Find research datasets worth reusing
Search datasets from major research repositories and use ShareScore to quickly assess how well each record supports discovery, access, and reuse.
594
datasets available to search
ShareScore release 0.9.0
Dataset results
594 results for “Demographic data”
Data from: Demographic, behavioral, and ecological data from a long-term field study of wild baboons in Amboseli, Kenya
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Density-dependence produces spurious relationships among demographic parameters in a harvested species
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Long-term demographic data on the endangered legume Crotalaria avonensis, from Carter Creek Tract, Lake Wales Ridge Wildlife Environmental Area, 1998-2017 (ongoing)
This dataset contains demographic data from a long-term study of Crotalaria avonensis (Avon Park Harebells; Fabaceae), a federally and state endangered plant endemic to a small area on the Lake Wales Ridge, central Florida. The plant is a small perennial herbaceous legume. The dataset includes data from 1998 through 2017 from the Carter Creek Unit of the Lake Wales Ridge Wildlife Environmental Area. Data collected include survival, size, and reproductive data from individual plants located in permanent quadrats. There are also data on six fires, caging to reduce herbivory, and other events that affected plants.
Long Term Research in Environmental Biology: Demographic census data for thirty natural populations of American Ginseng: 1998-2016
In 1998, formal demographic censusing of wild ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) populations was initiated in West Virginia. By 2004, thirty populations had been added to the census effort, spanning seven states (IN-2, KY-6, MD-1, NY-2, PA-2, VA-5, WV-12) and a wide variety of land use histories and eastern deciduous forest communities. The censusing effort continued without interruption at all populations until June, 2016. Annually, each population was visited twice. The first visit generally occurred between late May and the end of June. The second visit generally occurred in the first three weeks of August. The purpose of the spring census was to assess the population status at the time of year when the largest number of individuals were visible aboveground (post-germination, prior to substantial losses due to browsing and other causes). Detailed measures of plant size were made, with an emphasis on total leaf area calculation. In addition, a variety of plant condition notations were made, with the ultimate goal of determining mortality and recruitment in the population, as well as individual size transitions. The primary purpose of the second census each year was to assess seed production on each plant. In addition, further notations of plant condition were made to assess changes over the growing season. To maintain methodological consistency with field personnel turnover, the lead author participated in fieldwork throughout the study, visiting each population at least once every two years. In addition, after being trained themselves, graduate students trained undergraduate conservation interns to assure consistent methods were used each year. The data are suitable for demographic modeling, and the unique spatial and temporal extent allow the exploration of important questions about variability in population growth and viability of ginseng, America’s premiere wild harvested medicinal plant.
Visualization of Demographic Data for 20 Most Populous U.S. Cities
<p>The main objective of this project is to use data visualizations to compare different demographic and community data for the 20 most populous U.S. cities. The data was obtained from the American Community Survey (ACS) and FBI crime data. The analysis is broken into a general demographic overview, a detailed crime breakdown, and a detailed income breakdown. These visualizations allow users to filter and select data to gain key insights into each city in the analysis.</p>
Dale_Wonsho demographic data set
<p>These are the data sets used for analyzing demographic data for the manuscript entitled " <strong>Births and deaths in Sidama in southern Ethiopia: Findings from the 2018 Dale-Wonsho Health and Demographic Surveillance System (HDSS)". This data set is used for the first demographic study done in the newly established HDSS site by Hawassa University.</strong></p>
Data from: Behavioral modifications lead to disparate demographic consequences in two sympatric species
Life-history theory suggests species that typically have a large number of offspring and high adult mortality may make decisions that benefit offspring survival in exchange for increased adult risks. Such behavioral adaptations are essential to understanding how demographic performance is linked to habitat selection during this important life-history stage. Though studies have illustrated negative fitness consequences to attendant adults or potential fitness benefits to associated offspring because of adaptive habitat selection during brood rearing, equivocal relationships could arise if both aspects of this reproductive trade-off are not assessed simultaneously. To better understand how adaptive habitat selection during brood-rearing influences demographics, we studied the brood survival, attendant parental survival, and space use of two sympatric ground-nesting bird species, the northern bobwhite (hereafter: "bobwhite"; Colinus virgininanus) and scaled quail (Callipepla squamata). During the 2013-2014 breeding seasons, we estimated habitat suitability across two grains (2 m and 30 m) for both species and determined how adult space-use of these areas influenced individual chick survival and parental risk. We found the proportion of a brood's home range containing highly suitable areas significantly increased bobwhite chick survival (β = 0.02, SE = 0.006). Additionally, adult weekly survival for bobwhite was greater for individuals not actively brooding offspring (0.9716, SE = 0.0054) as compared to brooding adults (0.8928, SE = 0.0006). Conversely, brood habitat suitability did not influence scaled quail chick survival during our study, nor did we detect a survival cost for adults that were actively brooding offspring. Our research illustrates the importance of understanding life-history strategies and how they might influence relationships between adaptive habitat selection and demographic parameters.
