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FIGURE 2 in Spintherobolus papilliferus in the rio Ribeira de Iguape basin: implications for the biogeography and conservation of an endangered species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 2 | Stream stretch affluent of rio Juquiá, rio Ribeira de Iguape, municipality of Juquitiba, São Paulo State, where specimens of Spintherobolus papilliferus were sampled for this study. A. General view showing rapids in the background. B. Rapids pool where specimens were caught.

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FIGURE 1 in Spintherobolus papilliferus in the rio Ribeira de Iguape basin: implications for the biogeography and conservation of an endangered species (Ostariophysi: Characiformes)

FIGURE 1 | Spintherobolus papilliferus sampled in an affluent of rio Juquiá, rio Ribeira de Iguape drainage, municipality of Juquitiba, São Paulo State, Brazil. A. Live specimen right after capture. B. LISO 426, fixed specimen, 33.0 mm SL. Scale bar = 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in A Reassessment of Saltuarius swaini (Lacertilia: Diplodactylidae) in Southeastern Queensland and New South Wales; Two New Taxa, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation

Fig. 9. Scales on snout. (A) grade evenly from large to small (moving up from supralabial row), Saltuarius kateae n.sp. AM R164163; (B) heterogeneous, small and large scales intermixed, S.

Fig. 4 in A Reassessment of Saltuarius swaini (Lacertilia: Diplodactylidae) in Southeastern Queensland and New South Wales; Two New Taxa, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation

Fig. 4. Scatterplot of scores from discriminant functions 1 and 2 for male Saltuarius. Q S. kateae n.sp., D S. moritzi n.sp., P S. swaini, N S. wyberba. Open symbols are individuals assigned to each species on other criteria (locality, genetic identity, coloration) that were considered by the discriminant functions to belong to other species.

Fig. 8 in A Reassessment of Saltuarius swaini (Lacertilia: Diplodactylidae) in Southeastern Queensland and New South Wales; Two New Taxa, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation

Fig. 8. (A) Rostral scale excluded from nostril, Saltuarius kateae n.sp. QM J83583; (B) rostral scale contacts nostril, S. swaini QM J51637. Condition (B) also applies for S. moritzi n.sp. and S. wyberba.

Fig. 12 in A Reassessment of Saltuarius swaini (Lacertilia: Diplodactylidae) in Southeastern Queensland and New South Wales; Two New Taxa, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation

Fig. 12. Variation of colour and pattern in Saltuarius moritzi n.sp. (A) AM R160420, Bruxner Park, near Coffs Harbour (30°14'30"S 153°05'36"E) NSW (photograph—Jeff Wright, QM); (B) Ebor Falls (30°24'19"S 152°20'20"E) NSW (photograph—Glenn Shea); (C) QM J83588, Blue Hole, SE Armidale on upper reaches of Gara River (30°36'00"S 151°48'09"E) NSW (photograph—Ross Sadlier, AM).

Fig. 11 in A Reassessment of Saltuarius swaini (Lacertilia: Diplodactylidae) in Southeastern Queensland and New South Wales; Two New Taxa, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation

Fig. 11. Distribution for "Saltuarius swaini" lineage in southeastern Queensland and northeastern New South Wales. P = S. swaini; Q = S. kateae n.sp.; N = S. wyberba; D = S. moritzi n.sp.; × = Saltuarius records, presumably S. moritzi n.sp., from the NSW National Parks and Wildlife Service database;?1,?2,?3 = QM J72343, AM R143592 and AM R43870 respectively—see Results and Future directions for further discussion. The species' symbols correspond with those used in Figs 2–4.

Fig. 10 in A Reassessment of Saltuarius swaini (Lacertilia: Diplodactylidae) in Southeastern Queensland and New South Wales; Two New Taxa, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation

Fig. 10. Dorsal surface of toes. (A) Without enlarged spinose tubercules, Saltuarius kateae n.sp. AM R164161; (B) with enlarged spinose tubercules, S. swaini QM J54846. Condition (B) also

Fig. 2 in A Reassessment of Saltuarius swaini (Lacertilia: Diplodactylidae) in Southeastern Queensland and New South Wales; Two New Taxa, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation

Fig. 2. Scatterplot of scores from discriminant functions 1 and 2 for female Saltuarius. Q S. kateae n.sp., D S. moritzi n.sp., P S. swaini, N S. wyberba. Open symbols are individuals assigned to each species on other criteria (locality, genetic identity, coloration) that were considered by the discriminant functions to belong to other species.

