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FIGURE 2. A–E in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 2. A–E, Bairdoppilata alcyonicola Maddocks, adult specimen 764W: A, RV exterior; B, LV exterior; C, RV interior, denticles on anterodorsal edge; D, RV interior, lateral view of hinge, showing ligamental striation on dorsal surface of hinge bar and teeth; E, LV interior, lateral view of hinge, showing ligamental striation on dorsal surface of hinge groove and sockets; arrows point toward anterior. F–H, Bairdoppilata cratericola Maddocks, adult specimen 763W. F, RV exterior, G, LV exterior; H, RV interior, AMS, arrow points toward anterior. Scale bar = 50 µm.

FIGURE 6 in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 6. Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler), male specimen 1651M from the Bahamas. A–B, distal claws of both A2; C–D, esophageal valve with ring, belt, collar, plate and bracket, at higher focus for belt and corner teeth, and at lower focus for bracket and medial teeth; E, plate and bracket; F, both braces; G–H, both hemipenes; I, posteroventral fragment of decalcified RV exterior, showing posterior angle and ventral margin with RPC, marginal frill, and sensilla; arrow points to anterior; J, posterodorsal fragment of decalcified LV exterior, showing crenulation of hinge; also parts of food ball, testes, and seminal vesicles; arrow points to anterior; K, left lateral view of mouth region, showing spinules around sclerotized edge of upper lip, and ciliate hemispherical mound within lower lip, with flagellate seta projecting into atrium; L, ciliate hemispherical mound of lower lip, with flagellate seta projecting into atrium. Scale bar = 50 µm.

FIGURE 9 in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 9. Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler). A-S, male specimen 2399M from Florida: A, esophageal valve with collar, plate and bracket; B–C, braces; D–F, dorsal views of left hemipenis; D, entire left hemipenis; E, terminal details of left hemipenis, including distal element, copulatory tube, and appendages; F, two cilia of bifurcate tip of copulatory rod within tip of tube; G–H, fragmentary right hemipenis, with distal element, fragmentary copulatory tube, and appendages; I, left lateral view of lower lip, showing ciliate hemispherical mound with flagellate seta projecting into atrium, T–bar strut, and ventral setules of sternum; J–K, RV and LV exteriors in transmitted light, showing patch pattern, NPC and sensilla; L–M, RV and LV exteriors in reflected light, showing patch pattern, smooth surface, and widely spaced NPC; N–O, anterodorsal and posterodorsal edge of RV interior to show denticles of supplemental dentition; P–Q, posterodorsal and anterodorsal edges of LV interior, showing locules of supplemental dentition, located on infold beneath dorsal overhang; R–S, RV and LV exteriors in transmitted light, with AMS, NPC, occasional sensilla, and texture of smooth surface. Scale bar = 50 µm.

FIGURE 10 in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 10. Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler). A–G, female specimen 1026F from Cuba 6: A, esophageal valve with collar, plate, bracket and tuberculate ends of braces; B, posterior teeth of plate, with a few smaller nodes visible between teeth; C, genital lobe; D– E, RV and LV exteriors in transmitted light, to show patch pattern and setules; F–G, RV and LV exteriors in reflected light to show patch pattern and smooth surface. Scale bar = 50 µm.

FIGURE 1. A–K, Bairdoppilata alcyonicola Maddocks. A–E, molting juvenile specimen 523J in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 1. A–K, Bairdoppilata alcyonicola Maddocks. A–E, molting juvenile specimen 523J: A, RV exterior, showing puncta, sensilla, NPC, inner margin, weakly calcified proximal zone of inner lamella, narrow infold, and marginal frills; ventral edge is damaged; B, posterior caudal angle of RV exterior, showing inner margin, weakly calcified inner lamella, narrow infold, marginal sensilla, and frill; C, anterior margin of RV exterior, with inner margin, weakly calcified inner lamella, infold, marginal sensilla, and frill; D, A2 distal claws, molting; E, zygum and both furcae. F–H, molting juvenile specimen 524J: F, A2 distal claws, molting; G, plate of EV, with uniform row of teeth; H, LV exterior, molting; folded sensilla of new valve are visible beneath old valve. I–K, molting juvenile specimen 168J: I–J, RV and LV exteriors, showing inner margin, broad but weakly calcified inner lamella with continuous vestibules, narrow infold, and characteristic patch pattern; anterodorsal edge of LV is damaged; K, exterior view of posteroventral edge of LV, showing sensilla of new valve folded chevron-style within vestibule of instar. L–Q, Bairdoppilata cratericola Maddocks. O–P, juvenile specimen 973J: L, A2 claws; M, plate of EV. N–Q, adult female specimen 972F: N, genital lobe and spermatophore; O, RV exterior, with low focus to show broad infold, well calcified inner lamella, shallow, separate vestibules, and marginal frills; P, LV exterior, high focus to show puncta, NPC, MSP, and patch pattern; Q, A2 distal claws. Scale bar = 50 µm.

