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FIGURE 11 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 11. Live colour of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934), Christmas Island. A, B) in cave, photographs Max Orchard; C, D) outside cave, Photographs Hitoshi Takakura.

FIGURE 10 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 10. External genital organs in Karstarma vulcan sp. nov., A–C) holotype male 16.2 × 18.9 mm, MNHN-IU-2013- 7243, G) paratype female 13.7 × 16.9 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7240, and K. jacksoni, D–F) male 15.4 × 18.7 mm, WAM C13968, H) female 14.3 × 18.1 mm, WAM C13968. G1 sternal (A, D) and abdominal face (B, E; setae removed); G2 sternal face (C, F); female right vulva (G, H; St 5, 6 indicate sternites 5, 6) (scale bars A, C, D, F, 2 mm; B, E, G, H, 1 mm).

FIGURE 8 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 8. Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934), Christmas Island, male 15.4 × 18.7 mm, Christmas Island, WAM C13968 (A, B, E, G–M), female 14.3 × 18.05 mm, WAM C13968 (C, D, F). Right chela, outer (A, C) and inner views (B, D), arrow indicate 'stridulating' ridge; merus of right cheliped, inner view (E, F); right ambulatory legs 1–4 (P2–P5), outer view (G–J); distal part of propodi and dactyli of right ambulatory legs 1–3, ventral view (K–M) (scale bars, 2 mm).

FIGURE 7 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 7. Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934), 1 male 15.4 × 18.7 mm, Christmas Island, WAM C13968. A. dorsal habitus; B– D carapace and chelae, dorsal, ventral, frontal views, respectively; E. Front, orbits, buccal cavern and pterygostomian area (scales bars, 5 mm).

FIGURE 6 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 6. Geographic distribution of the 17 or 18 species of Karstarma, from west to east: Karstarma vulcan and K. sp. (Réunion); K. jacksoni (Christmas Island); K. jacobsoni (Central Java); K. malang (East Java, from Wowor & Ng 2018); K. emdi and K. balicum (Nusa Penida Island, sympatric in same cave); K. microphthalmus (South Sulawesi); K. sulu (Palawan Island); K. philippinarum (Boracay Island); K. boholano (Bohol and Tarama Islands); K. cerberus (Ambon Island); K. ardea and K. waigeo (Waigeo Island; sympatric in same cave but in rocky parts for K. ardea and muddy substrates for K. waigeo); K. guamense (Guam Island); K. novabritannia (New Britain Island); K. ultrapes (Nggela Pile Island); K. loyalty (Lifou Island).

FIGURE 5 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 5. Live colour of Karstarma sp. A, B) female juv. 8.6 × 9.8 mm (MNHN-IU-2013-7242), probably from lava tube 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets', photographs A. Barrère, 19 February 2016; C, D) specimen not collected, from lava tube 'Coulée de 2004', lower entrance near the shore, photographs Matthieu Balanger, 13 August 2017.

FIGURE 4 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 4. Habitat of Karstarma vulcan in Réunion Island. Upper raw, left: Réunion Island with indication of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise' and its 'enclos' (grey area) with places where crabs Karstarma were observed: A, 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets' (dotted rectangle enlarged on the right); B, 'Grotte au Trésor'; C 'Coulée de 2004'; D, 'Grotte des Hirondelles'. Upper raw, right: position of the lava tube 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets' in the south-western part of the Island, point A is the place where crabs were collected, altitudes indicated for 60, 100, 170 m (GPX trace of tunnel in black, from Goursaud, 2018; background map from IGN, 2018). Bottom row, left: entrance of lava tube 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets', near road 'N2' (in red on IGN map). Bottom row, right: place of collection of the crabs, at the end of the tunnel, showing sediment left after heavy rains. (Photographs J.-P. Le Guelte).

