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660 results for “Biomechanics”
Physiology data for: Biomechanical origins of proprioceptor feature selectivity and topographic maps in the Drosophila leg
<p>Our ability to sense and move our bodies relies on proprioceptors, sensory neurons that detect mechanical forces within the body. Because they are located within complex and dynamic peripheral tissues, the underlying mechanisms of proprioceptor feature selectivity remain poorly understood. Using single-nucleus RNA sequencing, we found that proprioceptor subtypes in the <em>Drosophila</em> leg express similar complements of mechanosensory and other ion channels. However, anatomical reconstruction of the proprioceptive organ and connected tendons revealed major biomechanical differences between proprioceptor subtypes. We constructed a computational model that identified a biomechanical mechanism for joint angle selectivity and predicted the existence of a goniotopic map of joint angle among position-tuned proprioceptors, which we confirmed using calcium imaging. Our findings suggest that biomechanical specialization is a key determinant of proprioceptor feature selectivity in <em>Drosophila</em>. The discovery of proprioceptive maps in the fly leg reveals common organizational principles between proprioception and other topographically organized sensory systems.</p>
Elastic pinch biomechanisms can yield consistent launch speeds regardless of projectile mass
<p><span></span></p> <p><span>Energetic trade-offs are particularly pertinent to bio-ballistic systems which impart energy to projectiles exclusively during launch. We investigated such tradeoffs in the spring-propelled seeds of <em>Loropetalum chinense, Hamamelis virginiana, </em>and<em> Fortunearia sinensis</em>. Using similar seed-shooting mechanisms, fruits of these confamilial plants (Hamamelidaceae) span an order of magnitude in spring and seed mass. We expected that as seed mass increased, ejection speed would decrease. Instead, ejection speed remained relatively constant. We tested if fruits shoot larger seeds by storing more elastic potential energy (PE). Spring mass and PE increased as seed mass increased (in order of increasing seed mass: <em>L. chinense, H. virginiana, F. sinensis</em>). As seed mass to spring mass ratio increased (ratios: <em>H. virginiana</em> = 0.503, <em>F. sinensis</em> = 0.653, <em>L. chinense</em> = 0.842), mass-specific PE storage increased. Conversion efficiency of PE to seed kinetic energy (KE) decreased with increasing fruit mass. Therefore, similar ejection speeds across scales occurred because (1) larger fruits stored more PE and (2) smaller fruits had higher mass-specific PE storage and improved PE to KE conversion. By examining integrated spring and projectile mechanics in our focal species, we revealed diverse, energetic scaling strategies relevant to spring-propelled systems navigating energetic trade-offs. </span></p>
Fig. 14 in The first dsungaripterid pterosaur from the Kimmeridgian of Germany and the biomechanics of pterosaur long bones
Fig. 14. Mechanical properties in bending by variation of R/t. Solid bone with R/t−value of 1 is defined as 1. Level of dsungaripterid R/t−value dashed. After Currey (1984).
Fig. 3 in The first dsungaripterid pterosaur from the Kimmeridgian of Germany and the biomechanics of pterosaur long bones
Fig. 3. Dsungaripteridae gen. et sp. indet., DFMMh/FV 500. A. Left lateral view of pelvis. B. Interpretative drawing. Scale bar 10 mm.
Data for: Biomechanical adaptations enable phoretic mite species to occupy distinct spatial niches on host burying beetles
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Data from: Biomechanical properties of non-flight vibrations produced by bees
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Dual spring force couples yield multifunctionality and ultrafast, precision rotation in tiny biomechanical systems
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Elastic pinch biomechanisms can yield consistent launch speeds regardless of projectile mass
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Physiology data for: Biomechanical origins of proprioceptor feature selectivity and topographic maps in the Drosophila leg
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Data from: Human walking biomechanics on sand substrates of varying foot sinking depth
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Supplementary datasets, data analysis code, and R tutorials for: Phylogenetic analysis of adaptation in comparative physiology and biomechanics: overview and a case study of thermal physiology in treefrogs
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Data from: Correlated evolution between orb weaver glue droplets and supporting fibers maintains their distinct biomechanical roles in adhesion
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Data from: Biomechanical properties of the jaws of two species of Clevosaurus and a reanalysis of rhynchocephalian dentary morphospace
<p>Rhynchocephalians were a successful, globally distributed group of diapsid reptiles that thrived in the Mesozoic. Multiple species of <em>Clevosaurus</em> existed worldwide in the Upper Triassic and Lower Jurassic, and they are characterised by shearing bladelike teeth perhaps functionally analogous to the carnassial teeth of mammals. Morphometric analysis shows that the dentary morphospace of clevosaurs differs significantly from that of other rhynchocephalians. Five <em>Clevosaurus</em> species occupied islands in the Bristol Channel archipelago of the UK, but generally not those occupied by mammaliaforms, suggesting dietary character displacement. Identifying the diet of such ancient, small tetrapods has been difficult. To identify the nature of their feeding, we apply finite element analysis to two near complete three-dimensional skulls of the species <em>Clevosaurus hudsoni </em>and <em>Clevosaurus cambrica</em> to estimate bite force, resistance to bending and torsion, and the distribution of stresses during biting. Both species had bite forces and tooth pressures sufficient to break apart chitin, indicating that like early Mesozoic mammaliaforms, clevosaurs could feed on tough-shelled beetles and possibly small vertebrates. In addition, the mechanical advantage of the jaws falls within the range of early mammaliaforms, so though we cannot demonstrate niche partitioning between members of both clades, it raises the prospect that they may have been functionally similar.</p>
Data set for 'Lunge filter feeding biomechanics constrain rorqual foraging ecology across scale'...