Data from: Population structure, connectivity and demographic history of an apex marine predator, the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas
Knowledge of population structure, connectivity and effective population size remains limited for many marine apex predators, including the bull shark Carcharhinus leucas. This large-bodied coastal shark is distributed worldwide in warm temperate and tropical waters, and uses estuaries and rivers as nurseries. As an apex predator, the bull shark likely plays a vital ecological role within marine food webs, but is at risk due to inshore habitat degradation and various fishing pressures. We investigated the bull shark's global population structure and demographic history by analysing the genetic diversity of 370 individuals from 11 different locations using 25 microsatellite loci and three mitochondrial genes (CR, nd4, cytb). Both types of markers revealed clustering between sharks from the Western Atlantic and those from the Western Pacific and the Western Indian Ocean, with no contemporary gene flow. Microsatellite data suggested low differentiation between the Western Indian Ocean and the Western Pacific, but substantial differentiation was found using mitochondrial DN A. Integrating information from both types of markers and using Bayesian computation with a random forest procedure (ABC-RF), this discordance was found to be due to a complete lack of contemporary gene flow. High genetic connectivity was found both within the Western Indian Ocean and within the Western Pacific. In conclusion, these results suggest important structuring of bull shark populations globally with important gene flow occurring along coastlines , highlighting the need for management and conservation plans on regional scales rather than oceanic basin scale.
Data from: Are skyline plot-based demographic estimates overly dependent on smoothing prior assumptions?
<p>In Bayesian phylogenetics, the coalescent process provides an informative framework for inferring changes in the effective size of a population from a phylogeny (or tree) of sequences sampled from that population. Popular coalescent inference approaches such as the Bayesian Skyline Plot, Skyride and Skygrid all model these population size changes with a discontinuous, piecewise-constant function but then apply a smoothing prior to ensure that their posterior population size estimates transition gradually with time. These prior distributions implicitly encode extra population size information that is not available from the observed coalescent data i.e. the tree. Here we present a novel statistic, Ω, to quantify and disaggregate the relative contributions of the coalescent data and prior assumptions to the resulting posterior estimate precision. Our statistic also measures the additional mutual information introduced by such priors. Using Ω we show that, because it is surprisingly easy to over-parametrise piecewise-constant population models, common smoothing priors can lead to overconfident and potentially misleading inference, even under robust experimental designs. We propose Ω as a useful tool for detecting when posterior estimate precision is overly reliant on prior choices.</p>
Forest inventory data from Finland and Sweden for: Demographic performance of European tree species at their hot and cold climatic edges, plus ancillary climate data
<p>1. Species range limits are thought to result from a decline in demographic performance at range edges. However, recent studies reporting contradictory patterns in species demographic performance at their edges cast doubt on our ability to predict climate change demographic impacts. To understand these inconsistent demographic responses at the edges, we need to shift the focus from geographic to climatic edges and analyse how species responses vary with climatic constraints at the edge and species' ecological strategy.</p> <p>2. Here we parameterised integral projection models with climate and competition effects for 27 tree species using forest inventory data from over 90,000 plots across Europe. Our models estimate size-dependent climatic responses and evaluate their effects on two life trajectory metrics: lifespan and passage time - the time to grow to a large size. Then we predicted growth, survival, lifespan, and passage time at the hot and dry or cold and wet edges and compared them to their values at the species climatic centre to derive indices of demographic response at the edge. Using these indices, we investigated whether differences in species demographic response between hot and cold edges could be explained by their position along the climate gradient and functional traits related to their climate stress tolerance.</p> <p>3. We found that at cold and wet edges of European tree species, growth and passage time were constrained, whereas at their hot and dry edges, survival and lifespan were constrained. Demographic constraints at the edge were stronger for species occurring in extreme conditions, i.e. in hot edges of hot-distributed species and cold edges of cold-distributed species. Species leaf nitrogen content was strongly linked to their demographic responses at the edge. In contrast, we found only weak links with wood density, leaf size, and xylem vulnerability to embolism.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Our study presents a more complicated picture than previously thought with demographic responses that differ between hot and cold edges. Predictions of climate change impacts should be refined to include edge and species characteristics.</p>
