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FIG. 9 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis
FIG. 9. — Secondary phloem of Pleonotoma: A, B, D-F, transverse sections; C, longitudinal radial section; A-C, E, F, Pleonotoma tetraquetra; D, Pleonotoma melioides; A, overall view of the regular phloem. Sclerenchyma formed exclusively by sclereids, differentiating next to the cambial zone, in the conducting phloem; B, detail of the conducting phloem, sieve tubes are very narrow. Sclereids differentiating. Acicular crystals present in axial and ray parenchyma; C, heterocellular rays. Sclereids differentiating from axial parenchyma cells, close to the cambium. Mature sclereids also present; D, overall view of the phloem wedge, fibrous phloem; E, variant phloem marked by rectangular fibers, sieve tubes solitary or in radial and tangential multiples of 2-3, parenchyma sieve-tube-centric; F, detail of variant phloem. Sieve tubes with one or two companion cells lying on the same side of the sieve tube. Axial parenchyma sieve-tube-centric. Prismatic crystals present in both axial and ray parenchyma cells. Scale bars: A, C, 200 μm; B, F, 50 μm; D, 500 μm; E, 100 μm.
FIG. 8 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis
FIG. 8. — Secondary phloem of Stizophyllum and Martinella: A-E, G-I, transverse sections: F, longitudinal radial section; A-F, Stizophyllum riparium; A, overall view of the phloem wedge, with a fibrous phloem, with alternating parenchymatic bands; B, regular phloem. Thick fiber bands, multisseriate rays; C, detail of the regular conducting phloem, showing narrow sieve tubes (arrowheads) and assemblages (arrow); D, variant phloem, fibrous, with sieve tubes solitary or in radial multiples, parenchyma band present; E, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes with one to three companion cells, lying on the same side of the sieve tube (yellow arrowhead). Axial parenchyma sieve-tube-centric incomplete; F, heterocellular mixed rays, sieve tubes with compound sieve plates (arrowheads), radial sieve element present (arrow); G-I, Martinella obovata; G, regular phloem. Thin fiber bands, multisseriate rays; H, overall view of the phloem wedge, non-fibrous phloem; I, detail of the variant phloem. Sieve tubes solitary or in radial multiples. Fiber bands thin. Abbreviations: cz, cambial zone; fb, fiber bands; iw, interwedge; lr, limiting ray; pw, phloem wegde; rp, regular phloem; se, sieve element; x, secondary xylem. Scale bars: A, H, 1 mm; B, D, 200 μm; C, E, 50 μm; F, I, 100 μm; G, 500 μm.
FIG. 7 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis
FIG. 7. — Secondary phloem of Perianthomega vellozoi: A, regular phloem, transverse section (TS). Stratified phloem, with thin to thick fiber bands, interrupted only by rays, and alternating with axial parenchyma and sieve tubes. Rays not lignified, not even when crossing the fiber bands; B, Variant phloem, TS, nonfibrous, stratified phloem, with mostly thick fiber bands, interrupted only by rays, and alternating with axial parenchyma and sieve tubes. Rays not lignified, not even when crossing the fiber bands; C, detail of the secondary phloem, TS, Sieve tubes solitary or in multiples of two-three, with one companion cell lying on the corner. Crystalliferous parenchyma with acicular crystals around the fibers. Acicular crystals also present in other axial and ray parenchyma cells. When sieve tubes touch a ray, their companion cells stay next to the ray; D, portion of the cambium showing a storying tendency for the fusiform initials, longitudinal tangential section (LS). Part of the developing xylem showing two maturing sieve tube elements (*), and the developing xylem, with some cells with pits already; E, secondary phloem, LS, sieve tubes smaller than 500 μm (arrows). P-protein accumulated in their sieve plates. Rays very tall, higher than 1 mm. Storied tendency not lost; F, periderm, TS, phellogen (arrow) produces a thin phelloderm and evenly thin walled phellem cells. Abbreviations: se, sieve element; cp, crystalliferous parenchyma; cz, cambial zone; dp, developing phloem; dx, developing xylem; p, axial parenchyma; pd, periderm; pl, phellem; r, rays. Scale bars: A, B, E, 200 μm; C, 50 μm; D, 150 μm; F, 100 μm.
