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FIGURE 6. Foa yamba. A. AMS I.41287–063, 45.1 in Foa yamba, a new species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha: Apogonidae: Apogonichthyini) from the tidal region of the Clarence River, Australia and redescriptions of the West Pacific Foa longimana and Foa hyalina

FIGURE 6. Foa yamba. A. AMS I.41287–063, 45.1 mm SL, paratype. Fourth pored ctenoid, lateral-line scale. B. Second pitted, ctenoid lateral-line scale from last scale on caudal fin. Scale = 1mm. C. AMS I. 41858–037, 33.9 mm SL, holotype, canted left view of snout area with relative positions of pores and nares. AN = anterior naris, PN = posterior naris, IO = infraorbital pores on anterior portion of the lacrhymal, SO = anterior supraorbital pores. Scale = 1 mm.

FIGURE 1 in Foa yamba, a new species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha: Apogonidae: Apogonichthyini) from the tidal region of the Clarence River, Australia and redescriptions of the West Pacific Foa longimana and Foa hyalina

FIGURE 1. Holotype of Amia hyalina, USNM 70245, 36.7 mm SL. A. Preserved in 70% ethanol. B. Figure from the Smithsonian's original illustration by V. Dandridge for Plate 36, figure 3 from Smith & Radcliffe in Radcliffe (1912).

FIGURE 5. Foa yamba AMS I. 41287–063, 45.1 in Foa yamba, a new species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha: Apogonidae: Apogonichthyini) from the tidal region of the Clarence River, Australia and redescriptions of the West Pacific Foa longimana and Foa hyalina

FIGURE 5. Foa yamba AMS I. 41287–063, 45.1 mm SL, paratype. A semi-diagrammatic presentation of cephalic canal pores (spots) and free neuromasts (dots) with some pores and neuromasts obscured or missing. Scale = 1mm. A. Dorsal view. B. Lateral view. C. Ventral view.

FIGURE 4. Foa yamba, holotype AMS I.41858‒037, 33.9 in Foa yamba, a new species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha: Apogonidae: Apogonichthyini) from the tidal region of the Clarence River, Australia and redescriptions of the West Pacific Foa longimana and Foa hyalina

FIGURE 4. Foa yamba, holotype AMS I.41858‒037, 33.9 mm SL. A. Post mortem photograph by Mark McGrouther. B. Preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol by T. Fraser.

FIGURE 2 in A new species of the cardinalfish genus Siphamia (Perciformes, Apogonidae) from West Papua, Indonesia

FIGURE 2. (a) Siphamia argentea, North Bali, Indonesia, 70 m (G. Allen). (b) Siphamia argentea, Milne Bay, Papua New Guinea, 50 m (M. Erdmann). (c) Siphamia argentea, Vanuatu (R. Pyle). (d) Siphamia argentea, Yaku-shima Island, Japan, 25 m (S. Harazaki). (e–g) Siphamia stenotes, NW Bali, Indonesia (G. Allen). (h) Siphamia jebbi, Cenderawasih Bay, W Papua Province, Indonesia, 14 m (G. Allen).

FIGURE 1 in A new species of the cardinalfish genus Siphamia (Perciformes, Apogonidae) from West Papua, Indonesia

FIGURE 1. (a–b) Siphamia papuensis, holotype, Pulau Balbal, Indonesia, 66 m (M. Erdmann). (c) Siphamia papuensis, Fiabacet, Indonesia, 60 m (G. Allen). (d) Siphamia papuensis, Fiabacet, Indonesia, 70 m (M. Erdmann). (e) Light organ length in males and females of Siphamia papuensis (polynomial fitting). Outlying individuals (diamonds) are males with a very short light organ (see Remarks for details). (f–h) Siphamia argentea, Lembeh Strait, Indonesia, 70 m (M. Erdmann & G. Allen).