FIGURE 3 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 3. Live colour of Karstarma vulcan sp. nov. A, B, lava tube 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets' photographs J.-P. Le Guelte, 16/03/2018, holotype, male 16.2 × 18.9 mm (MNHN-IU-2013-7243) (specimen captured in the lava tube but brought outside the cave for photograph); C, D) lava tube 'Brûlé des Citrons Galets' photographs N. Crestey, 16/11/2017, C) female, 13.05 × 16.5 mm (MHNH-IU-2013-7241) (left cornea injured); D) top: ventral view, female, paratype 13.7 × 16.9 mm (MNHN-IU- 2013-7240); bottom: dorsal view, female, paratype 13.05 × 16.5 mm (MHNH-IU-2013-7241). Live specimens, not collected, in the lava tube of 'Coulée de 2004': E) photograph J. Dez, 14/02/2018 from (Dez, 2018); and F) photograph F. Leveneur, 30/08/ 2014.

FIGURE 9 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 9. Comparison of anterolateral margins of carapace in Karstarma vulcan and K. jacksoni for specimens of approximately same size and sex. Karstarma vulcan, A) holotype male 16.2 × 18.9 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7243; B) paratype female 13.7 × 16.9 mm, MNHN-IU-2013-7240. Karstarma jacksoni, C) male 15.4 × 18.7 mm, WAM C13968; D) female 14.3 × 18.1 mm, WAM C13968.

FIGURE 2 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 2. Karstarma vulcan sp. nov., holotype, male, 16.2 × 18.9 mm (MNHN-IU-2013-7243) (A, B, E, G, M); paratype, female, 13.7 × 16.9 mm (MNHN-IU-2013-7240) (C, D, F). Right chela, outer (A, C) and inner views (B, D); merus of right cheliped, inner view (E, F);right ambulatory legs 1–4 (P2–P5), outer views (G–J);distal part of propodi and dactyli of right ambulatory legs 1–3 (P2–P4), ventral views (K–M) (Scale bars: A, B, G–J, 5 mm; C–F, K–M, 2.5 mm).

FIGURE 1 in Cave-dwelling crabs of the genus Karstarma from lava tubes of the volcano 'Piton de la Fournaise', in Réunion Island, with description of a new species and redescription of Karstarma jacksoni (Balss, 1934) from Christmas Island (Decapoda, Brachyura, Sesarmidae)

FIGURE 1. Karstarma vulcan sp. nov., holotype, male, 16.2 × 18.9 mm (MNHN-IU-2013-7243). A) dorsal habitus; B–D) carapace and chelae, dorsal, ventral, frontal views respectively; E) buccal cavern, third maxilliped and pterygostomian area (scale bars 10 mm).

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FIGURE 1 in New records of marine fishes illustrate the biogeographic importance of Christmas Island, Indian Ocean

FIGURE 1. The location of Christmas Island and the Cocos (Keeling) Islands in the Indian Ocean. Inset: Christmas Island with the position of Flying Fish Cove indicated on the north coast.

FIGURE 14 in A review of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new sibling-species from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Guam and Taiwan

FIGURE 14. Chiromantes eurymerus sp. nov., NMNS-7028-002, holotype male (18.7×14.8 mm), Taiwan. A, left third maxilliped; B, left side of anterior thoracic sternum; C, male abdomen (somites 3–6, telson); D, ventral view of left G1; E, dorsal view of left G1; F, left G2; G, ventral view of distal part of left G1; H, dorsal view of distal part of left G1. All structures denuded. Scales: A–F = 1.0 mm; G, H = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 13. A–E in A review of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new sibling-species from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Guam and Taiwan

FIGURE 13. A–E, Chiromantes silus sp. nov., ZRC 2012.0787, holotype male (16.3×12.8 mm), Guam; F–J, C. leptomerus sp. nov., NMNS-7028-001, holotype male (16.8×12.7 mm), Taiwan. A, F, male abdomen (somites 3–6, telson); B, G, ventral view of left G1; C, H, dorsal view of left G1; D, I, ventral view of distal part of left G1; E, J, dorsal view of distal part of left G1. All structures denuded. Scales: A–C, F–H, = 1.0 mm; D, E, I, J = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 12. Chiromantes C in A review of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new sibling-species from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Guam and Taiwan