FIG. 6 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis
FIG. 6. — General features of the variant phloem; A, Adenocalymma alboaurantiacum transverse section (TS), variant phloem located in the phloem wedges (Pw), and regular phloem located in the interwedges (Iw). Fibrous phloem, sieve tubes generally in multiples, sometimes solitary. Ray dilatation occur very soon in the regular phloem, while it only occurs in the outermost parts of the phloem wedge (arrows); B, Bignonia magnifica, TS, non-fibrous phloem, with a series of concentric fiber bands, alternating with a large amount of sieve tubes and axial parenchyma cells. Thin fiber bands, up to 3 cells in width, surrounded by acicular crystals (seen as beige deposits). Sieve elements solitary or in multiples, p-protein visible at sieve plates (arrows), one companion cell per sieve tube. Whenever a sieve tube is lying next to a ray, its companion cell faces it; C, Pleonotoma tetraquetra, TS, fibrous phloem, sieve tubes solitary or in multiples of 2, sieve-tube centric axial parenchyma, fibers square to rectangular; D, Bignonia magnifica longitudinal tangential section (LS), sieve tubes longer than 500 μm, with p-protein accumulated at the sieve plates. Rays uni to biseriate. Axial parenchyma with 3-4 cells per strand; E, Callichlamys latifolia, LS, rays uni to biseriate, non-storied; F, Callichlamys latifolia, TS, definitive callose deposited in the sieve plates (arrows). No collapse of cells in fibrous phloems; G, Pachyptera aromatica, TS, sieve tubes eventually collapse in non-fibrous phloems (arrows); H, Bignonia magnifica, LS, starch accumulation greatly increases in nonconducting phloem. Scale bars: A, 500 μm; B, E, 200 μm; C, D, G, H, 100 μm; F, 50 μm.
FIG. 5 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis
FIG. 5. — General features of the regular phloem; A, Tanaecium pyramidatum transverse section (TS), very narrow sieve elements (arrow), sometimes arranged in assemblages (arrowhead). Note that the entire assemblage shows the same dimentions of a single axial parenchyma cell (insert). Rays are generally multisseriate. Axial parenchyma (*) is abundant and form radial rows among the sieve tubes. Fiber bands varying from thin (≤ 3 rows of fibers) to thick (≥ 3 rows of fibers); B, Stizophyllum riparium, TS, thick fiber bands interrupted by phloem rays. Cortex still present along with the primary phloem and pericyclic fibers; C, Amphilophium crucigerum longitudinal tangential section (LT), rays are multisseriate and taller than 1 mm; D, Perianthomega vellozoi, TS, sieve tubes with callose deposition (arrows), indicating loss of function and subsequent collapse (arrowhead); E, Perianthomega vellozoi, TS, dilatation meristem in the nonconducting phloem; F, Dolichandra unguiculata, TS, phloem fibers originated from the cambium (arrows) and belated formation of sclereids from expanded axial parenchyma cells at the level of the nonconducting phloem. Scale bars: A-C, F, 200 μm; D, 120 μm; E, 2 mm. Insert in A, 30 μm.
FIG. 4 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis
FIG. 4. — Overall stem architecture of Bignoniaceae lianas: A, Stizophyllum riparium, transverse section (TS), stem with four phloem wedges. Hollow stem. Note phloem wedge with lateral steps; B, Tanaecium pyramidatum, TS, Phloem wedge devoid of lateral steps. Extremely wide rays limit the phloem wedges; C, Tynanthus cognatus, TS, Narrow lateral steps forming an almost perfect V pattern; D, Mansoa difficilis, wide steps, not forming a perfect V pattern. Scale bars: A, 0.5 cm; B, 1 mm; C, 400 μm; D, 200 μm.
FIG. 3 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis
FIG. 3. — Stem cross-sections illustrating the diversity of stem architectures in Bignoniaceae lianas: A, Campsis radicans, transverse section (TS). Phloem wedges absent. Intraxylary secondary phloem and xylem present, note center of the pith totally occupied in the insert, giving a dumbbell shape to the pith; B, Pandorea jasminoides, TS, irregular, wavy cambium, forming irregular shallow arcs; C, Podranea ricasoliana, TS, irregular, wavy cambium. Insert: narrow waves of the cambium; D, Perianthomega vellozoi, TS, Type 1, four wide phloem arcs; E, Tynanthus cognatus, TS, Type 2, four phloem wedges; F, Adenocalymma nodosum, TS, Type 3, four phloem arcs, variant cambium without anticlinal divisions; G, Mansoa onohualcoides, TS, Type 4, multiple of four phloem wedges; H, Dolichandra unguiscati, TS, Type 5, multiple dissected phloem wedges; I, Amphilophium crucigerum, TS, Type 6, included phloem wedges. Scale bars: 0.5 cm. Scale bars in inserts: 2 mm.