Data from: Contrasting population structure and demographic history of cereal aphids in different environmental and agricultural landscapes
<p>Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms files and phylogonetic trees of S. miscanthi samples collected in China and S. avenae from the UK used to study the population genetics analyses of these species. These are:</p> <p>China_samples_vcf.zip: dataset of SNPs from S. miscanthi sampled in 10 populations of China obtained using FreeBayes (in vcf format).</p> <p>China_samples_vcf_filtered.zip: SNPs from S. miscanthi after filtering the file China_samples_vcf.zip using vcftools (max-missing 0.75, minDP 3, mac 3, minQ 30, remove-indels, thin 2000, max-missing 0.9, thin 5000). This file was used in all population genetic analyses of the Chinese populations in the paper, transforming to the appropriate formats.</p> <p>China_samples_SNPs.fas: fasta file of phased SNPs used to estimate the phylogeny of S. miscanthi haplotypes using RAxML.</p> <p>China_RAxML_phylogeny_newick.tre: RAxML phylogenetic tree in newick format obtained with China_samples_SNPs.fas.</p> <p>England_samples_vcf.zip: dataset of SNPs from S. avenae sampled in 12 populations of England obtained using FreeBayes (in vcf format).</p> <p>England_samples_vcf_filtered.zip: SNPs from S. avenae after filtering the file England_samples_vcf.zip using vcftools (max-missing 0.5, mac 3, minQ 30, minDP 3, max-missing 0.5, exclude individuals with 50% missing data, max-missing 0.75, remove-indels, thin 2000). This file was used in all population genetic analyses of the English populations in the paper, transforming the vcf to the corresponding formats.</p> <p>England_samples_SNPs.fas: fasta file of phased SNPs.</p> <p>England_samples_SNPs_polymorphic.fas: fasta file of phased SNPs used in the phylogenetic reconstruction of S. avenae haplotypes using RAxML. This file is the same as England_samples_SNPs.fas after removing sites which were not polymorphic (e.g. a site that contains N and T in different samples is not considered polymorphic for RAxML and has to be removed)</p> <p>England_RAxML_phylogeny_newick.tre: RAxML phylogenetic tree in newick format obtained with England_samples_SNPs_polymorphic.fas.</p>
Demographic and growth rings data of Pentaclethra macrolona in the Amazon River estuary
<p>Little is known about the natural history of the hyperdominant Amazonian tree <em>Pentaclethra macroloba</em>. It has multiple uses and is widely explored, due to the important phytotherapy properties of the oil of its seeds. We determined the demographic and growth patterns of <em>P. macroloba</em> and analyzed the influence of the daily tide in its growth trajectory. We studied populations of <em>P. macroloba</em> in the APA and CEM, northeast of the Brazilian Amazon. In 136.59 ha of the APA, all adult trees with diameter ≥ 5 cm were quantified and two plots of 1 ha each were installed for sampling of the regeneration (diameter < 5 cm). Samples of the radial wood of 38 trees were obtained to determine age and growth rates, through dendrochronological analyzes. In CEM, exchange activity of 30 trees, at different topographic levels, was monitored by dendrometer bands. The effect of precipitation, temperature and flood on the exchange activity of <em>P. macroloba</em> was evaluated using multiple regressions. We model the growth of the species based on the widths of its growth rings. We invented 2,072 adult trees (15 individuals ha<sup>-1</sup>), distributed in 12 diametric classes (log-normal pattern), mean diameter of 23 cm, total basal area 98.13 m², height mean of 12.7 m and aggregate distribution pattern (R = 0.63, p <0.002). 240 regenerants (120 individuals ha-1) were quantified, distributed in nine diametric classes (negative exponential pattern), mean height of 0.63 m and aggregate pattern. Growth rings formed by marginal parenchyma show maximum age of 102 years and mean of 60 years for <em>P. macroloba</em>. The relationship between age and diameter was highly significant (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.98; p <0.001), as well as the relationship between height and diameter (r<sup>2</sup> = 0.79; p <0.001). The growth models show increment peaks in diameter and height at the age of 46 years (9.38 mm year<sup>-1</sup>) and 20 years (48.2 cm year<sup>-1</sup>) respectively. Greatest accumulation of biomass occurred at the age of 66 years (40.8 kg year<sup>-1</sup>). <em>P. macroloba</em> presents exchange dormancy in the rainy season (t = -2.62; p <0.01) and of river flooding (t = -3.01; p < 0.01). The existence of rings in <em>P. macroloba</em> is an important discovery, as only <em>Mora paraensis</em> had growth rings record in the Amazon estuary. The structural and growth patterns of <em>P. macroloba</em> are reflections of its life history and interactions with the environmental dynamics of estuarine floodplain.</p>
