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Data for: Sexual dimorphism in ichneumonine parasitic wasps (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae: Ichneumoninae) and the neglected influence of the ecological niche
<p>Sexual dimorphism is a ubiquitous phenomenon, but its ecological role and evolutionary significance are still poorly understood in many hyperdiverse lineages. We used geometric morphometrics to characterize and quantify sexual dimorphism in the head and mesosoma of 24 species in the wasp subfamily Ichneumoninae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae). Our results show that sexual dimorphism varies substantially among species but is generally more pronounced on the head, with males occupying a noticeably smaller region of the morphospace than females. Phenotypic trajectory analyses showed a trend towards conserved trajectories in the difference between males and females, indicating that dimorphism seems to manifest as predictable shape changes across species. Species parasitizing pupae, particularly in concealed substrates, were found to have higher sexual dimorphism for the head than species parasitizing more exposed hosts such as larvae. For the mesosoma, this difference was not significant, with the degree of sexual dimorphism more influenced by phylogenetic history. We hypothesize that female head shape has adapted to the demands related to finding hosts in concealed habitats, whereas species that attack exposed or weakly concealed hosts have kept a generalized head shape in both sexes. These results highlight the importance of investigating intersex ecological differences as drivers of sexual dimorphism.</p>
Fig. 13 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 13. SEM photographs of females (ZMB 12476: A; ZMB 12474: B–C, E; ZMB 12456: D), male (ZMB 12470: F) of Setaphyes kielensis from Sylt. A: dorsolateral overview, right side of the trunk; B: lateral view of the left side of segments 1–4; C: lateral view of the left side of segments 8–9; D: dorsolateral overview, left side of the trunk; E: lateral view of the left side of segments 5–7; F: lateral view of the left side of segments 9–11. Abbreviations: ldse, laterodorsal setae; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvse, lateroventral setae; pdse, paradorsal setae; ppf, primary pectinate fringe. Numbers after abbreviations indicate the number of the corresponding segment. Dashed circles mark sensory spots.
Fig. 3 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 3. Diagram of mouth cone and introvert in Setaphyes dentatus showing the distribution and type of scalids by ring and sector. Abbreviations:? position of inner oral styles not revealed; S, sector followed by number of sector.
Fig. 6 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 6. SEM photographs of female (ZMB 12746: B, D, F) and adult of indeterminate sex (ZMB 12750: A, C, E) of Setaphyes dentatus from the Mediterranean coast of the Iberian Peninsula, Algeciras population. A: dorsal view of segments 1–4; B: ventral view of segments 1–3; C: dorsal view of segments 4–7; D: ventral view of segments 3–7; E: dorsal view of segments 7–10; F: ventral view of segments 8–10. Abbreviations: ldse, laterodorsal setae; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvse, lateroventral setae; mde, middorsal elevation; mdp, middorsal process; pdse, paradorsal setae; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; vlse, ventrolateral setae; vmse, ventromedial setae. Numbers after abbreviations indicate the number of the corresponding segment. Dashed circles mark sensory spots.
Fig. 9 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 9. Line art illustration of Setaphyes kielensis. A: Male, ventral view; B: Male, dorsal view; C: Female, segments 1–3, ventral view; D: female, segments 9–11, ventral view. Scale bar: 100 μm. Abbreviations: ap, apodeme; cr, cuticular ridge; cs, cuticular scar; dpl, dorsal placid; ica, intracuticlular atria; ldse, laterodorsal setae; ldss, laterodorsal sensory spot; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvse, lateroventral setae; mde, middorsal elevation; ms, muscular scar; ne, nephridiopore; pdse, paradorsal setae; pdss, paradorsal sensory spot; ps, penile spine; sdss, subdorsal sensory spot; spf, secondary pectinate fringe; vlse, ventrolateral setae; vmse, ventromedial setae; vmss, ventromedial sensory spot; vmtu, ventromedial tube; vpl, ventral placid.
Fig. 12 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 12. SEM photographs of females (ZMB 12456: A, E, G; ZMB 12467: B; ZMB 12471 D), males (ZMB 12477: C, H–I; ZMB 12463: F) of Setaphyes kielensis from Sylt. A: ventral overview; B: ventral view of segments 1–4; C: ventral view of segments 1–2; D: right sternal plates of segments 2–3; E: ventral view of segments 6–8; F: ventral overview; G: ventral view of segments 9–10; H: ventral view of segments 10–11; I: detail of the penile spines and bristles. Abbreviations: br, bristle; gco, glandular cell outlets; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvse, lateroventral setae; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; ps, penile spines; sp, spermatophore; vlse, ventrolateral setae; vmse, ventromedial setae; vmtu, ventromedial tube. Numbers after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment. Dashed circles mark sensory spots.
Fig. 1 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 1. Map of the sampling localities. Black circles indicate localities in which specimens of Setaphyes dentatus were found. White circles indicate localities in which specimens of Setaphyes kielensis were found. A: enlarged map of the Iberian Peninsula; B: enlarged map of the North Frisian region; C: enlarged map of the Anatolian region.