FIG. 2 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis
FIG. 2. — Transverse sections: A, cortical periderm origin, Anemopaegma chamberlaynii; B, single periderm, with a very thick phellem, Adenocalymma alboaurantiacum; C, rhytidomes (sequent periderms) in Fridericia chica; D, rhytidome with reticulate periderms conspicuous, Podranea ricasoliana; E, phellem with evenly thick-walled, lignified cells, and phelloderm thin, Pachyptera aromatica; F, phellem with evenly thin-walled cells, phelloderm thin, Perianthomega vellozoi; G, stratified phellem, with alternating thick walled, lignified cells, and thin walled, unlignified cells, phelloderm with dark contents, Mansoa onohualcoides; H, stratified phellem, with many layers of thin-walled cells alternating with thick walled, lignified cells, phelloderm thick, Lundia longa; I, stratified phellem, with alternating layers of thin walled and thick walled, lignified cells, phelloderm thick, Fridericia nigrescens; J, stratified phellem, with some layers of thin-walled cells alternating with thin walled, lignified cells, phelloderm thick, Pleonotoma tetraquetra; K, lenticel non-stratified, with filling tissue homogeneous, non-lignified, Lundia corymbifera; L, lenticel non-stratified, with filling tissue homogeneous, lignified, Mansoa difficilis; M, lenticel stratified, with most of the filling tissue non-lignified, except for the closing layer (arrowhead, Adenocalymma comosum). Abbreviations: co, cortex; e, epidermis; pd, phelloderm; pe, periderm; pg, phellogen; pl, phellem; sp, secondary phloem. Scale bars: A, 50 μm; B, 8 mm; C, H-L, 200 μm; D, 500 μm; E-G, M, 100 μm.
FIG. 1 in Bark anatomy of lianescent Bignoniaceae: a generic synopsis
FIG. 1. — Phylogeny of tribe Bignonieae (modified from Lohmann 2006) indicating the fifteen clades delimited based on bark morphology.
Рис. 5–8. Stomaphis wojciechowskii и местообитание виΔа в БеΛаруси. 5 – место обнаружения коΛоний тΛи на Δубе черешчатом Quercus robur; 6 – кΛаΔка яиц поΔ корой (участок коры уΔаΛен); 7 – бескрыΛая живороΔящая самка, выΔеΛяющая капеΛьку меΔвяной паΔи; 8 – яйцекΛаΔущие самки с тоΛько что отΛоженными яйцами в гΛубокой трещине коры с хоΔами Lasius brunneus (верхний участок коры уΔаΛен). Figs 5–8. Stomaphis wojciechowskii and habitat in Belarus. 5 – habitat of the aphid colonies on Quercus robur; 6 – laying of eggs under oak bark (a section of bark was removed); 7 – apterous viviparous female, producing a drop of honeydew; 8 – oviparous females with newly-laid eggs in a crevice deep in bark and tunnels of Lasius brunneus (the upper section of bark was removed). in Stomaphis wojciechowskii Depa, 2012 (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Lachninae) - a new record of aphids in the fauna of Belarus
Рис. 5–8. Stomaphis wojciechowskii и местообитание виΔа в БеΛаруси. 5 – место обнаружения коΛоний тΛи на Δубе черешчатом Quercus robur; 6 – кΛаΔка яиц поΔ корой (участок коры уΔаΛен); 7 – бескрыΛая живороΔящая самка, выΔеΛяющая капеΛьку меΔвяной паΔи; 8 – яйцекΛаΔущие самки с тоΛько что отΛоженными яйцами в гΛубокой трещине коры с хоΔами Lasius brunneus (верхний участок коры уΔаΛен). Figs 5–8. Stomaphis wojciechowskii and habitat in Belarus. 5 – habitat of the aphid colonies on Quercus robur; 6 – laying of eggs under oak bark (a section of bark was removed); 7 – apterous viviparous female, producing a drop of honeydew; 8 – oviparous females with newly-laid eggs in a crevice deep in bark and tunnels of Lasius brunneus (the upper section of bark was removed).
