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Figure 11 in Spatio-Temporal Variability of Algal Bloom in the Caspian Sea

Figure 11. Features of intense bloom of cyanobacteria in the South Caspian in Aqua MODIS true color image of August 20, 2009.

Figure 4 in Spatio-Temporal Variability of Algal Bloom in the Caspian Sea

Figure 4. Annual maximum, mean and minimum Chl-a concentrations for the North Caspian (a), Middle Caspian (b), South Caspian (c) in the period from July 2002 to December 2022, from Aqua MODIS data.

Figure 6 in Spatio-Temporal Variability of Algal Bloom in the Caspian Sea

Figure 6. Features of coastal current, vortex structures and jets along the western coast of the Caspian Sea in an Aqua MODIS image of July 26, 2022. The tracer is Chl-a of high concentration.

Figure 2 in Spatio-Temporal Variability of Algal Bloom in the Caspian Sea

Figure 2. Features of various types of algae in the Middle Caspian in a true color image of Landsat-8 OLI of August 6, 2017. (©OceanColor Web).

Figure 3 in Spatio-Temporal Variability of Algal Bloom in the Caspian Sea

Figure 3. Average monthly values of Chl-a concentration for the North Caspian (a,b), Middle Caspian (c,d) and South Caspian (e,f) in the period from July 2002 to December 2022, from Aqua MODIS data.

Figure 10. A in Epilithic biofilms of the Eastern Caspian (Aktau region, Kazakhstan) under conditions of falling sea level

Figure 10. A thin biofilm that has practically grown into the surface of crumbling sandstone in the abrasive section of an open pseudolittoral (a). Fragment of colonial settlment by Halamphora borealis (b). Scale bars: a — 5 cm, b — 10 µm. Photos by Philipp Sapozhnikov, Olga Kalinina.

Figure 9 in Epilithic biofilms of the Eastern Caspian (Aktau region, Kazakhstan) under conditions of falling sea level

Figure 9. Fragment of cheesy ("moss") biofilm (a) on flat blocks of sandstone, in the middle pseudolittoral zone. Mixed colonial settlements of Halamphora coffeaeformis and H. hybrida (b, c) growing in the form of "clouds" (flakes) on Enteromorpha filaments. Designations: h — cells of various species of Halamphora, ep — cell of Entomoneis paludosa. Puddles of the upper pseudolittoral, April 2023. Scale bar: a – 5 cm, b – 100 µm, c – 25 µm. Photos by Philipp Sapozhnikov.

Figure 3 in Epilithic biofilms of the Eastern Caspian (Aktau region, Kazakhstan) under conditions of falling sea level

Figure 3. Map of microepiliton sampling points in various coastal locations in the city of Aktau: a - map of the Caspian Sea with a highlighted area of the coast of the Mangystau region, b - section of the coast of the Mangystau region with a highlighted area of the city of Aktau, c - coast in the area of the city of Aktau and its immediate suburbs, d - locations of sampling in October 2022, e - locations of sampling in April 2023.

Figure 1. A in Epilithic biofilms of the Eastern Caspian (Aktau region, Kazakhstan) under conditions of falling sea level

Figure 1. A view of the impact of the wind waves on the newly dry bottom at the shoreline in the center of Aktau on 20 October 2022. Photo by Andrey Kostianoy.

Fig. 9 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 9. Shelly residue from the Caspian Sea floor on the North-Middle Caspian Basin transition offshore Kazakhstan (44°43.4 N, 50°13.2 E; water depth 8 m). The soft bottom fauna is dominated by Holocene invasives such as (1) Abra segmentum, (2) Cerastoderma spec. Asensu Wesselingh et al. (2019), and (3) Mytilaster minimus. Pontocaspian endemics occur in this sample: (4) Monodacna albida s.l., (5) Didacna spp., (6) Dreissena caspia and (7) Turricaspia meneghiniana, yet these all are discolored and presumably pre-20th century).

Fig. 4 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 4. Cardiidae. (1) Adacna laeviuscula; (a) RGM.1309812 LV; (b) RGM.1309813 RV. (2) Adacna minima; (A) RGM.1309811 LV; (b) RGM.1309810 RV. (3) Monodacna semipellucida, RGM.1309802 RV; (4) Monodacna caspia s.l. (a) RGM.1309803 LV; (b) RGM.1309804 RV. (5) Hypanis plicata; (a) RGM.1309808 LV (b) RGM.1309809 RV. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Fig. 3 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 3. Rarefaction curve of Selitrennoye diversity with 95% confidence interval and extrapolated richness. The triangle indicates the observed richness.

