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235 results for “Canis”
Data from: Seasonal and anthropogenic effects on niche overlap and habitat selection by sympatric bears (Ursus arctos marsicanus) and wolves (Canis lupus) in a human-dominated landscape
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Canis lupus capture targets
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Data from: Ecology of domestic dogs (Canis familiaris) as a host for Guinea worm (Dracunculus medinensis) infection in Ethiopia
<p>The global programme for the eradication of Guinea worm disease, caused by the parasitic nematode <i>Dracunculus medinensis</i>, has been successful in driving down human cases, but infections in non-human animals, particularly domestic dogs (<i>Canis familiaris</i>), now present a major obstacle to further progress. Dog infections have mainly been found in Chad and, to a lesser extent in Mali and Ethiopia. While humans classically acquire infection by drinking water containing infected copepods, it has been hypothesised that dogs might additionally or alternatively acquire infection via a novel pathway, such as consumption of fish or frogs as possible transport or paratenic hosts. We characterised the ecology of free-ranging dogs living in three villages in Gog woreda, Gambella region, Ethiopia in April–May 2018. We analysed their exposure to potential sources of Guinea worm infection, and investigated risk factors associated with infection histories. The home ranges of 125 dogs and their activity around water sources were described using GPS tracking, and the diets of 119 dogs were described using stable isotope analysis. Unlike in Chad, where Guinea worm infection is most frequent, we found no ecological or behavioural correlates of infection history in dogs in Ethiopia. Unlike in Chad, there was no effect of variation among dogs in their consumption of aquatic vertebrates (fish or frogs) on their infection history, and we found no evidence to support hypotheses for this novel transmission pathway in Ethiopia. Dog owners had apparently increased the frequency of clean water provision to dogs in response to previous infections. Variations in dog ranging behaviour, owner behaviour and the characteristics of natural water bodies all influenced the exposure of dogs to potential sources of infection. This initial study suggests that the classical transmission pathway should be a focus of attention for Guinea worm control in non-human animals in Ethiopia.</p>
Spatial and temporal dynamics of space use by free-ranging domestic dogs Canis familiaris in rural Africa
<p>Variation in the spatial ecology of animals influences the transmission of infections and so understanding host behaviour can improve the control of diseases. Despite the global distribution of free-ranging domestic dogs <i>Canis familiaris</i> and their role as reservoirs for zoonotic diseases, little is known about the dynamics of their space use. We deployed GPS loggers on free-ranging dogs from six villages in rural Chad, and tracked the movements of 174 individuals in the dry season and 151 in the wet season. We calculated 95% and core home ranges using auto-correlated kernel density estimates (AKDE<sub>95</sub> and AKDE<sub>core</sub>), determined the degree to which their movements were predictable, and identified correlates of movement patterns. The median AKDE<sub>95 </sub>range in the dry season was 0.54km<sup>2</sup> and in the wet season was 0.31km<sup>2</sup>, while the median AKDE<sub>core </sub>range in the dry season was 0.08km<sup>2</sup> and in the wet season was 0.04km<sup>2</sup>. Seasonal variation was, in part, related to owner activities. Dogs from hunting households had ranges that were five times larger in the dry season. At least 70% of individuals were more predictably 'at home' (<50m from the household) throughout the day in the dry season. 80% of dogs demonstrated periodicity in activity levels (speed) and just over half the dogs exhibited periodicity in location (repeated space use). In the wet season, dogs mostly exhibited 24-hour cycles in activity and location, with peaks at midday. In the dry season, dogs exhibited both 12 and 24-hour cycles, with either a single peak at midday, or one peak between 6am and 12 noon and a second between 6 and 10pm. Strategies to control canine-mediated zoonoses can be improved by tailoring operations to the local spatial ecology of free-ranging dogs. Interventions using a door-to-door strategy in rural Chad would best conduct operations during the dry season, when access to dogs around their household more reliably exceeds 70% throughout the day. Given the importance of use in hunting for explaining variation in dog space-use, targeting approaches to disease control at the household level on the basis of owner activities offers potential to improve access to dogs.</p>
Ecology of domestic dogs Canis familiaris as an emerging reservoir of Guinea worm Dracunculus medinensis infection