Fig. 4 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 4. Light micrographs of females (ZMB 12617: A, D; ZMB 12409: B–C, F–H) and male (ZMB 12418: E, I) of Setaphyes dentatus from Sylt. A: Sector 1 (midventral) of the introvert; B: Dorsal view on segments 1–5; C: Ventral view on segments 1–6; D: Mouth cone, outer oral styles (ring 01); E: Cuticular ornamentation on segment 10. Note that punctuate appearance represents preservation artefact. F: Dorsal view on segments 5–11; G: Ventral view on segments 6–11. H: Female LTS; I: Male LTS. Lambda symbols (Λ) mark anterior attachment points of spinoscalids on introvert (A). Abbreviations: co, cuticular ornamentation; cs, cuticular scars; dpl, dorsal placid; ldse, laterodorsal setae; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvse, lateroventral setae; mde, middorsal elevation; mdp, middorsal process; oos, outer oral style; pcr, patch of cuticular ridges; pdse, paradorsal setae; ps, penile spine; psp, primary spinoscalid; sp, spinoscalid (followed by the number of corresponding ring); ts, trichoscalid; vlse, ventrolateral setae; vmse, ventromedial setae; vpl, ventral placid. Numbers after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment.
Fig. 11 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 11. SEM photographs of the head of Setaphyes kielensis (male ZMB 12455: A–D). A: Detail of mouth cone ring 00 showing the outer oral style morphology; B: introvert sector 4 (laterodorsal); C: introvert sector 2 (ventrolateral); D: detail of neck (dorsal view) showing the trichoscalids and the placids. Abbreviations: ba, bacteria; bef, basal elongated fringe; bs, basal sheath; bsf, basal short fringe; ct, cuticular thickening; dpl, dorsal placid; ep, end-piece of spinoscalid; psp, primary spinoscalid; sp, spinoscalid (followed by number of corresponding ring); ts, trichoscalid. Lambda symbols (Λ) mark attachment points of scalids.
Fig. 14 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 14. SEM photographs of females (ZMB 12475: B; ZMB 12454: D), and males (ZMB 12458: A; ZMB 12470: C) of Setaphyes kielensis from Sylt. A: ventral view of the right sternal plates of segments 2–3 with an extra ventromedial tube on only one sternal plate of segment 3; B: lateral view of the right side of segments 2–4; C: ventral view of the right sternal plate of segment 5; D: dorsolateral view of the left side of the tergal plate of segment 2. Abbreviations: dse, double setae; mse, multiple setae; vmtu, ventromedial tube.
Fig. 7 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 7. SEM photographs of two females (110412 Huelva_sp1: A; 110412 Huelva_sp2: B, D; specimens damaged during study and not deposited) from Huelva and adults of indeterminate sex of Setaphyes dentatus from Huelva (ZMB 12751: E; ZMB 12752: F), and Algeciras (ZMB 12750: C; G) populations. A: detail of the reticular, net-like ornamentation on the dorsal, anterior margin of segment 1; B: middorsal to lateroventral view of segment 1; C: middorsal elevation of segment 2; D: middorsal elevation of segment 3; E: detail of laterodorsal sensory spot of segment 1; F: middorsal view of segments 8–9; G: middorsal process of segment 9. Abbreviations: co, cuticular ornamentation; mde, middorsal elevation; mdp, middorsal process; pdse, paradorsal setae. Numbers after abbreviations indicate the corresponding segment. Dashed circles mark sensory spots.
Fig. 10 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 10. Light micrographs of females (ZMB 12307: A; ZMB 12742: B–C, E–J; ZMB 12744: D), and male (ZMB 12294: K) of Setaphyes kielensis. A: Sector 6 (middorsal) of the introvert; B: Dorsal view of segments 1–3; C: Ventral view of segments 1–3; D: Ventral view on left side of the sternal plate of segments 5–6; E: Dorsal view of segments 4–7; F: Ventral view of segments 4–7; G: Dorsal view on the central part of the tergal plate of segments 3–4; H: Dorsal view of segments 8–11; I: Ventral view of segments 8–11; J: Female LTS; K: Male LTS. Abbreviations: ldse, laterodorsal setae; lts, lateral terminal spine; lvse, lateroventral setae; mde, middorsal elevation; ne, nephridiopore; pdse, paradorsal setae; ppf, primary pectinate fringe; ps, penile spines; psp, primary spinoscalid; sp, spinoscalid (followed by the number of corresponding ring); ts, trichoscalids; vlse, ventrolateral setae; vmse, ventromedial setae. Lambda symbols (Λ) mark attachment points of scalids (A). Numbers after abbreviations indicate the number of the corresponding segment. Dashed circles mark sensory spots.
