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97 results for “Atlantic cod”
Life‐stage‐dependent supergene haplotype frequencies and metapopulation neutral genetic patterns of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, from Canada's Northern cod stock region and adjacent areas
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Data from: Sea surface temperature dictates movement and habitat connectivity of Atlantic cod in a coastal fjord system
Whilst movements of organisms have been studied across a myriad of environments, information is often lacking regarding spatio-seasonal patterning in complex temperate coastal systems. Highly mobile fish form an integral part of marine food webs providing linkages within habitats, between patches of habitats and at different life stages. We investigated how movement, activity and connectivity patterns of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) are influenced by dynamic environmental conditions. Movement patterns of 39 juvenile and subadult Atlantic cod were assessed in two coastal sites in the Swedish Skagerrak for 5 months. We used passive acoustic telemetry and network analysis to assess seasonal and spatial movement patterns of cod and their relationships to different environmental factors, using statistical correlations, analysis of recurrent spatial motifs and generalised linear mixed models. Temperature, in combination with physical barriers, precludes significant connectivity (complex motifs) within the system. Sea surface temperature had a strong influence on connectivity (node strength, degree and motif frequency), where changes from warmer summer waters to colder winter waters significantly reduced movement activity of fish. As the seasons changed, movement of fish gradually decreased from large-scale (km) linkages in the summer to more localised movement patterns in the winter (limited to 100s m). Certain localised areas, however, were identified as important for connectivity throughout the whole study period, likely due to these multiple-habitat areas fulfilling functions required for foraging and shelter. This study provides new knowledge regarding inshore movement dynamics of juvenile and subadult Atlantic cod that use complex, coastal fjord systems. The findings show that connectivity, seasonal patterns in particular, should be carefully considered when selecting conservation areas to promote marine stewardship.
Data from: Possible adverse impact of contaminants on Atlantic cod population dynamics in coastal ecosystems
While many in-lab ecotoxicological studies have shown the adverse impact of pollutants to the fitness of an individual, direct evidence from the field on the population dynamics of wildlife animals has been lacking. Here, we provide empirical support for a negative effect of pollution on Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) population dynamics in coastal waters of Norway by combining unique time series of juvenile cod abundance, body size, environmental concentration of toxic contaminants, and a spatially structured population dynamics model. The study shows that mercury concentration might have decreased the reproductive potential of cod in the region despite the general decline in the environmental concentration of mercury, cadmium, and hexachlorobenzene since the implementation of national environmental laws. However, some cod populations appeared to be more resistant to mercury pollution than others and the strength and shape of mercury effect on cod reproductive potential was fjord-specific. Additionally, cod growth rate changed at scales smaller than fjords with a gradient related to the exposure to the open ocean and offshore cod. These spatial differences in life history traits emphasize the importance of local adaptation in shaping the dynamics of local wildlife populations. Finally, this study highlights the possibility to mitigate pollution effects on natural population by reducing the overall pollution level but also reveals that pollution reduction alone is not enough to rebuild local cod populations. Cod population recovery probably requires complimentary efforts on fishing regulation and habitat restauration.
Data from: Stable coexistence of genetically divergent Atlantic cod ecotypes at multiple spatial scales
Coexistence in the same habitat of closely related yet genetically different populations is a phenomenon that challenges our understanding of local population structure and adaptation. Identifying the underlying mechanisms for such coexistence can yield new insight into adaptive evolution, diversification, and the potential for organisms to adapt and persist in response to a changing environment. Recent studies have documented cryptic, sympatric populations of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in coastal areas. We analyzed genetic origin of 6483 individual cod sampled annually over 14 years from 125 locations along the Norwegian Skagerrak coast and document stable coexistence of two genetically divergent Atlantic cod ecotypes throughout the study area and study period. A 'fjord' ecotype dominated in numbers deep inside fjords while a 'North Sea' ecotype was the only type found in offshore North Sea. Both ecotypes coexisted in similar proportions throughout coastal habitats at all spatial scales. The size-at-age of the North Sea ecotype on average exceeded that of the fjord ecotype by 20% in length and 80% in weight across all habitats. Different growth and size among individuals of the two types might be one of several ecologically significant variables that allow for stable coexistence of closely related populations within the same habitat. Management plans, biodiversity initiatives, and other mitigation strategies that do not account for the mixture of species ecotypes are unlikely to meet objectives related to the sustainability of fish and fisheries.