Fig. 1 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 1. Caspian Sea today (left panel) and during the Late Pleistocene Hyrcanian regional stage (right panel) (modified after Neubauer et al., 2018). The study site of Selitrennoye is indicated with a red star. Hyrcanian lake level was modeled in ESRI ArcGIS 10.4 based on Krijgsman et al. (2019), who suggested an absolute lake level of 30 m above sea level. (i.e., 57 m higher than today) at that time following Popov (1983). (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)

Fig. 6 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 6. Shape variation in Didacna subcatillus RGM.1310272. (1) Variability of dentition in LV: (a) thick hinge, to (d) thin hinge. (2) Variability of dentition in RV: (a) thick hinge, to (d) thin hinge. (3) Shape variability of LV (a) oval (b) oval/triangular, (c) triangular. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 8 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 8. Dreissenidae. (1–3) Dreissena caspia Eichwald, 1855: (1a) RGM.1310289 short type, LV; (1b) RGM.1310288 short type, RV; (2a) RGM.1310286 medium/curved type, LV; (2b) RGM.1310287 medium/curved type, RV; (3a) RGM.1310285 elongated type, LV; (3b) RGM.1310284 elongated type, RV. (4–5) Dreissena elata Andrusov, 1897: (4a) RGM.1310283 elongated type, LV; (4b) RGM.1310282 elongated type, RV; (5a) RGM.1310279 short type, LV; (5b) RGM.1310278 short type, RV). (6–7) Dreissena grimmi Andrusov, 1890: (6a) RGM.1310276 straight type, LV; (6b) RGM.1310275 straight type, RV; (7a) RGM.1310274 curved type, LV; (7b) RGM.1310273 curved type, RV. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 2 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 2. Location and section of the Selitrennoye outcrop next to Akhtuba river. Updated from Neubauer et al. (2018) to show new allocation of stratigraphic units.

Fig. 5 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 5. Overview of the Cardiidae. (1) Didacna subcrassa; (a) RGM-1309816 LV; (b) RGM-1309815 RV. (2) Didacna subpyramidata; (a) RGM-1309797 LV; (b) RGM-1309814 RV. (3) Didacna subcatillus; (a) RMG-1309819 LV; (b) RMG-1309820 RV. (4) Didacna emendata; (a) RGM-1309799 LV; (b) RGM-1309798 RV. (5) Didacna ebersini; A (a) RGM1309817 LV; (b) RGM-1309818 RV. (6) Didacna cristata; (a) RGM.1309800 LV; (b) RGM.1309801 RV. Scale bars = 1 cm.

Fig. 7 in The Late Pleistocene mollusk fauna of Selitrennoye (Astrakhan province, Russia): A natural baseline for endemic Caspian Sea faunas

Fig. 7. Plasticity (shape variability) of (1) Monodacna caspia RGM.1309807. (a) umbo in the middle, more square (b) umbo not in middle, more round (c) umbo in the middle, oval (d) umbo not in middle, more oval shape. (2) Dreissena elata. (a) RGM.1310278 short, curved (b) RGM.1310280 medium, curved (c) RGM.1310280 long, curved (d) RGM.1310280 medium, straight (e) RGM.1310282 long, straight. Scale bars = 1 mm.

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Fig. 7 in Mollusc biodiversity in late Holocene nearshore environments of the Caspian Sea: A baseline for the current biodiversity crisis

Fig. 7. Late Holocene Novocaspian gastropod species from Turali, with indication of sample and collection number. A Clathrocaspia gmelinii: M0203, RGM.1309848 B Clessiniola variabilis: M0204, RGM.1309864 C Ecrobia grimmi: M0202, RGM.1309863 D Laevicaspia sieversii: M0204, RGM.1309849 E Laevicaspia kolesnikoviana: M0221, RGM.1309850 F Laevicaspia conus: M0204, RGM.1309851 G Turricaspia spica: M0202, RGM.1309858 H Turricaspia sp. indet. M0222, RGM.962401. I Abeskunus brusinianus: low morph, M0204, RGM.962355 J Abeskunus brusinianus: high morph, M0204, RGM.962355 K Theodoxus pallasi: M0204, RGM.130985, L. Theodoxus pallasi: M0220, RGM.1309862, M Abeskunus exiguus, M0204, RGM.962357. Scale bars 1 mm.