FIGURE 12. Chiromantes C. garfunkel sp. nov., QM-W29172, holotype male (17.0×13.0 mm), Christmas I. A, male abdomen (somites 3–6, telson); B, ventral view of left G1; C, dorsal view of left G1; D, ventral view of distal part of left G1; E, dorsal view of distal part of left G1. All structures denuded. Scales: A–C = 1.0 mm; D, E = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 10. Lateral carapace views. A in A review of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new sibling-species from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Guam and Taiwan

FIGURE 10. Lateral carapace views. A, Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851), UFUF-14837, male (17.7×13.2 mm), Hawaiian Is.; B, C. garfunkel sp. nov., QM-W29172, holotype male (17.0×13.0 mm), Christmas I.

FIGURE 11 in A review of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new sibling-species from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Guam and Taiwan

FIGURE 11. Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851), ZRC 2002.0220, male (19.7×14.7 mm), Hawaiian Is.. A, left third maxilliped; B, left side of anterior thoracic sternum; C, male abdomen (somites 3–6, telson); D, ventral view of left G1; E, dorsal view of left G1; F, ventral view of distal part of left G1; G, dorsal view of distal part of left G1. All structures denuded. Scales: A–E = 1.0 mm; F, G = 0.5 mm.

FIGURE 9 in A review of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new sibling-species from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Guam and Taiwan

FIGURE 9. Ventral views of thoracic sternum and anterior parts of male abdomens. A, Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851), UFUF-14837, male (17.7×13.2 mm), Hawaiian Is.; B, C. obtusifrons (Dana, 1851), ZRC 2002.0220, male (19.7×14.7 mm), Hawaiian Is.; C, C. silus sp. nov., ZRC 2012.0787, holotype male (16.3×12.8 mm), Guam; D, C. leptomerus sp. nov., NMNS 7028-001, holotype male (16.8×12.7 mm), Taiwan; E, C. eurymerus sp. nov., NMNS-7028-002, holotype male (18.7×14.8 mm), Taiwan; F, C. garfunkel sp. nov., QM-W29172, holotype male (17.0×13.0 mm), Christmas I.

FIGURE 5 in A review of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new sibling-species from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Guam and Taiwan

FIGURE 5. Outer views of chelae. A, Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851), UFUF-14837, male (17.7×13.2 mm), Hawaiian Is.; B, C. obtusifrons (Dana, 1851), ZRC-2002.0220, male (19.7×14.7 mm), Hawaiian Is.; C, C. silus sp. nov., ZRC 2012.0787, holotype male (16.3×12.8 mm), Guam; D, C. leptomerus sp. nov., NMNS 7028-001, holotype male (16.8×12.7 mm), Taiwan; E, C. eurymerus sp. nov., NMNS-7028-002, holotype male (18.7×14.8 mm), Taiwan; F, C. garfunkel sp. nov., QM-W29172, holotype male (17.0×13.0 mm), Christmas I.

FIGURE 8 in A review of Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851) (Decapoda: Brachyura: Sesarmidae), with descriptions of four new sibling-species from Christmas Island (Indian Ocean), Guam and Taiwan

FIGURE 8. Frontal margins (ventral views). A, Chiromantes obtusifrons (Dana, 1851), ZRC 2002.0220, male (19.7×14.7 mm), Hawaiian Is.; B, C. silus sp. nov., ZRC 2012.0787, holotype male (16.3×12.8 mm), Guam; C, C. leptomerus sp. nov., NMNS 7028-001, holotype male (16.8×12.7 mm), Taiwan; D, C. garfunkel sp. nov., QM-W29172, holotype male (17.0×13.0 mm), Christmas I.