Data from: Where and how to restore in a changing world: a demographic-based assessment of resilience
Managers are increasingly looking to apply concepts of resilience to better anticipate and understand conservation and restoration in a changing environment. In this study, we explore how information on demography (recruitment, growth and survival) and competitive effects in different environments and with different starting species abundances can be used to better understand resilience. We use observational and experimental data to better understand dynamics between native Stipa pulchra and exotic Avena barbata and fatua, grasses characteristic of native and invaded grasslands in California, at three different levels of nitrogen (N) representative of a range of pollution via atmospheric deposition. A modelling framework that incorporates this information on demography and competition allows us to forecast dynamics over time. Our results showed that resilience of native grasslands depends on N inputs, where natural recovery should be possible at low N levels whereas native persistence would be difficult at high N levels. Hysteresis was evident at moderate N levels, where the starting conditions mattered. Synthesis and applications. The resilience of both invaded and native grasslands is influenced by nitrogen inputs. Our modelling approach gives direction about how best to allocate limited management resources as baselines shift: where natural recovery is possible, where best to allocate active restoration efforts, and where native remnants may be most vulnerable.
Data from: The roots of the drought: hydrology and water uptake strategies mediate forest-wide demographic response to precipitation
Drought-induced tree mortality is expected to increase globally due to climate change, with profound implications for forest composition, function and global climate feedbacks. How drought is experienced by different species is thought to depend fundamentally on where they access water vertically below ground, but this remains untracked so far due to the difficulty of measuring water availability at depths at which plants access water (few to several tens of meters), the broad temporal scales at which droughts at those depths unfold (seasonal to decadal), and the difficulty in linking these patterns to forest-wide species-specific demographic responses. We address this problem through a new eco-hydrological framework: we used a hydrological model to estimate belowground water availability by depth over a period of two decades that included a multi-year drought. Given this water availability scenario and 20yr long-records of species-specific growth patterns, we inversely estimated the relative depths at which 12 common species in the forest accessed water via a model of water-stress. Finally, we tested whether our estimates of species relative uptake depths predicted mortality in multi-year drought. The hydrological model revealed clear belowground niches as precipitation was decoupled from water availability by depth at multi-annual scale. Species partitioned the hydrological niche by diverging in their uptake depths and so in the same forest stand, different species experienced very different drought patterns, resulting in clear differences in species-specific growth. Finally, species relative water uptake depths predicted species mortality patterns after the multi-year drought. Species that our method ranked as relying on deeper water were the ones that had suffered from greater mortality, as the zone from which they access water took longer to recharge after depletion. This research changes our understanding of how hydrological niches operate for trees with a trade-off between realized growth potential and survival under drought with decadal scale return time. The eco-hydrological framework highlights the importance of species-specific below ground strategies in predicting forest response to drought. Applying this framework more broadly may help us better understand species-coexistence in diverse forest communities and improve mechanistic predictions of forests productivity and compositional change under future climate.