<p>Global eradication of human Guinea worm<i> </i>disease (dracunculiasis) has been set back by the emergence of infections in animals, particularly domestic dogs <i>Canis familiaris</i>. The ecology and epidemiology of this reservoir is unknown. We tracked dogs using GPS, inferred diets using stable isotope analysis and analysed correlates of infection in Chad, where numbers of Guinea worm infections are greatest. Dogs had small ranges that varied markedly among villages. Diets consisted largely of human staples and human faeces. A minority of ponds, mostly <200 m from dog-owning households, accounted for most dog exposure to potentially unsafe water. The risk of a dog having had Guinea worm was reduced in dogs living in households providing water for animals but increased with increasing fish consumption by dogs. Provision of safe water might reduce dog exposure to unsafe water, while prioritisation of proactive temephos (Abate®) application to the small number of ponds to which dogs have most access is recommended. Fish might have an additional role as transport hosts for Guinea worm, by concentrating copepods infected with worm larvae.</p>
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Gray Wolf (Canis lupus)
<p>Magnetic Resonance Imaging Scan of the Brain of a Gray Wolf (<i>Canis lupus</i>) from http://braincatalogue.org/Gray_wolf</p>
Environmental impact assessment for large carnivores: a methodological review of the wolf (Canis lupus) monitoring in Portugal
<p>The continuous growth of the global human population results in increased use and change of landscapes, with infrastructures like transportation or energy facilities, being a particular risk to large carnivores. Environmental Impact Assessments were established to identify the probable environmental consequences of any new proposed project, find ways to reduce impacts, and provide evidence to inform decision making and mitigation. Portugal has a wolf population of around 300 individuals, designated as an endangered species with full legal protection. They occupy the northern mountainous areas of the country which has also been the focus of new human infrastructures over the last 20 years. Consequently, dozens of wolf monitoring programs have been established to evaluate wolf population status, to identify impacts, and to inform appropriate mitigation or compensation measures. We reviewed Portuguese wolf monitoring programs to answer four key questions: do wolf programs examine adequate biological parameters to meet monitoring objectives? is the study design suitable for measuring impacts? are data collection methods and effort sufficient for the stated inference objectives? and do statistical analyses of the data lead to robust conclusions? Overall, we found a mismatch between the stated aims of wolf monitoring and the results reported, and often neither aligns with the existing national wolf monitoring guidelines. Despite the vast effort expended and the diversity of methods used, data analysis makes almost exclusive use of relative indices or summary statistics, with little consideration of the potential biases that arise through the (imperfect) observational process. This makes comparisons of impacts across space and time difficult and is therefore unlikely to contribute to a general understanding of wolf responses to infrastructure-related disturbance. We recommend the development of standardized monitoring protocols and advocate for the use of statistical methods that account for imperfect detection to guarantee accuracy, reproducibility, and efficacy of the programs.</p>
Fig. 3 in Winter Diet Of The Common Genet, Genetta Genetta (Carnivora, Viverridae), And The African Golden Wolf, Canis Anthus (Carnivora, Canidae), In Altitudinal Locality Of The Edough Forest (Northeastern Algeria)
Fig. 3. Occurrence frequency of different food categories for both species.
Fig. 4 in Winter Diet Of The Common Genet, Genetta Genetta (Carnivora, Viverridae), And The African Golden Wolf, Canis Anthus (Carnivora, Canidae), In Altitudinal Locality Of The Edough Forest (Northeastern Algeria)
Fig. 4. Diets of the African golden wolf (left) and the common genet (right) in the study area.
Fig. 2 in Winter Diet Of The Common Genet, Genetta Genetta (Carnivora, Viverridae), And The African Golden Wolf, Canis Anthus (Carnivora, Canidae), In Altitudinal Locality Of The Edough Forest (Northeastern Algeria)
Fig. 2. All food categories consumed by the two predators (©: M. Boukheroufa).
Temporal data from camera trap captures of raccoons (Procyon lotor) and coyote (Canis latrans) across urban-rural gradient Michigan 2015-2020
<p>Temporal data and trap success for raccoons (<em>Procyon lotor</em>) and coyotes (<em>Canis latrans</em>) across an urban-rural gradient in Michigan, from 2015 to 2020. These data are associated with the article "Temporal refuges of a subordinate carnivore vary across rural-urban gradient" in the journal Ecology and Evolution. </p>
Pienza Pozzo dei Cani
Pozzo dei Cani in Pienza, 1462 AD From an iPhone X 4K video, processed in Polycam, cleaned-up in Blender. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Figure 5. A in On tooth anomalies and the loss of Canis lupus (Mammalia: Carnivora) in Turkey*
Figure 5. A- Carnassial loss (Skull No: 3) and B- premolar loss (Skull No: 27).
Fig. 5 in Angiostrongylus vasorum in foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and wolves (Canis lupus italicus) from Abruzzo region, Italy
Fig. 5. Lungs of wolf infested with Angiostrongylus vasorum in mild severity involvement.