"I was on vacation in Mala, living in a self-catering holiday cottage, together with my girlfriend (we're together for 11 years now), recovering from a heavy workload in the second half of 2008. We were sitting outside, probably sipping a beer, when we heard the sound of bells approaching. Stepping on the stones that enclose the little forecourt of the cottage, we could just see the goat herd being driven by. Idashed for my R09 (recording equipment) to get that impression – but too slowly too late, it seemed, the herd had disappeared and with it the sound. When Iwas about to pack my R09 again the sound appeared to come back, so Idashed down the driveway, just in time to see the herd pass, and then Ifollowed it a couple of hundred meters, walking behind the herd, trying not to breathe or make stepping sounds, eventually, when dogs started barking and a car approached from behind, I stopped and let the goats go on, the car passes, honks ... and Icut the recording and walk back to the cottage." [Peter/ptroxler]13 in Collecting Sounds. Online Sharing of Field Recordings as Cultural Practice
"I was on vacation in Mala, living in a self-catering holiday cottage, together with my girlfriend (we're together for 11 years now), recovering from a heavy workload in the second half of 2008. We were sitting outside, probably sipping a beer, when we heard the sound of bells approaching. Stepping on the stones that enclose the little forecourt of the cottage, we could just see the goat herd being driven by. Idashed for my R09 (recording equipment) to get that impression – but too slowly too late, it seemed, the herd had disappeared and with it the sound. When Iwas about to pack my R09 again the sound appeared to come back, so Idashed down the driveway, just in time to see the herd pass, and then Ifollowed it a couple of hundred meters, walking behind the herd, trying not to breathe or make stepping sounds, eventually, when dogs started barking and a car approached from behind, I stopped and let the goats go on, the car passes, honks ... and Icut the recording and walk back to the cottage." [Peter/ptroxler]13
Data from: Complex population genetic structure of the bark beetle predator Thanasimus formicarius L. (Coleoptera: Cleridae) across its European range
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Difference in effect of pheromone for monitoring the European spruce bark beetle
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Figure 7 in Revision of the Bark Beetle Genera Within the Former Cryphalini (Curculionidae: Scolytinae)
Figure 7. Phylogeny of Cryphalini, Coriacephilini, Xyloterini, andTrypophloeini, Part 2.
Dataset: Public stigma towards prolonged grief disorder (Gonschor, Eisma, Barke & Doering, 2020)
<p>Dataset from Gonschor, Eisma, Barke & Doering (2020): Public stigma towards prolonged grief disorder: Does diagnostic labeling matter?</p> <p>The README file contains the information as outlined below.</p> <p>The data are available in two formats: (a) Excel file and (b) CSV file. The content of (a) and (b) is identical. In the CSV file, the fields are separated by semicola. Decimal sign is a comma. The file contains a matrix of 35 x 9.<br> Description: The file contains the data as entered into the MANOVA after listwise deletion of missings. The values are provided separately for each of the eight experimental conditions. </p> <p>Naming conventions </p> <p>s: symptoms described in vignette:<br> pgd: symptoms of prolonged grief<br> 000: no symptoms<br> d: diagnostic label assigned in vignette:<br> pgd: prolonged grief disorder<br> mde: major depressive episode<br> 000: no diagnosis<br> f / m: male or female person described in the vignette</p> <p>Thus: s_pgd_d_pgd_m: a vignette describing a person with PGD symptoms, who received a PGD diagnosis and of male gender.</p> <p>Variable names: explanation</p> <p>participants_number: absolute number of participants <br> women_number: absolute number of women<br> men_number: absolute number of men<br> gender_divers_number: absolute number of persons identifying their gender as divers<br> age_mean: mean age <br> age_sd: standard deviation of age<br> higher_education_number: absolute number of participants reporting higher education<br> bereaved_last_2_years_number: number of participants who reported any bereavement in the last two years<br> bereavements_lifetime_median: Median of reported bereavements in the participants’ lifetime</p> <p>Participants indicated their relationship towards the person whose death was most distressing to them:<br> loss_spouse_number: Number of participants who had lost a spouse<br> loss_child_number: Number of participants who had lost a child<br> loss_parent_number: Number of participants who had lost a parent<br> loss_grandparent_number: Number of participants who had lost a grandparent<br> loss_sibling_number: Number of participants who had lost a sibling<br> loss_other_number: Number of participants who reported any other loss </p> <p><br> icg_mean: mean score of the Inventory of Complicated Grief (Prigerson et al. 1995)<br> icg_sd: standard deviation of the