<p>Fundamental scaling relationships influence the physiology of vital rates, which in turn shape the ecology and evolution of organisms. For diving mammals, benefits conferred by large body size include reduced transport costs and enhanced breath-holding capacity, thereby increasing overall foraging efficiency. Rorqual whales feed by engulfing a large mass of prey-laden water at high speed and filter it through baleen plates. However, as engulfment capacity increases with body length across species (Engulfment Volume ∝ Body Length <sup>3.57</sup>), the surface area of the baleen filter does not increase proportionally (Baleen Area ∝ Body Length<sup>1.82</sup>), and thus the filtration time of larger rorquals predictably increases because the baleen surface area must filter a disproportionally large amount of water. We predicted that filtration time should scale with body length to the power of 1.75 (Filter Time ∝ Body Length<sup>1.75</sup><i>)</i>. We tested this hypothesis on four rorqual species using multi-sensor tags with corresponding unoccupied aerial systems (UAS) -based body length estimates. We found that filter time scales with body length to the power of 1.79 (95% CI: 1.61 - 1.97). This result highlights a scale-dependent trade-off between engulfment capacity and baleen area that creates a biomechanical constraint to foraging through increased filtration time. Consequently, larger whales must target high density prey patches commensurate to the gulp size to meet their increased energetic demands. If these optimal patches are absent, larger rorquals may experience reduced foraging efficiency compared to smaller whales if they do not match engulfment capacity to the size of targeted prey aggregations.</p>
How to build a dinosaur: musculoskeletal modelling and simulation of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals
<p>The intersection of paleontology and biomechanics can be reciprocally illuminating, helping to improve paleobiological knowledge of extinct species and furthering our understanding of the generality of biomechanical principles derived from study of extant species. However, working with data gleaned primarily from the fossil record has its challenges. Building on decades of prior research, we outline and critically discuss a complete workflow for biomechanical analysis of extinct species, using locomotor biomechanics in the Triassic theropod dinosaur <em>Coelophysis </em>as a case study. We progress from the digital capture of fossil bone morphology to creating rigged skeletal models, to reconstructing musculature and soft tissue volumes, to the development of computational musculoskeletal models, and finally to the execution of biomechanical simulations. Using a three-dimensional musculoskeletal model comprising 33 muscles, a static inverse simulation of the mid-stance of running shows that <em>Coelophysis </em>probably used more upright (extended) hindlimb postures, and was likely capable of withstanding a vertical ground reaction force of magnitude more than 2.5 times body weight. We identify muscle force-generating capacity as a key source of uncertainty in the simulations, highlighting the need for more refined methods of estimating intrinsic muscle parameters such as fibre length. Our approach emphasizes the explicit application of quantitative techniques and physics-based principles, which helps maximize results robustness and reproducibility. Although we focus on one specific taxon and question, many of the techniques and philosophies explored here have much generality to them, so they can be applied in biomechanical investigation of other extinct organisms.</p>
The bite force-gape relationship as an avenue of biomechanical adaptation to trophic niche in two salmonid fishes
<p>All skeletal muscles produce their largest forces at a single optimal length, losing force when stretched or shortened. In vertebrate feeding systems, this fundamental force-length relationship translates to variation in bite force across gape, which affects the food types that can be eaten effectively. We measured the bite force-gape curves of two sympatric species: king salmon (<em>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</em>) and pink salmon (<em>O. gorbuscha</em>). Cranial anatomical measurements are not significantly different between species, however, peak bite forces are produced at significantly different gapes. Maximum bite force is achieved at 67% of maximum gape for king salmon and 43% of maximum gape for pink salmon. This may allow king salmon to use greater force when eating large or elusive prey. In contrast, pink salmon do not require high forces at extreme gapes for filter feeding. Our results illustrate that the bite force-gape relationship is an important ecophysiological axis of variation.</p>
