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93 results for “Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi”
Data for: Implications of plant N/P stoichiometry influenced by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for stability of plant species and community in response to nutrient limitation
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Dark septate endophytes and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Paris-morphotype) affect the stable isotope composition of ‘classically’ non-mycorrhizal plants
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Elevation gradients and soil characteristics shape arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the Indian mid-Himalaya
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Data from: Decrease in diversity and changes in community composition of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in roots of apple trees with increasing orchard management intensity across a regional scale
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Data from: Molecular evolution patterns reveal life history features of mycoplasma-related endobacteria associated with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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Data from: Community assembly, species richness and nestedness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in agricultural soils
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Data from: Shifts in plant community composition weaken the negative effect of nitrogen addition on community-level arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization
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Increasing flavonoid concentrations in root exudates enhance associations between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and an invasive plant
<p>Many invasive plants have enhanced mutualistic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal associations, however, mechanisms underlying differences in AM fungal associations between introduced and native populations of invasive plants have not been explored. Here we test the hypothesis that variation in root exudate chemicals in invasive populations affects AM fungal colonization and then impacts plant performance. We examined flavonoids (quercetin and quercitrin) in root exudates of native and introduced populations of the invasive plant <em>Triadica sebifera</em> and tested their effects on AM fungi and plant performance. We found that plants from introduced populations had higher concentrations of quercetin in root exudates, greater AM fungal colonization and higher biomass. Applying root exudates more strongly increased AM fungal colonization of target plants and AM fungal spore germination when exudate donors were from introduced populations. The role of root exudate chemicals was further confirmed by decreased AM fungal colonization when activated charcoal was added into soil. Moreover, addition of quercetin into soil increased AM fungal colonization, indicating quercetin might be a key chemical signal stimulating AM fungal associations. Together these results suggest genetic differences in root exudate flavonoids play an important role in enhancing AM fungal associations and invasive plants' performance, thus considering root exudate chemicals is critical to unveiling mechanisms governing shifting plant-soil microbe interactions during plant invasions.</p>
Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate herbivore-induction of plant defenses differently above and belowground
Plants are exposed to herbivores and symbionts above and belowground. Herbivores aboveground alter plant defenses in both leaves and roots, affecting plant-herbivore interactions above and belowground. Root symbionts, such as arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), also influence the defenses of leaves and roots, and alter plant responses to herbivory. However, we lack an understanding of how AMF mediate plant responses to herbivores simultaneously in above and belowground plant tissues, despite the ubiquity of such interactions and their consequences for ecological communities. In a full factorial experiment, we subjected plants of four milkweed (Asclepias) species under three levels of AMF inoculum availability to damage by aphids (Aphis nerii), caterpillars (Danaus plexippus), or no herbivores. We then measured foliar and root cardenolides (chemical defenses), leaf toughness, latex exudation (physical defenses), foliar carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorous concentrations, plant biomass, and levels of AMF colonization of roots. Plants inoculated with AMF generally produced tougher leaves with higher cardenolide concentrations than did plants without AMF. In contrast, root cardenolides were altered by AMF inoculum availability in a plant species-specific manner. The relative induction or suppression of foliar cardenolides and leaf toughness by herbivores was altered strongly by the level of AMF inoculum available to plants. However, AMF did not influence caterpillar-induction or aphid-suppression of root cardenolides. In addition, herbivore feeding induced substantial changes in levels of AMF colonization of roots in a plant species-specific manner. We demonstrate that the availability of AMF in soil alters herbivore induction and suppression of plant defenses strongly, and does so differently in above and belowground plant tissues. Furthermore, we show that herbivore feeding alters levels of AMF colonization substantially, completing a feedback loop between above and belowground organisms. Our study suggests that indirect interactions between AMF and herbivores may have community-wide consequences by altering plant phenotype both above and belowground.
Data from: Aphids can acquire the nitrogen delivered to plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
1. Above and below ground organisms can interact by altering the quality of shared host plants. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) influence plant nutrient uptake, including nitrogen (N) acquisition. Under low N and phosphorus conditions, AMF delivery of N from organic sources not immediately available to the plant can have large impacts on plant N status, a limiting nutrient in the aphid diet. 2. This study investigated the effect of AMF colonisation upon aphid number and determined the consequences of AMF directly accessing an organic nutrient patch that the plant cannot. We hypothesised that AMF colonisation of plants will increase plant and aphid N status, plant performance and aphid number, but only when the AMF had direct access to the added organic patch. 3. Barley plants hosting the grain aphid Sitobion avenae were colonised by the AMF, Funneliformis mosseae, or no AMF. A two compartment microcosm was used to separate the plant roots from a 15N labelled organic patch in a second compartment. AMF colonised plants, but without access to the second compartment, were used to examine the effect of AMF colonisation on aphid number. In a separate treatment, and to determine whether AMF access to a plant inaccessible N source modified the effect of AMF colonisation on aphid number, AMF hyphae were permitted access to the second compartment containing an organic patch. As a control for AMF accessing a larger substrate volume, AMF were allowed access to a second compartment without an organic patch. 4. When the AMF accessed the organic patch, more N from the patch was delivered to the plant resulting in a higher grain N concentration although plant growth was depressed. More N from the patch was also delivered to the aphids, but the N status of the aphid remained unchanged. Regardless of the level of access to the organic patch, AMF colonisation did not affect aphid number. 5. Our data show that by accessing N sources not readily available to plants, AMF can indirectly deliver N to above ground organisms, a finding which has major implications for N transfer between higher trophic levels.