Inventory of Complicated Grief <br> competent_mean: rating of the griever as competent (mean)<br> competent_sd: rating of the griever as competent (standard deviation)<br> warm_mean: rating of the griever as warm (mean)<br> warm_sd: rating of the griever as warm (standard deviation)<br> dependent_mean: rating of the griever as dependent (mean)<br> dependent_sd: rating of the griever as dependent (standard deviation)<br> sensitive_mean: rating of the griever as sensitive (mean)<br> sensitive_sd: rating of the griever as sensitive (standard deviation)<br> emotionally_stable_mean: rating of the griever as emotionally stable (mean)<br> emotionally_stable_sd: rating of the griever as emotionally stable (standard deviation)<br> fear_mean: rating of one’s fear towards the griever (mean)<br> fear_sd: rating of one’s fear towards the griever (standard deviation)<br> anger_mean: rating of one’s anger towards the griever (mean)<br> anger_sd: rating of one’s anger towards the griever (standard deviation)<br> prosocial_mean: rating of one’s prosocial emotions towards the griever (mean) <br> prosocial_sd: rating of one’s prosocial emotions towards the griever (standard deviation)<br> social_distance_mean: mean score of social distance scale (Link et al. 1987, higher scores indicate a stronger desire for social distance)<br> social_distance_sd: standard deviation of social distance scale</p>
Maximum moisture content of contemporary birch bark.
<p>Data accompanying the article published on the Icom-CC proceedings 2017 Copenhagen:</p> <p> https://www.icom-cc-publications-online.org/PublicationDetail.aspx?cid=92b3e81e-ba73-46d2-875a-0fe7b3b4ffb6</p>
Tree Species Dataset consisting of Images of the Bark, Leaves or Needles
<p>This dataset consists of 3 subsets:</p> <ul> <li>Leaves of the most common Austrian broad leaf trees: Ash (25), Beech (30), Hornbeam (34), Mountain oak (22), Sycamore maple (23)</li> <li>Bark of the most common Austrian trees: Ash (34), Beech (16), Black pine (166), Fir (127), Hornbeam (42), Larch (200), Mountain oak (77), Scots pine (190), Spruce (213), Swiss stone pine (96), Sycamore maple (22)</li> <li>Needles of the most common Austrian conifers: Black pine (107), Fir (10), Larch (114), Scots pine (10), Spruce (13), Swiss stone pine (21)</li> </ul> <p>The leaf dataset consists of 134 images of five Austrian broad leaf trees which were scaled to either 800 pixel height or 600 pixel width. Every class has 25 to 34 images. While the beech, hornbeam, mountain oak and sycamore maple are complete leaves, the ash is compound, more precise a pinnate leaf.</p> <p>The dataset of bark images contains 1183 images of eleven Austrian trees. Every class has 16 to 213 images. These images were also scaled to a size of either 800 pixel height or 600 pixel width. The dataset of the black pine, fir, larch, scots pine and spruce are divided in 3 sub-classes. The first containing images of the trees when they are younger than 60, in the second one images of trees with an age of 60 to 80, and the last one with images of trees which are older than 80. These separation is necessary because especially the bark of these trees differs at different ages.</p> <p>The dataset of the needle images contains 275 of 6 Austrian conifers. Each class contains 10 to 114 images. Conifers can be divided into two classes: The first class are the fir and the spruce on which the needles grow separate on the branch and the second class are the species on which the needles grow in clusters. It can be seen that the fir, scots pine, and spruce images have been made with perfect lighting conditions, whereas the other images have been photographed in the nature.</p> <p>These datasets were gathered by employees of the ”Osterreichische ¨ Bundesforste AG“ in autumn 2009 and spring 2010.</p> <p>This database may be used for non-commercial research purpose only. If you publish material based on this database, we request you to include a reference to:</p> <p>Fiel, S. & Sablatnig, R. (2010): <em>Leaf classification using local features</em> In: Proc. of 34th annual Workshop of the Austrian Association for Pattern Recognition (AAPR), 2010, 69-74 <a href="https://cvl.tuwien.ac.at/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/fiel-oeagm10.pdf">pdf</a></p> <p>Fiel, S. (2010): <em>Automated Identification of Tree Species from Images of the Bark, Leaves or Needles,</em> Master Thesis, Vienna University of Technology <a href="https://cvl.tuwien.ac.at/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/tr32.pdf">pdf</a></p> <p>Version 2: added Bark.zip which is the selection of Bark images used in the paper.</p>
Methodology matters for comparing coarse wood and bark decay rates across tree species