FIGURE 3 in A new species of the cardinalfish genus Siphamia (Perciformes, Apogonidae) from West Papua, Indonesia

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood phylogram (-lnL = 2449.145), based on the analysis of a 16S rDNA sequence fragment, depicting relationships among Siphamia papuensis, S. argentea, S. jebbi, S. tubifer and S. stenotes. Numbers on the branches indicate bootstrap support for the nodes from the likelihood, parsimony and neighbour-joining analyses (in the order parsimony/likelihood/neighbour-joining). The tree was rooted using Apogonichthyoides pharaonis and Ostorhinchus lateralis as outgroups. Broad collection localities are indicated to the right of the terminals. Asterices indicate those sequences that have been designated as paragenetypes of S. papuensis.

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FIGURE 2. a, b in A new species of the cardinalfish genus Jaydia (Teleostei: Apogonidae) from the Philippines

FIGURE 2. a, b) Jaydia erythrophthalma, PNM 15192, holotype, 50.5 mm, colour pattern after death and after preservation, respectively; c) Pigment pattern on the second dorsal fin of Jaydia erythrophthalma CAS 236506, 31.8 mm, paratype; d) Jaydia argyrogaster WAM 33093–001, 43.5 mm, West Papua, Indonesia; e) Lateral view of the ventral portion of the right preopercle of Jaydia erythrophthalma CAS 236504, 57.05 mm, paratype; arrows point to crenulated area of the ventral edge; f) Lateral view of the ventral portion of the left preopercle of Jaydia argyrogaster WAM 33093–001, 43.5 mm; arrows delineate the serrated part of the preopercle edge.

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FIGURE 1 in A new species of the cardinalfish genus Jaydia (Teleostei: Apogonidae) from the Philippines

FIGURE 1. Map of southern Luzon, Philippines; squares accompanied by museum numbers indicate trawl stations in which type specimens were collected.

FIGURE 7 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 7. SEM images of scales of (a) Rhabdamia nigrimentum SAIAB 69337, 37.1 mm, mid-body scale, and (b) Taeniamia pallida, SAIAB 96247, 57.2 mm, mid-body scale. LM images of scales of (c) Apistus carinatus SAIAB 87086, 61.8 mm SL, scale between pelvic-fin bases. (d) Cheilodactylus pixii, uncatalogued, 115 mm, scale next to upper pectoral-fin base. fo = focus.

FIGURE 6 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 6. SEM images of scales from different parts of the fish body showing variability in scale shape and size of the posterior field. Scales of the platycephalid Cociella heemstrai SAIAB 1508, 85 mm SL: (a) Body scale 2 rows above lateral line below 2nd dorsal-fin spine; and (b) Scale immediately above 1 st anal-fin ray. Scales of the epigonid Florenciella lugubris SAIAB 14088, 97.5 mm SL: (c) scale immediately below lateral line. (d) scale above 3rd anal-fin ray. fo = scale focus.

FIGURE 4 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 4. SEM images of scales of selected species of the Pempheridae, Kurtidae and Gobiidae. (a) Pemperis sp. SAIAB 9521, 46.6 mm SL. (b) Pempheris flavicycla SAIAB 77805, 119 mm SL. (c) Cycloid scale of Kurtus gulliveri SAIAB 70522, 148 mm. Peripheral ctenoid scales of: (d) Bathygobius cocosensis SAIAB 56733, 38.5 mm. (e) Gnatholepis anjerensis SAIAB 2576, 83.5 mm. (f) Caffrogobius saldanha PEM 20130111, 14.5 mm.

FIGURE 5 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 5. SEM images of scales sampled from selected scorpaenid species. (a, b) Parascorpaena mossambica SAIAB 35158, 12.8 mm and 14.6 mm, respectively. (c) Pterois mombassae SAIAB 68969, 14.9 mm and SAIAB 14532, 71.5 mm. (d) Scorpaenopsis venosa SAIAB 40271, 17.9 mm. (e) Dendrochirus brachypterus SAIAB 87001, 35.8 mm. (f) D. brachypterus SAIAB 4163, 77 mm. (g) Scorpaenodes guamensis SAIAB 98510, 14.0 mm and 43.5 mm. fo = scale focus.