Fig. 15 in A Reassessment of Saltuarius swaini (Lacertilia: Diplodactylidae) in Southeastern Queensland and New South Wales; Two New Taxa, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation

Fig. 15. Saltuarius wyberba (A) Girraween NP (28°51'S 151°55'E) SEQ (photograph—Jeff Wright, QM); (B) AM R164152, Gibraltar Range NP, Gwydir Hwy, 4.2 km W rangers station

Fig. 7. V in A Reassessment of Saltuarius swaini (Lacertilia: Diplodactylidae) in Southeastern Queensland and New South Wales; Two New Taxa, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation

Fig. 7. V-shaped pattern between eyes in (A) Saltuarius kateae n.sp. AM R164166; (B) S. moritzi n.sp. AM R160420; (C) S. moritzi n.sp. AM R158990; (D) S. swaini QM J51640; (E, facing page) S. wyberba QM J28648.

Fig. 1 in A Reassessment of Saltuarius swaini (Lacertilia: Diplodactylidae) in Southeastern Queensland and New South Wales; Two New Taxa, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation

Fig. 1. Phylogeny of Saltuarius spp. based on cytochrome b sequence data. Some branches may be represented by multiple individuals with identical sequences. Numbers on the branches represent Bayesian Posterior Probabilities. Branches with <50% support were collapsed.

Fig. 6. Saltuarius kateae n in A Reassessment of Saltuarius swaini (Lacertilia: Diplodactylidae) in Southeastern Queensland and New South Wales; Two New Taxa, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Conservation

Fig. 6. Saltuarius kateae n.sp. (AM R164163—holotype), Wyans Creek Road, 11.4 km W of Old Tenterfield Road (29°08'31"S 152°47'06"E) NSW (photograph—R. Sadlier, AM).

Figs 10‒12 in Can biogeography help bumblebee conservation?

Figs 10‒12. Current regional preponderance of the two principal bumblebee groups. 10. Comparison of species richness for Lowland Grassland (LG: in green) and Montane Grassland (MG: in blue) bumblebees (groups as in Fig. 6). The map overlays numbers of species (Figs 7–8) in green and blue (Williams & Gaston 1998) within equal-area grid cells (Fig. 1). Both colour axes are transformed to give near-uniform frequency distributions among classes along both axes (so that the scales differ among the figures, see the colour-scale boxes to the upper right of each map). Cells with high richness on both green and blue axes appear white, whereas cells with low richness on both axes appear black, with areas of intermediate and precisely covarying richness appearing in shades of grey. By contrast, deviations from an overall positive relationship appear as increasingly saturated green or blue, showing an 'excess' richness of one axis over the other (the colour values represented on the map are indicated in the scale box with grey spots). Background map as in Fig. 1. 11. Similar comparison of LG (in green) and MG (in blue) bumblebee richness across Europe from the European guide data (Rasmont et al. 2021) on a 2° × 2° grid (not equal-area grid cells) with north at the top of the map. 12. Comparison of LG (in green) and MG (in blue) bumblebee richness across Britain from the bumblebee atlas data (Alford 1980) on a 10 × 10 km grid with north at the top of the map.

Fig. 1 in Can biogeography help bumblebee conservation?