Data from: A genomic island linked to ecotype divergence in Atlantic cod
The genomic architecture underlying ecological divergence and ecological speciation with gene flow is still largely unknown for most organisms. One central question is whether divergence is genome-wide or localized in "genomic mosaics" during early stages when gene flow is still pronounced. Empirical work has so far been limited, and the relative impacts of gene flow and natural selection on genomic patterns have not been fully explored. Here, we use ecotypes of Atlantic cod to investigate genomic patterns of diversity and population differentiation in a natural system characterized by high gene flow and large effective population sizes, properties which theoretically could restrict divergence in local genomic regions. We identify a genomic region of strong population differentiation, extending over approximately 20 cM, between pairs of migratory and stationary ecotypes examined at two different localities. Furthermore, the region is characterized by markedly reduced levels of genetic diversity in migratory ecotype samples. The results highlight the genomic region, or "genomic island", as potentially associated with ecological divergence and suggest a selective sweep involved in ecological divergence. Finally, we also confirm earlier findings of localized genomic differentiation in three other linkage groups associated with divergence among eastern Atlantic populations. Thus, although underlying mechanisms are still unknown, the results suggest that "genomic mosaics" of differentiation may even be found under high levels of gene flow, and that marine fishes may provide insightful model systems for studying and identifying initial targets of selection during ecological divergence.
Data from: Ancient chromosomal rearrangement associated with local adaptation of a post-glacially colonized population of Atlantic Cod in the northwest Atlantic
Intraspecific diversity is central to the management and conservation of exploited species, yet knowledge of how this diversity is distributed and maintained in the genome of many marine species is lacking. Recent advances in genomic analyses allow for genome-wide surveys of intraspecific diversity and offer new opportunities for exploring genomic patterns of divergence. Here, we analyzed genome-wide polymorphisms to measure genetic differentiation between an offshore migratory and a non-migratory population and to define conservation units of Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) in coastal Labrador. A total of 141 individuals, collected from offshore sites and from a coastal site within Gilbert Bay, Labrador, were genotyped using an ~11k single nucleotide polymorphism array. Analyses of population structure revealed strong genetic differentiation between migratory offshore cod and non-migratory Gilbert Bay cod. Genetic differentiation was elevated for loci within a chromosomal rearrangement found on linkage group 1 (LG1) that coincides with a previously found double inversion associated with migratory and non-migratory ecotype divergence of cod in the northeast Atlantic. This inverted region includes several genes potentially associated with adaptation to differences in salinity and temperature, as well as influencing migratory behaviour. Our work provides evidence that a chromosomal rearrangement on LG1 is associated with parallel patterns of divergence between migratory and non-migratory ecotypes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
Supporting data for 'Stabilizing selection on Atlantic cod supergenes through a millennium of extensive exploitation'
<p>Life on earth has been characterized by recurring cycles of ecological stasis and disruption, relating biological eras to geological and climatic transitions through the history of our planet. Due to the increasing degree of ecological abruption caused by human influences many advocate that we now have entered the geological era of the Anthropocene, or 'the age of man'. Considering the ongoing mass extinction and ecosystem reshuffling observed worldwide, a better understanding of the drivers of ecological stasis will be a requisite for identifying routes of intervention and mitigation. Ecosystem stability may rely on one or a few keystone species, and the loss of such species could potentially have detrimental effects. The Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) have historically been highly abundant and is considered a keystone species in ecosystems of the northern Atlantic Ocean. Collapses of cod stocks have been observed on both sides of the Atlantic and reported to have detrimental effects that include vast ecosystem reshuffling. By whole-genome re-sequencing we demonstrate that stabilizing selection maintains three extensive 'supergenes' in Atlantic cod, linking these genes to species persistence and ecological stasis. Genomic inference of historic effective population sizes shows continued declines for cod in the North Sea – Skagerrak – Kattegat system through the past millennia, consistent with an early onset of the marine Anthropocene through industrialization and commercialization of fisheries throughout the medieval period.</p>
