n = 272 characters) and the tribal-level phylogeny of Megachilidae (B, n = 200 characters). The x-axis represents the percentage of total characters in each tagma or body region (e.g., prosoma) while the y-axis represents the percentage of characters of selected structures (e.g., mandible) within a tagma. Percentage in parentheses represents contribution to the total number of characters. See Whitlock & Wilson (2013) for further explanation on character distribution maps.
Figure 10 in Morphological phylogeny of Megachilini and the evolution of leaf-cutter behavior in bees (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)
Figure 10. Preferred total evidence dated phylogeny of Megachilini from the analysis of the reduced morphological data matrix (67 OTUs). Majority-rule consensus tree from Bayesian analysis using fossils as terminals under the FBD tree prior. Blue bar at each node represents the 95% highest posterior density age range. Posterior probability below 100 indicated above each node. A capital letter above a node indicates a clade discussed in the text. Mandibles with interdental laminae highlighted in green (odontogenic) and pink (ctenogenic).
Data from: Rates of morphological evolution are heterogeneous in Early Cretaceous birds
The Early Cretaceous is a critical interval in the early history of birds. Exceptional fossils indicate that important evolutionary novelties such as a pygostyle and a keeled sternum had already arisen in Early Cretaceous taxa, bridging much of the morphological gap between Archaeopteryx and crown birds. However, detailed features of basal bird evolution remain obscure because of both the small sample of fossil taxa previously considered and a lack of quantitative studies assessing rates of morphological evolution. Here we apply a recently available phylogenetic method and associated sensitivity tests to a large data matrix of morphological characters to quantify rates of morphological evolution in Early Cretaceous birds. Our results reveal that although rates were highly heterogeneous between different Early Cretaceous avian lineages, consistent patterns of significantly high or low rates were harder to pinpoint. Nevertheless, evidence for accelerated evolutionary rates is strongest at the point when Ornithuromorpha (the clade comprises all extant birds and descendants from their most recent common ancestors) split from Enantiornithes (a diverse clade that went extinct at the end-Cretaceous), consistent with the hypothesis that this key split opened up new niches and ultimately led to greater diversity for these two dominant clades of Mesozoic birds.
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