Additional data for "Air leaks: stapling affects porcine lungs biomechanics"
<p>This document is an extension of the Air leaks: stapling affects porcine lungs biomechanics publication and provide guidelines to analyze the experimental data of the publication. It contains the experimental data acquired by the pressure sensor and the microcontroller for the volume in a text file that can be analyzed with the Matlab code attached. It also has the data used to create the comparative table of the publication as well as an extract of the digital image correlation data for a specimen in CSV files. These data are analyzable with the Python code linked in the article. In addition, a video abstract is available as well as a video of the resection procedure used in the methodology.</p>
Characterization of intrauterine growth, proliferation and biomechanical properties of the murine larynx
<p>Raw data for all variables in study</p>
Supplemental Material for "Biomechanical analyses of Cambrian euarthropod limbs reveal their effectiveness in mastication and durophagy"
<p>Durophagy arose in the Cambrian and greatly influenced the diversification of biomineralised defensive structures throughout the Phanerozoic. Spinose gnathobases on protopodites of Cambrian euarthropod limbs are considered key innovations for shell-crushing, yet few studies have demonstrated their effectiveness with biomechanical models. Here we present finite element analysis models of two Cambrian trilobites with prominent gnathobases—<i>Redlichia rex</i> and <i>Olenoides serratus</i>—and compare these to the protopodites of the Cambrian euarthropod <i>Sidneyia inexpectans</i> and the modern American horseshoe crab, <i>Limulus polyphemus</i>. Results show that <i>L. polyphemus</i>, <i>S. inexpectans</i> and <i>R. rex</i> have broadly similar microstrain patterns, reflecting effective durophagous abilities. Conversely, low microstrain values across the <i>O. serratus</i> protopodite suggest that the elongate gnathobasic spines transferred minimal strain, implying that this species was less well-adapted to masticate hard prey. These results confirm that Cambrian euarthropods with transversely elongate protopodites bearing short, robust gnathobasic spines were likely durophages. Comparatively, taxa with shorter protopodites armed with long spines, such as <i>O. serratus</i>, were more likely restricted to a soft food diet. The prevalence of Cambrian gnathobase-bearing euarthropods and their various feeding specialisations may have accelerated the development of complex trophic relationships within early animal ecosystems, especially the 'arms race' between predators and biomineralised prey.</p>
Biomechanics of the human thumb and the evolution of dexterity
<p>Systematic tool production and use is one of humanity<span>'</span>s defining characteristics, possibly originating as early as >3 million years ago.<span class="reference-citation-wrapper"><span></span><span class="citation-view-wrapper"><span class="citation-container"><span class="original"><span>1<span>–</span>3</span></span></span></span><span></span></span> Although heightened manual dexterity is considered to be intrinsically intertwined with tool use and manufacture, and critical for human evolution, its role in the emergence of early culture remains unclear. Most previous research on this question exclusively relied on direct morphological comparisons between early hominin and modern human skeletal elements, assuming that the degree of a species<span>'</span> dexterity depends on its similarity with the modern human form. Here, we develop a new approach to investigate the efficiency of thumb opposition, a fundamental component of manual dexterity, in several species of fossil hominins. Our work for the first time takes into account soft tissue as well as bone anatomy, integrating virtual modeling of <span>musculus opponens pollicis</span> and its interaction with three-dimensional bone shape form. Results indicate that a fundamental aspect of efficient thumb opposition appeared approximately 2 million years ago, possibly associated with our own genus <span>Homo</span>, and did not characterize <span>Australopithecus</span>, the earliest proposed stone tool maker. This was true also of the late <span>Australopithecus</span> species, <span>Australopithecus sediba</span>, previously found to exhibit human-like thumb proportions. In contrast, later <span>Homo</span> species, including the small-brained <span>H.<span> </span>naledi</span>, show high levels of thumb opposition dexterity, highlighting the increasing importance of cultural processes and manual dexterity in later human evolution.</p>
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These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.