Supplementary material 1 from: Guo X, Liu X-Y, Jiang S-Y, Guo S-X, Wang J-F, Hu Y, Li S-M, Li H-M, Wang T, Sun Y-K, Li M-Y (2023) Allelopathy and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi interactions shape plant invasion outcomes. NeoBiota 89: 187-207. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.89.110737
Responses of the aboveground biomass of native plant species to the allelopathy (n = 10)
VTC proteins of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
<p>Polyphosphate polymerizing and depolymerizing reactions of VTC4 protein in an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus</p> <p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi form symbiotic associations with land plants and supply soil minerals including phosphorus to their hosts. AM fungi accumulate polyphosphate (polyP), a linear phosphate polymer, in their mycelia, which functions in phosphorus storage and translocation. In the budding yeast <em>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</em>, it has been demonstrated that the vacuolar transporter chaperone 4 (VTC4) protein, a subunit of the VTC complex, is responsible for polyP synthesis. Here, we conducted a comprehensive survey of VTC proteins in AM fungal genomes. The genomes of eight AM fungal species encode VTC1, VTC2, and VTC4.</p>
Precipitation and temperature shape the biogeography of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across a 1500 km latitudinal transect in the Brazilian Caatinga
<p>Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), an important group of plant root symbionts, remain poorly studied in the Neotropics. We used Illumina LSU amplicon sequencing to test whether AMF communities in soil and roots are shaped by deterministic or neutral processes along a 20° latitudinal transect in the Caatinga of Brazil, a unique dry forest eco-region. Glomeraceae was the most abundant and diverse family, resembling more paleotropical Africa and European croplands than other tropical forests from South America. AMF communities showed strong biogeographic structure inconsistent with a classical latitudinal diversity gradient, and further differed between soil and roots. Soil AMF biogeography was best correlated with precipitation; richness increased towards both ends of the latitudinal transect where precipitation increased, and community composition converged. Root AMF diversity weakened towards the equator, at a latitude where soil AMF diversity was highest. Root AMF biogeography correlated to temperature, with decreasing diversity at higher temperatures. We found no evidence of phylogenetic niche conservatism among AMF taxa. Our results suggest that niche-based processes in relation to regional climate, most importantly precipitation and temperature, shape the biogeography of AMF across the Caatinga, with niche partitioning among closely related AMF taxa. Given the expected decrease in precipitation and increase in temperature in the future, climate change may strongly affect AMF biodiversity in neotropical dry forests.</p>
Figure 3 from: Bidondo LF, Colombo RP, Recchi M, Silvani VA, Pérgola M, Martínez A, Godeas AM (2018) Detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with pecan (Carya illinoinensis) trees by molecular and morphological approaches. MycoKeys 42: 73-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.42.26118
Figure 3 Arbuscular mycorrhizal intraradical colonisation in pecan roots (a–b). A: arbuscules, AP: appressoria, ILH: intraradical longitudinal hyphae. Spore of Claroideoglomuslamellosum (c), Entrophosporainfrequens (d), Cetrasporapellucida (e), Rhizoglomusmicroaggregatum (f) inside another, dead AMF spore, resembling E.infrequens.
Figure 2 from: Bidondo LF, Colombo RP, Recchi M, Silvani VA, Pérgola M, Martínez A, Godeas AM (2018) Detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with pecan (Carya illinoinensis) trees by molecular and morphological approaches. MycoKeys 42: 73-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.42.26118
Figure 2 Rank-abundance diagrams of morphological AM fungal species (a–b) and rank-abundance diagrams of AM MOTUs (c–d) detected on C.illinoinensis rhizosphere in T0 (field) and T1 (containers) samples. RA: Relative abundance. Cl: Claroideoglomuslamellosum, Rm: Rhizoglomusmicroaggregatum, Fc: Funneliformiscoronatum, Ei: Entrophosporainfrequens, Fm: Funneliformismosseae, Gi Gigasporamargarita, Ce: Claroideoglomusetunicatum, Cp: Cetrasporapellucida, De: Diversisporaeburnea, Fr: Fuscutatarubra, Sc: Septoglomusconstrictum, Re: Rhizoglomusirregulare, Ri: Rhizoglomusintraradices, Di: Dominikiairanica, Da: Dominikiaindica, Gsp: Glomus sp.
Figure 1 from: Bidondo LF, Colombo RP, Recchi M, Silvani VA, Pérgola M, Martínez A, Godeas AM (2018) Detection of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with pecan (Carya illinoinensis) trees by molecular and morphological approaches. MycoKeys 42: 73-88. https://doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.42.26118
Figure 1 Morphological AM fungal species accumulation curves (a) and rarefaction curves (± errors, ten replicates for each subset) of observed AM MOTUs (b) detected on C.illinoinensis rhizosphere in T0 (field) and T1 (containers) samples.
Data from: Do arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi stabilize litter-derived carbon in soil?
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Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi increase organic carbon decomposition under elevated CO2
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Data from: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi mediate herbivore-induction of plant defenses differently above and belowground
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Data from: Aphids can acquire the nitrogen delivered to plants by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi
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