Fig. 1. Revising bumblebee species world-wide. The total bumblebee (indigenous) species richness is highest in Asia, especially in the Himalaya and Hengduan Mountains on the southern and eastern fringes of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (Williams 1998, data updated). There are no indigenous bumblebees in sub-Saharan Africa, lowland India, or in Australia and New Zealand (and Antarctica). Species numbers peak in the region of Xining, Qinghai. Even when mapping such a globally well-sampled group as bumblebees, using a coarse-scale equal-area grid reduces species-area effects, reduces the effects of sampling heterogeneity (species-accumulation curves for these large grid cells are more nearly asymptotic than for many smaller grid cells), and smooths the effects of local habitat variation. The grid is based on intervals of 10° longitude, which are used to calculate graduated latitudinal intervals so as to provide equal-area cells (each cell has an area of approximately 611 000 km²). The colour scale has equal-frequency richness classes. Cylindrical orthomorphic equal-area projection (excluding Antarctica) with north at the top of the map. Lower left, inset: field-work sites sampled for bumblebees by the author 1971–2018 (red spots).

Figs 2‒5. Biogeographic boundaries and the Central Asian deserts. 2 in Can biogeography help bumblebee conservation?

Figs 2‒5. Biogeographic boundaries and the Central Asian deserts. 2. Principal faunal (biogeographic) regions world-wide derived directly from bumblebee data, include an Oriental Region (1, black), a Southeast Asian Region (2, light grey), a Palaearctic Region (3, dark grey), a North American Region, (4, mid grey), a Mesoamerican Region (5, light grey), an Andean Region (6, dark grey), and a Lowland South American Region (7, light grey). Principal faunal regions are identified from grid-cell bumblebee faunas (Fig. 1) using the TWINSPAN procedure that combines ordination with classification (Williams 1996, data updated). Background map as in Fig. 1. 3. One of the most marked transition zones between bumblebee faunas globally (in orange) corresponds to the arid zone of the Central Asian deserts (the centre of this arid belt is traced by the dotted black line). The map scores measure the differences in species composition among bumblebee faunas within neighbourhoods of grid cells (Fig. 1) using the β-3 spatial turnover index (Williams 1996; Williams et al. 2022b). Background map and colour scale as in Fig. 1. 4. Image of Asia based on satellite images shows wet (green) and arid (yellow) regions, with the Central Asian desert belt, its centre traced out with a dotted red line (cf. Fig. 3). Image (without line) from GoogleEarth. 5. Searching for bumblebees across the Central Asian arid belt of Inner Mongolia with Huang Jiaxing – in the northern wooded/grassland edge zones finding some old favourites from Europe, including Bombus distinguendus Morawitz, 1869, B. subterraneus (Linnaeus, 1758), B. consobrinus Dahlbom, 1832, B. muscorum (Linnaeus, 1758), B. humilis Illiger, 1806, B. pascuorum (Scopoli, 1763), B. lucorum (Linnaeus, 1761) and B. cryptarum (Fabricius, 1775), as well as some striking local species in the desert-edge zones (north and south), such as B. sibiricus (Fabricius, 1781) and the large B. amurensis Radoszkowski, 1862, but finding no bumblebees here nearer the middle (An et al. 2014; Williams et al. 2017a).

Figs 6‒8 in Can biogeography help bumblebee conservation?

Figs 6‒8. Distribution of the two principal bumblebee groups. 6. Bumblebee subgenera world-wide as revised (Williams et al. 2008) based on an estimate of phylogeny from five genes (Sanger sequencing, trees estimated using models of DNA-sequence evolution fitted with Bayesian methods: Cameron et al. 2007), updated from estimates from broad genomic data (Illumina sequencing of ca 10 000 genes, trees from maximum likelihood analysis: Sun et al. 2020) and shown as a non-metric tree. Lowland Grassland (LG) group highlighted in green and Montane Grassland (MG) group highlighted in blue. 7. Bumblebee species richness (see Fig. 1) for the Lowland Grassland (LG) group (excluding the subgenus Psithyrus Lepeletier, 1832, with its divergent parasitic habit), showing an example (inset) of Bombus pseudobaicalensis Vogt, 1911, from the grasslands of north-eastern Inner Mongolia (Williams et al. 2022b). 8. Bumblebee species richness (see Fig. 1) for the Montane Grassland (MG) group, showing an example (inset) of Bombus kashmirensis Friese, 1909, from the mountains of the eastern Tibetan plateau (Williams et al. 2022b). Background maps and colour scale of 7 and 8 as in Fig. 1.