FIGURE 14. Bairdoppilata hirsutella Maddocks, n in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 14. Bairdoppilata hirsutella Maddocks, n. sp. A, molting juvenile, female A–1, specimen 689J, USNM 139894: posterior region of body with zygum, genital lobes, furca, and postabdominal seta. Scale bar = 50 µm.

FIGURE 8 in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 8. Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler). A–P, female specimen 2395 from Florida: A, B, left and right A2 distal claws; C, anterodorsal view of head capsule and midgut during dissection, with food ball, esophageal valve with ring, collar, belt, plate, and both braces, forehead, upper and lower lips, and sternum; D, food ball, showing spiral structure; E–F, spermatophores; G, plate, bracket, and both braces; H, posterior teeth of plate; I–J, RV and LV exteriors in transmitted light, showing patch pattern, NPC and sensilla; K–L, RV and LV exteriors in reflected light, showing patch pattern, NPC, and smooth surface; M–N, anterodorsal and posterodorsal edges of RV interior showing supplemental denticles; O–P, anterodorsal and posterodorsal edges of LV interior showing supplemental locules on infold beneath dorsal overhang. Scale bar = 50 µm.

FIGURE 7 in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 7. Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler). A–F, male specimen 1648M from the Bahamas: A–B, right and left hemipenes; C–D, details of distal element, copulatory tube, and appendages of right and left hemipenes; E, RV exterior in reflected light, showing nearly smooth surface with NPC and sensilla; F, RV exterior in transmitted light, showing NPC, patch pattern, and sensilla. G–J, juvenile carapace 4082WJ, instar A–2: G–H, RV and LV exteriors in transmitted light, showing patch pattern and NPC; I–J, RV and LV exteriors in reflected light; showing patch pattern and NPC. K–N, juvenile carapace 4081WJ, instar A–1: K–L, RV and LV exteriors in transmitted light, showing patch pattern and NPC; M–N, RV and LV exteriors in reflected light; showing patch pattern and NPC. Scale bar = 50 µm.

FIGURE4 in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE4. Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler). H:L scatter plot for 110 specimens (RV only) from 7 localities. Females are longer and higher than males and plot in the upper right part of the adult cluster, while males tend to plot in the lower left. Clusters for juvenile instars A–1 and A–2 are well segregated.

FIGURE 5 in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 5. Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler), male specimen 3114M from the Bahamas, UH2371. A, plate, bracket and fragment of ring; B, brace; C, intact right hemipenis and incomplete left hemipenis; D, copulatory tube, distal element, and appendages of right hemipenis; E, copulatory tube, distal element, and appendages of left hemipenis; F, A2 distal claws; G–H, right and left valve exteriors in transmitted light, showing patch pattern, NPC, marginal sensilla, broad infold and shallow vestibules; linear tracks are probably postmortem agal or fungal borings; I–J, right and left valve exteriors in reflected light, showing patch pattern and smooth, reflective surface. Scale bar = 50 µm.

FIGURE 11. Bairdoppilata hirsutella Maddocks, n in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 11. Bairdoppilata hirsutella Maddocks, n. sp. H:L scatter plot for 4 specimens from Eltanin station 25: Holotype specimen 634M (USNM 139891), and paratype specimens 635F (USNM 139892), 636W, and 689J (USNM 139894). Also plotted here are specimen 468F (SUM 121353), which was collected in the Gulf of Mexico and is of uncertain species identity, and the Lectotype RV of Bairdia hirsuta Brady.