FIGURE 2 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 2. SEM images of juvenile spinoid scales of species representing selected apogonid genera: (a) Ostorhinchus doederleini AMS I.30881-019, 11.0 mm. (b) Cheilodipterus intermedius AMS I.33273-010, 12 mm. (c) Unidentified apogonid AMS I.41401-010, 14.8 mm. (d) Fowleria sp. AMS I.42791-033, 14.8 mm. (e) Taeniamia pallida SAIAB 96212, 18.4 mm. (f) Ostorhinchus cookii 15.5 mm.

FIGURE 3 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 3. Ontogeny of transforming ctenoid scales in Taeniamia pallida. (a) Cycloid stage (SAIAB 96212, 18.4 mm). (b) & (c) Spinoid and early ctenoid stage showing baseline of spines and first row of ctenii with no truncation (SAIAB 96212, 20 & 25.5 mm, respectively). (d) adult scale with spines and first row of ctenii truncated (SAIAB 96247, 57.2 mm).

FIGURE 1 in Scale ontogeny in the cardinalfish family Apogonidae

FIGURE 1. SEM images of adult transforming ctenoid scales of species representing selected apogonid genera: (a) Siphamia cephalotes CSIRO B3505, 35.5 mm. (b) Apogon coccineus SAIAB 3325, 27.9 mm. (c) Pristiapogon kallopterus SAIAB 9989, 73.5 mm. (d) Jaydia novaeguineae SAIAB 96303, 88.9 mm. (e) Cheilodipterus novemstriatus SAIAB 69182, 32.9 mm. (f) Foa sp. SAIAB 18422, 52.0 mm. (g) Fowleria variegata SAIAB 87543, 38.8 mm. (h) Phaeoptyx conklini SAIAB 60098, 43.5 mm. (i) Holapogon maximus SAIAB 55280, 154.0 mm.

FIGURE 3 in A new genus and species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha, Apogonidae, Sphaeramiini) from the coastal waters of Vietnam: luminescent or not?

FIGURE 3. Xeniamia atrithorax, paratype, USNM 436744, right side of 25.5 mm SL specimen, dissection showing oral to anal region. AIN=anterior portion of the intestine; AL=anterior portion of the liver; B1=first bend of intestine; B2 second bend of intestine; G=gonad; H=heart; I=right side of isthmus; IN=straight potion of intestine from second bend; LO=lower oral stratum; P=pelvic fin base; PC=pyloric caeca; S=black stomach; SB=swim bladder; T=location of external thoracic melanophore patch; V=blood vessel to sinus, by T.H. Fraser, scale=3 mm.

FIGURE 4 in A new genus and species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha, Apogonidae, Sphaeramiini) from the coastal waters of Vietnam: luminescent or not?

FIGURE 4. Xeniamia atrithorax, paratype, ZMMU 23157, 27.0 mm SL, canted view of the pyloric caeca, stomach and dorsally flipped intestine to show the caeca. B1=first bend of intestine; B2=second bend of intestine; P=pyloric caeca; S=stomach; by A.M. Prokofiev, scale=2 mm.

FIGURE 8 in A new genus and species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha, Apogonidae, Sphaeramiini) from the coastal waters of Vietnam: luminescent or not?

FIGURE 8. Xeniamia atrithorax, lateral view of sagittae, paratypes, ZMMU 23158. A. SL 17.5 mm. B. SL 27.0 mm. C. SL 28.0 mm. D. Lateral and dorsal view of sagitta, SL 28.5 mm, by A.M. Prokofiev, scale = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 6 in A new genus and species of cardinalfish (Percomorpha, Apogonidae, Sphaeramiini) from the coastal waters of Vietnam: luminescent or not?

FIGURE 6. Xeniamia atrithorax, paratype, ZMMU 23157, 24.2 mm SL, left side, a positive image from a radiograph. sn = supraneural; e = epural; I = first dorsal spine; VIII = eighth dorsal spine; 10 = tenth vertebra, by A.M. Prokofiev, scale = 5 mm.