Data for: Geographic isolation reduces genetic diversity of a wide-ranging terrestrial vertebrate, Canis lupus
<p>Genetic diversity is theorized to decrease in populations closer to a species' range edge, where habitat may be suboptimal. However, generalist species capable of long-range dispersal may maintain sufficient gene flow to counteract this, though the presence of significant barriers to dispersal (e.g., large water bodies, human-dominated landscapes) may still lead to, and exacerbate, the edge effect. We used microsatellite data for 2,426 gray wolves (<em>Canis</em> <em>lupus</em>) from 24 sub-populations (groups) to model how allelic richness and expected heterozygosity varied with two measures of range edge (mainland-island position, latitude, and distance from range center) across >7.3 million km<sup>2</sup> of northern North America. We found that allelic richness and expected heterozygosity of island groups was measurably less than that of mainland groups and that these differences increased with the island's distance to the species' range center in the study area. Our results demonstrate how multiple axes of geographic isolation (distance from range center and island habitation) can act synergistically to erode the genetic diversity of wide-ranging terrestrial vertebrate populations despite the counteracting influence of long-range dispersal ability. These findings emphasize how geographic isolation is a potential threat to the genetic diversity and viability of terrestrial vertebrate populations even among species capable of long-range dispersal. </p> <p>This dataset is comprised of four separate sub-datasets, sourced from Carmichael et al. (2007), Musiani et al. (2007), McNay (2006), and a manuscript in progress (referred to as "MacNulty" in the data files, to be first published in Frevol et al. 2023). The raw data are comprised of sample IDs, latitude and longitude points indicating where the sample was collected or recorded, and microsatellite genetic information. To aid in re-use, the raw genetic data has also been formatted and presented for use with common population genetics software (Genepop, MICROCHECKER, Genetix, FSTAT). The dataset also includes spatial data files of the sub-populations described in the study, allelic richness and expected heterozygosity data derived from the raw and spatial data, and the R script used to create the models. </p> <ul> <li>Carmichael LE, Krizan J, Nagy JA, et al (2007) Historical and ecological determinants of genetic structure in arctic canids. Molecular Ecology 16:3466–3483. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03381.x</li> <li>McNay ME (2006) Preliminary results of parentage analysis using microsatellite markers from an exploited wolf population in central Alaska. Alaska Department of Fish and Game, Division of Wildlife Conservation, Juneau, Alaska</li> <li>Musiani M, Leonard JA, Cluff HD, et al (2007) Differentiation of tundra/taiga and boreal coniferous forest wolves: genetics, coat colour and association with migratory caribou. Molecular Ecology 16:4149–4170. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03458.x</li> </ul>
Canis lupus fecal DNA dataset
<p>Sea otters (<em>Enhydra</em> <em>lutris</em>) and wolves (<em>Canis</em> <em>lupus</em>) are two apex predators with strong and cascading effects on ecosystem structure and function. After decades of recovery from near extirpation, their ranges now overlap, allowing sea otters and wolves to interact for the first time in the scientific record. We intensively studied wolves during 2015–2021 in an island system colonized by sea otters in the 2000s and by wolves in 2013. After wolf colonization, we quantified shifts in foraging behavior with DNA metabarcoding of 689 wolf scats and stable isotope analyses, both revealing a dietary switch from Sitka black-tailed deer (<em>Odocoileus</em> <em>hemionus</em>), the terrestrial in situ primary prey, to sea otters. Here we show an unexpected result of the reintroduction and restoration of sea otters, which became an abundant marine subsidy for wolves following population recovery. The availability of sea otters allowed wolves to persist and continue to reproduce, subsequently nearly eliminating deer. Genotypes from 390 wolf scats and telemetry data from 13 wolves confirmed island fidelity constituting one of the highest known wolf population densities and upending standardly accepted wolf density predictions based on ungulate abundance. Whereas marine subsidies in other systems are generally derived from lower trophic levels, here an apex nearshore predator became a key prey species and linked nearshore and terrestrial food webs in a recently deglaciated and rapidly changing ecosystem. These results underscore that species restoration may serve as an unanticipated nutrient pathway for recipient ecosystems even resulting in cross-boundary subsidy cascades.</p>
Data from: Functionally analogous body- and animacy-responsive areas in the dog (Canis familiaris) and human occipito-temporal lobe
<p>Comparing the neural correlates of socio-cognitive skills across species provides insights into the evolution of the social brain and has revealed face- and body-sensitive regions in the primate temporal lobe. Although from a different lineage, dogs share convergent visuo-cognitive skills with humans and a temporal lobe which evolved independently in carnivores. We investigated the neural correlates of face and body perception in dogs (<em>N </em>= 15) and humans (<em>N</em> = 40) using functional MRI. Combining univariate and multivariate analysis approaches, we found functionally analogous occipito-temporal regions involved in the perception of animate entities and bodies in both species and face-sensitive regions in humans. Though unpredicted, we also observed neural representations of faces compared to inanimate objects, and dog compared to human bodies in dog olfactory regions. These findings shed light on the evolutionary foundations of human and dog social cognition and the predominant role of the temporal lobe.</p> <p>This data set contains:</p> <ul> <li>raw functional neuroimaging data of <em>N</em> = 15 dogs</li> <li>structural scans of the same dogs incl. brain masks & skull-stripped versions</li> <li>files containing the condition names, onsets and durations for each dog and task run</li> <li>files containing the motion regressors incl. motion scrubbing for each dog and task run</li> </ul> <p>Data of the comparative human neuroimaging sample will be made available by the first author upon reasonable request.</p> <p>Please also visit our Open Science Framework project site for detailed sample descriptives and group-level imaging data of both species (<a href="https://osf.io/kzcs2/">https://osf.io/kzcs2/</a>).</p>