Disparate movement behaviour and feeding ecology in sympatric ecotypes of Atlantic cod
<p>Co-existence of ecotypes, genetically divergent population units, is a widespread phenomenon, potentially affecting ecosystem functioning and local food web stability. In coastal Skagerrak, Atlantic cod (<i>Gadus morhua</i>) occur as two such co-existing ecotypes. We applied a combination of acoustic telemetry, genotyping and stable isotope analysis to 72 individuals to investigate movement ecology and food niche of putative local "Fjord" and putative oceanic "North Sea" ecotypes – thus named based on previous molecular studies. Genotyping and individual origin assignment suggested 41 individuals were Fjord and 31 were North Sea ecotypes. Both ecotypes were found throughout the fjord. Seven percent of Fjord ecotype individuals left the study system during the study while 42 % of North Sea individuals left, potentially homing to natal spawning grounds. Home range sizes were similar for the two ecotypes but highly variable among individuals. Fjord ecotype cod had significantly higher δ<sup>13</sup>C and δ<sup>15</sup>N stable isotope values than North Sea ecotype cod, suggesting they exploited different food niches. The results suggest coexisting ecotypes may possess innate differences in feeding- and movement ecologies and may thus fill different functional roles in marine ecosystems. This highlights the importance of conserving interconnected populations to ensure stable ecosystem functioning and food web structures.</p>
Atlantic cod recovery from the Allee effect zone: contrasting ecological and evolutionary rescue
<p>The ability of a population to recover from disturbances is fundamental for its persistence. Impaired population recovery might be associated with a demographic Allee effect. Immigration from adjacent populations could accelerate the recovery not only by promoting population growth beyond the Allee effect threshold but also by bringing in advantageous genotypes. We explore the nature and role of ecological and evolutionary rescue in an Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) population fished below its Allee effect threshold. We utilize an eco-evolutionary model and simulate scenarios, where the target population evolves in response to selective fishing and sample immigrants from i) a source population similarly adapted to fishing (post-fishing genotypes) or ii) an unexploited source population with natural genetic and phenotypic diversity (pre-fishing genotypes). Immigration of pre-fishing genotypes enhances the recovery due to the larger body sizes and the flow of associated genes. Post-fishing immigrants can promote the population abundance recovery, but they slow down evolutionary recovery from fishing-induced selection and increase uncertainty about recovery times. Our results stress the importance of maintaining genetic and phenotypic diversity and suggest that marine protected areas can serve as an important source of immigrants to promote both the demographic and evolutionary recovery of exploited populations.</p>
Data from: Catastrophic dynamics limit Atlantic cod recovery
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Data from: Ancient chromosomal rearrangement associated with local adaptation of a post-glacially colonized population of Atlantic Cod in the northwest Atlantic
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Supporting data for 'Stabilizing selection on Atlantic cod supergenes through a millennium of extensive exploitation'
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Data from: Possible adverse impact of contaminants on Atlantic cod population dynamics in coastal ecosystems
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Disparate movement behaviour and feeding ecology in sympatric ecotypes of Atlantic cod
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Data from: A genomic island linked to ecotype divergence in Atlantic cod
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Atlantic cod recovery from the Allee effect zone: contrasting ecological and evolutionary rescue
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Data from: Stable coexistence of genetically divergent Atlantic cod ecotypes at multiple spatial scales
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Data from: Sea surface temperature dictates movement and habitat connectivity of Atlantic cod in a coastal fjord system
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Data from: Impacts of regular and random noise on the behaviour, growth and development of larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)
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The study of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) spleen global gene expression response to intraperitoneal injection with formalin-killed atypical Aeromonas salmonicida.
GEO Series GSE22312. Gadus morhua. 23 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
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