FIGURE 3 in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 3. Bairdoppilata cushmani (Tressler). H:L scatter plot for 180 specimens (LV and carapaces) from 6 localities. Females are longer and higher than males and plot in the upper right part of the adult cluster, while males tend to plot in the lower left. Clusters for juvenile instars A–1 and A–2 are well segregated.

FIGURE 13. Bairdoppilata hirsutella Maddocks, n in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 13. Bairdoppilata hirsutella Maddocks, n. sp. A–D, holotype adult male specimen 634M, USNM 139891: A, dorsal view of zygum, both furcae, and left hemipenis; B, distal element, copulatory tube, and terminal appendages of left hemipenis; C, dorsal view of esophageal valve with ring, collar, belt, plate, and both braces; D, A2 distal claws. E, adult female specimen 635F, USNM 139892: genital lobe. F, molting juvenile specimen 689J, USNM 139894, A–1: detail of antennal claws to show how ramus and claws are withdrawn during molting. Scale bar = 50 µm.

FIGURE 12. Bairdoppilata hirsutella Maddocks, n in Taxonomic applications of the esophageal flapper valve in Bairdoppilata and Glyptobairdia (Bairdiidae, Ostracoda), with comments on anatomy, ontogeny, and geography

FIGURE 12. Bairdoppilata hirsutella Maddocks, n. sp. A–C, molting juvenile specimen 689J, USNM 139894, instar A–1: A, LV interior in reflected light, with narrow infold, broad but weakly calcified inner lamella, and vestibules partly filled with fluid; B, LV interior in reflected light, with AMS, showing striated, hummocky texture of inner chitinous lining, as sensilla and cuticle are being withdrawn from older valve; C, anterior margin of RV interior in reflected light, showing narrow (normal) infold. D–K, holotype adult male specimen 634M, USNM 139891: D–E, LV and RV interiors in reflected light, with broad calcified inner lamella, shallow vestibules separated ventrally, prominent selvage and fringes; F, RV interior, posterodorsal edge with denticles of supplemental dentition; G, LV interior, posterodorsal edge with locules of supplemental dentition beneath dorsal overhang; H–I, RV and LV exteriors in transmitted light, with broad (normal) inner lamellae, fairly deep vestibules, NPC, sensilla, and AMS; J–K, RV and LV exteriors in reflected light, showing smooth surface and sensilla; RV caudal process is damaged. L–M, adult female specimen 635F, USNM 139892: RV and LV exteriors in transmitted light, with AMS and sensilla. Scale bar = 50 µm.

FIGURE 9. Bairdoppilata parvafasciata, n in "What's in a name?" Bairdia fasciata Brady, 1870, and two new Caribbean species of Bairdoppilata (Bairdiidae, Podocopida, Ostracoda)

FIGURE 9. Bairdoppilata parvafasciata, n. sp. A–G, from Belize; H–K, from Grand Cayman; L–S, from Roatan. A–I, L–S, adults; J–K, juvenile instars. A, H, J, RV exterior; B, L, P, right-lateral views of carapace; M, Q, left-lateral views of carapace; C, N, R, dorsal views of carapace, anterior end is up; D, I, K, LV exterior; E, LV interior; F, G, posterior and anterior supplemental dentition, LV interior; O, S, ventral views of carapace, anterior end is up; all in reflected light. A, specimen 4085RV; B–C, specimen 4121Car; D–G, Holotype specimen 4084LV; H, specimen 4087RV; I, specimen 4086LV; J, specimen 4090RVj; K, specimen 4089LVj; L–O, specimen 4109Car; P–S, specimen 4110Car, the hole at the hingeline may be a predation scar. Bar scale = 100 micrometers.

FIGURE 8. Bairdoppilata parvafasciata, n in "What's in a name?" Bairdia fasciata Brady, 1870, and two new Caribbean species of Bairdoppilata (Bairdiidae, Podocopida, Ostracoda)

FIGURE 8. Bairdoppilata parvafasciata, n. sp. H:L scatter plot for 226 specimens, by collecting locality. Dimensions for intact carapaces are included with LVs. Presumed females plot toward the upper right of the adult cluster, and presumed males plot toward the lower left. Adult and three juvenile instars are represented in these assemblages. The dimensions of illustrated specimens are given in Table 3.