<p>1. The importance of wood decay for the global carbon and nutrient cycles is widely recognized. However, relatively little is known about bark decay dynamics, even though bark represents up to 25% of stem dry mass. Moreover, bark presence versus absence can significantly alter wood decay rates. Therefore, it really matters for the fate of carbon whether variation in bark and wood decay rates is coordinated across tree species.</p> <p>2. Answering this question requires advances in methodology to measure both bark and wood mass loss accurately. Decay rates of large logs in the field are often quantified as loss in tissue density, in which case volume depletions of bark and wood can give large underestimations.</p> <p>3. To quantify the real decay rates, we assessed bark mass loss per stem surface area and wood mass loss based on volume-corrected density loss. We further defined the range of actual bark mass loss by considering bark cover loss. Then, we tested the correlation between bark and wood mass loss across 20 temperate tree species during 4 years of decomposition.</p> <p>4. The area-based method generally showed more than 3-fold higher bark mass loss than the density-based method (even higher if considering bark cover loss), and volume-corrected wood mass losses were 1.08-1.12 times higher than density-based mass loss. The deviation of bark mass loss between the two methods was higher for tree species with thicker inner bark. Bark generally decomposed twice as fast as wood across species, and faster decaying bark came with faster decaying wood (R2=0.26, P=0.006).</p> <p>5. We strongly suggest using corrected volume when assessing wood mass loss especially for the species with faster decomposable sapwood and all the wood at advanced decay stages. Further studies of coarse stem decomposition should consider trait "afterlife" effects of inner bark and estimate fraction of stem bark cover to obtain more accurate decay rates. 6. Our new method should benefit our understanding of the in situ dynamics of woody debris decay and monitoring research in different forest ecosystems worldwide, and should aid meta-analyses across diverse studies.</p>
Data from: Comparative phylogeography, genetic differentiation, and contrasting reproductive modes in three fungal symbionts of a multipartite bark beetle symbiosis
Multipartite symbioses are complex symbiotic relationships involving multiple interacting partners. These types of partnerships provide excellent opportunities in which to apply a comparative approach to identify common historical patterns of population differentiation and species-specific life history traits. Using three symbiotic blue stain fungal species (Ophiostomatacea) associated with outbreaking populations of the mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) in western Canada, we applied phylogenetic, population genetic, and demographic approaches to clarify phylogeographic patterns among the three fungal species. Broadly, the three species showed significant population differentiation, forming northern and southern populations, despite dramatic differences in haplotype diversity. Finer scale structuring and population demographic patterns were less consistent, showing some interspecific incongruence. By contrasting these species simultaneously, we were able to identify differences in recombination rate and ecological traits that can explain the observed patterns of incongruence among the fungal species. By applying a comparative approach to partners of a multipartite symbiosis we were able to distinguish congruent population structuring and species-specific differences that help us to understand the complexity and evolution of this symbiotic system.
Data from: Environmental filtering structures fungal endophyte communities in tree bark
<p>The factors that control the assembly and composition of endophyte communities across plant hosts remains poorly understood. This is especially true for endophyte communities inhabiting inner tree bark, one of the least studied components of the plant microbiome. Here, we test the hypothesis that bark of different tree species acts as an environmental filter structuring endophyte communities, as well as the alternative hypothesis, that bark acts as a passive reservoir that accumulates a diverse assemblage of spores and latent fungal life stages. We develop a means of extracting high‐quality DNA from surface sterilized tree bark to compile the first culture‐independent study of inner bark fungal communities. We sampled a total of 120 trees, spanning five dominant overstorey species across multiple sites in a mixed temperate hardwood forest. We find that each of the five tree species harbour unique assemblages of inner bark fungi and that angiosperm and gymnosperm hosts harbour significantly different fungal communities. Chemical components of tree bark (pH, total phenolic content) structure some of the differences detected among fungal communities residing in particular tree species. Inner bark fungal communities were highly diverse (mean of 117–171 operational taxonomic units per tree) and dominated by a range of Ascomycete fungi living asymptomatically as putative endophytes. Together, our evidence supports the hypothesis that tree bark acts as an environmental filter structuring inner bark fungal communities. The role of these potentially ubiquitous and plant‐specific fungal communities remains uncertain and merits further study.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.