Fig. 15 in The genus Setaphyes (Kinorhyncha, Pycnophyidae) in European waters: Redescription of Setaphyes dentatus (Reinhard, 1881) and Setaphyes kielensis (Zelinka, 1928), including notes on morphometrics, sexually dimorphic features and reproduction of the genus
Fig. 15. Variation in selected measurements of Setaphyes algarvensis (1866, 2♀♀), S. cimarensis (1366, 10♀♀), S. dentatus (5366, 83♀♀), S. elenae (466, 5♀♀), S. flaveolatus (1066, 18♀♀) and S. kielensis (1566, 19♀♀). Jittered points mark the values, boxplots mark the median and quantiles and density plots summarize the data distribution. A: Total trunk length; B: Ratio between lateral terminal spines length and total trunk length; C: Total trunk length separated by sex; D: Ratio between lateral terminal spines length and total trunk length separated by sex. Abbreviations: LTS, lateral terminal spines; TL, total trunk length.
FIGURE 5. BUB3111 Phalangiidae indet. 2. A in First eupnoid harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, with notes on sexual dimorphism in Halitherses grimaldii (Arachnida: Opiliones: Dyspnoi)
FIGURE 5. BUB3111 Phalangiidae indet. 2. A, Close up of the chelicerae and pedipalps in dorsal view. B, Close-up of the ventral body. C, Camera lucida drawing of the dorsal body. D, Camera lucida drawing of the ventral body. Abbreviations: ch, chelicerae; fe, femur; mt, metatarsus; pa, patella; pp, pedipalp; ta, tarsus; ti, tibia; legs numbered from I–IV. Scale bars = 0.25 mm (A, B) and 1.0 mm (C, D).
FIGURE 4. BUB4516 Phalangiidae indet. 1. A in First eupnoid harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, with notes on sexual dimorphism in Halitherses grimaldii (Arachnida: Opiliones: Dyspnoi)
FIGURE 4. BUB4516 Phalangiidae indet. 1. A, Dorsal overview (camera lucida drawing). B, Close-up of the body in dorsal view. C, Close-up of the body in ventral view. Abbreviations: ch, chelicerae; cx, coxa; fe, femur; mt, metatarsus; oc, ocularium; pa, patella; pp, pedipalp; ta, tarsus; ti, tibia; legs numbered from I–IV. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A) and 0.5 mm (B, C).
FIGURE 6 in First eupnoid harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, with notes on sexual dimorphism in Halitherses grimaldii (Arachnida: Opiliones: Dyspnoi)
FIGURE 6. Halitherses grimaldii (?) MB.A.4458. A, Dorsal overview. B, Ventral overview. C, Ventral close-up of the body and chelicerae (apophyses arrowed). D, Camera lucida drawing of the ventral body, inset shows close-up of the cheliceral apophyses. Abbreviations: ap, apophysis; ch, chelicerae; fe, femur; go, genital operculum; oc, ocular tubercle; pa, patella; pp, pedipalp; ta, tarsus; ti, tibia; legs numbered from I–IV. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (A, B), 0.25 mm (C), 1.0 mm (D) and 0.3 mm (D inset).
FIGURE 3 in First eupnoid harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, with notes on sexual dimorphism in Halitherses grimaldii (Arachnida: Opiliones: Dyspnoi)
FIGURE 3. Tyrannobunus aculeus gen. et sp. nov., paratype: MHNG-ARTO-28161. A, Overview of the body in ventral view. B, Close up of the ventral body. C, Close-up of the pedipalps in ventral view. D, Close-up of the ventral opisthosoma, fine serration arrowed. Abbreviations: ao, anal operculum; ap, apophysis; ch, chelicerae; cl, claw; pp, pedipalp; legs numbered from I–IV. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (A), 0.5 mm (B) and 0.25 mm (C, D).
FIGURE 2 in First eupnoid harvestmen (Arachnida: Opiliones: Eupnoi) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber, with notes on sexual dimorphism in Halitherses grimaldii (Arachnida: Opiliones: Dyspnoi)
FIGURE 2. Tyrannobunus aculeus gen. et sp. nov., holotype: GPIH05127. A, Close-up of the ocularium (camera lucida drawing). B, Close-up of the chelicerae and pedipalps in ventral view (pedipalp patella apophysis arrowed). C, Camera lucida drawing of the penis. D, Close-up of the penis in ventral view. Abbreviations: ap, apophysis; bo, body; ch, chelicerae; ey, eye lens; gl, glans; oc, ocularium; pe, penis; pp, pedipalp; st, stylus; tc, truncus; legs numbered from I–IV. Scale bars = 0.5 mm (A, C) and 0.25 mm (B, D).
FIGURE 4 in Remarkable sexual dimorphism found in Nosophora insignis (Butler) (Lepidoptera, Crambidae, Spilomelinae)
FIGURE 4. Abdominal structure of N. insignis. A: male tympanal organs; B: male eighth sternite and tergite (slide no. YM758). Scale bars: 1.0 mm.
Sexual Dimorphism in Cardiovascular Autonomic Neuropathy in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT04950634. IPD Sharing: Not stated. Countries: 1. Publications: 4.
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