Data for: Representation of rewards differing in their hedonic valence in the caudate nucleus correlates with the performance in a problem-solving task in dogs (Canis familiaris)
<p>Abstract</p> <p>We have investigated dogs’ (<em>Canis familiaris</em>) abilities in associating different sounds with food rewards of different incentive value. The establishment of the association was tested in a problem-solving behavioural paradigm, as well as in an fMRI study on the same subjects (N=20). The aim was to show behavioural, as well as parallel neural effects of the association formation between the two sounds and two different associated food rewards.<br> The latency of solving the problem was considered as an indicator of motivational state. In our behaviour study we found that dogs were quicker in solving a problem upon hearing the sound associated with food higher in reward value, suggesting that they have successfully associated the sounds with the corresponding food value. In the fMRI study, the cerebral response to the two sounds was compared both before and after the associative training. Two bilateral regions of interest were explored: the caudate nucleus and the amygdala. After the associative training the response in the caudate nucleus was higher to the sound related to a higher reward value food than to the sound related to a lower reward value food, which difference was not present before the associative training. We found an increase in the amygdala response to both sounds after the training. In a whole-brain representational similarity analysis, we found that cerebral patterns in the caudate nucleus to the two sounds were different only after the training. Moreover, we found a positive correlation between the dissimilarity index in the caudate nucleus for activation responses to the two sounds and the difference in latencies to solve the behavioural task: the quicker the dog solved the behavioural task the greater the difference in the neural representation of the two sounds was. In summary, family dogs’ brain activation patterns reflected their expectations based on what they learned about the relationship between two sounds and their associated rewards.</p> <p>This dataset contains</p> <ul> <li>Raw data (four functional runs n = 20)</li> <li>Dog brain template</li> <li>ROI results (Caudate nucleus and amygdala percentage of BOLD signal change and caudate nucleus response to sounds during the two post-training runs adding or not the Inter-scan interval as a covariate in the GLM model n = 20,)</li> <li>RSA results ( Dissimilarity change between sounds (post-training > pre-training) and dissimilarity index per participant n = 20)</li> </ul>
Understanding habitat selection of range-expanding populations of large carnivores: 20 years of grey wolves (Canis lupus) recolonizing Germany
<p><strong>Aim</strong>: The non-stationarity in habitat selection of expanding populations poses a significant challenge for spatial forecasting. Focusing on the grey wolf (<em>Canis lupus</em>) natural recolonization of Germany, we compared the performance of different distribution modelling approaches for predicting habitat suitability in unoccupied areas. Furthermore, we analysed whether grey wolf showed non-stationarity in habitat selection in newly colonized areas, which will impact the predictions for potential habitat.</p> <p><strong>Location</strong>: Germany</p> <p><strong>Methods</strong>: Using telemetry data as presence points, we compared the predictive performance of five modelling approaches based on combinations of distribution modelling algorithms –GLMM, MaxEnt, and ensemble modelling– and two background point selection strategies. We used a homogeneous Poisson point process to draw background points from either the minimum convex polygons derived from telemetry or the whole area known to be occupied by wolves. Models were fit to the data of the first years and validated against independent data representing the expansion of the species. The best-performing approach was then used to further investigate non-stationarity in the species' response in spatiotemporal restricted datasets that represented different colonization steps.</p> <p><strong>Results</strong>: Whilst all approaches performed similarly when evaluated against a subset of the data used to fit the models, the ensemble model based on integrated data performed best when predicting range expansion. Models for subsequent colonization steps differed substantially from the global model, highlighting the non-stationarity of wolf habitat selection towards human disturbance during the colonization process.</p> <p><strong>Main conclusions</strong>: While telemetry-only data overfitted the models, using all available datasets increased the reliability of the range expansion forecasts. The non-stationarity in habitat selection pointed to wolves settling in the best areas first, and filling in nearby lower-quality habitat as the population increases. Our results caution against spatial extrapolation and space-for-time substitutions in habitat models, at least with expanding species.</p>
Diets of the introduced domestic cat (Felis catus), red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and dingo (Canis familiaris) in Australia
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