FIGURE 4. Bairdoppilata magnafasciata, n in "What's in a name?" Bairdia fasciata Brady, 1870, and two new Caribbean species of Bairdoppilata (Bairdiidae, Podocopida, Ostracoda)

FIGURE 4. Bairdoppilata magnafasciata, n. sp. A–D, from Belize; E–F, from Jamaica; G–L, from Roatan. A, C, E, RV exterior; B, D, F, LV exterior; all in transmitted light. G, J, right-lateral views of carapace; H, K, dorsal views of carapace, anterior end is up; I, L, ventral views of carapace, anterior end is up; all in reflected light. A, specimen 4142RV; B, Holotype specimen 4144LV, C, specimen 4141RV; D, specimen 4143LV; E, specimen 4133RV; F, specimen 4132LV, the irregular tracks are post-mortem microbial boreholes; G–I, specimen 4106Car; J–L, specimen 4108Carj. Bar scale = 100 micrometers.

FIGURE 3. Bairdoppilata magnafasciata, n in "What's in a name?" Bairdia fasciata Brady, 1870, and two new Caribbean species of Bairdoppilata (Bairdiidae, Podocopida, Ostracoda)

FIGURE 3. Bairdoppilata magnafasciata, n. sp. H:L scatter plot for 335 specimens, by collecting locality. Dimensions for intact carapaces are included with LVs. Presumed females plot toward the upper right of the adult cluster, and presumed males plot toward the lower left. The dimensions reported by Teeter (1975) plot within the female and male clusters. At least three juvenile instars are represented in these assemblages. The dimensions of illustrated specimens are given in Table 2.

FIGURE 2. Bairdia fasciata Brady, the holotype. A. The white slide 1.16.44 in "What's in a name?" Bairdia fasciata Brady, 1870, and two new Caribbean species of Bairdoppilata (Bairdiidae, Podocopida, Ostracoda)

FIGURE 2. Bairdia fasciata Brady, the holotype. A. The white slide 1.16.44 is labelled in Kenneth G. McKenzie's handwriting: "Bairdia fasciata Brady, 1869 (Fonds). B97. HOLOTYPE. Loc: St. Vincent, Cape de Verde Islands. KGM 1967 (in pencil)". It contains a single carapace, which is illustrated in Fig. C. B. The red slide 2.05.44 is labelled in G. S. Brady's handwriting: Bairdia fasciata B., Cythere curvirostrata B., St Vincent, Cape de Verd. There are no specimens on this slide. C. Low-resolution snapshot of the carapace in the white slide. "The holotype is cloudy white, but with a little adjustment of lighting it shows a saddle-shaped opaque area. The image is tilted to compensate for the tilt of the mounted specimen, but there may still be a slight distortion of the actual outline (it may look a little more elongate than it actually is)" (observations by DJH 1 September 2022).

FIGURE 10. Bairdoppilata parvafasciata, n in "What's in a name?" Bairdia fasciata Brady, 1870, and two new Caribbean species of Bairdoppilata (Bairdiidae, Podocopida, Ostracoda)

FIGURE 10. Bairdoppilata parvafasciata, n. sp. A–K, from Belize; L–P, from Grand Cayman; Q–R, from Cuba; S–V, from Roatan. A–G, N–V, adults; J–K, juvenile instars. A, C, E, G, J, L, N, S, U, RV exteriors; B, D, F, H, I, K, M, O–R, T, V, LV exteriors; all in transmitted light. A, specimen 4117RV; B, specimen 4120LV; C, specimen 4085RV; D, Holotype specimen 4084LV, with small predation scar on posterolateral flank; E, specimen 4118RV; F, specimen 4119LV; G, specimen 4115LVj; H, specimen 4116LVj; I, specimen 4122LVj; J, specimen 4123RVj; K, specimen 4124LVj; L, specimen 4090RVj; M, specimen 4089LVj; N, specimen 4087RV; O, specimen 4086LV; P, specimen 4088LV; Q, specimen 4130LV; R, specimen 4131LVj; S, specimen 4114RV; T, specimen 4112LV; U, specimen 4113RV; V, specimen 4111LV. A, F, I, N, post-mortem fungal or microbial boreholes are evident. Bar scale = 100 micrometers.