Data from: Estimating synchronous demographic changes across populations using hABC and its application for a herpetological community from northeastern Brazil
Many studies propose that Quaternary climatic cycles contracted and /or expanded the ranges of species and biomes. Strong expansion-contraction dynamics of biomes presume concerted demographic changes of associated fauna. The analysis of temporal concordance of demographic changes can be used to test the influence of Quaternary climate on diversification processes. Hierarchical approximate Bayesian computation (hABC) is a powerful and flexible approach that models genetic data from multiple species, and can be used to estimate the temporal concordance of demographic processes. Using available single-locus data we can now perform large-scale analyses, both in terms of number of species and geographic scope. Here we first compared the power of four alternative hABC models for a collection of single-locus data. We found that the model incorporating an a priori hypothesis about the timing of simultaneous demographic change had the best performance. Secondly, we applied the hABC models to a dataset of 7 squamate and 4 amphibian species occurring in the Seasonally Dry Tropical Forests (Caatinga) in Northeastern Brazil, which, according to paleoclimatic evidence, experienced an increase in aridity during the Pleistocene. If this increase was important for the diversification of associated xeric-adapted species, simultaneous population expansions should be evident at the community level. We found a strong signal of synchronous population expansion in the Late Pleistocene, supporting the expansion of the Caatinga during this time. This expansion likely enhanced the formation of communities adapted to high aridity and seasonality and caused regional extirpation of taxa adapted to wet forest.
Data from: Population genomics and demographic sampling of the ant-plant Vachellia drepanolobium and its symbiotic ants from sites across its range in East Africa.
The association between the African ant plant, Vachellia drepanolobium, and the ants that inhabit it has provided insight into the boundaries between mutualism and parasitism, the response of symbioses to environmental perturbations, and the ecology of species coexistence. We use a landscape genomics approach at sites sampled throughout the range of this system in Kenya to investigate the demographics and genetic structure of the different partners in the association. We find that different species of ant associates of V. drepanolobium show striking differences in their spatial distribution throughout Kenya, and these differences are only partly correlated with abiotic factors. A comparison of the population structure of the host plant and its three obligately arboreal ant symbionts, Crematogaster mimosae, Crematogaster nigriceps, and Tetraponera penzigi, shows that the ants exhibit somewhat similar patterns of structure throughout each of their respective ranges, but that this does not correlate in any clear way with the respective genetic structure of the populations of their host plants. A lack of evidence for local coadaptation in this system suggests that all partners have evolved to cope with a wide variety of biotic and abiotic conditions.
Data from: The demographic effects of functional traits: an integral projection model approach reveals population-level consequences of reproduction-defense tradeoffs
Quantitatively linking individual variation in functional traits to demography is a necessary step to advance our understanding of trait-based ecological processes. We constructed a population model for Asclepias syriaca to identify how functional traits affect vital rates and population growth and whether tradeoffs in chemical defense and demography alter population growth. Plants with higher foliar cardenolides had lower fiber, cellulose, and lignin levels, as well as decreased sexual and clonal reproduction. Average cardenolide concentrations had the strongest effect on population growth. In both the sexual and clonal pathway, the tradeoff between reproduction and defense affected population growth. We found that both increasing the mean of the distribution of individual plant values for cardenolides and herbivory decreased population growth. However, increasing the variance in both defense and herbivory increased population growth. Functional traits can impact population growth and quantifying individual-level variation in traits should be included in assessments of population-level processes.
Data from: Asynchronous demographic responses to Pleistocene climate change in Eastern Nearctic vertebrates
Pleistocene climatic cycles altered species distributions in the Eastern Nearctic of North America, yet the degree of congruent demographic response to the Pleistocene among codistributed taxa remains unknown. We use a hierarchical approximate Bayesian computational approach to test if population sizes across lineages of snakes, lizards, turtles, mammals, birds, salamanders and frogs in this region expanded synchronously to Late Pleistocene climate changes. Expansion occurred in 75% of 74 lineages, and of these, population size trajectories across the community were partially synchronous, with coexpansion found in at least 50% of lineages in each taxonomic group. For those taxa expanding outside of these synchronous pulses, factors related to when they entered the community, ecological thresholds or biotic interactions likely condition their timing of response to Pleistocene climate change. Unified timing of population size change across communities in response to Pleistocene climate cycles is likely rare in North America.
Data from: Plant demographic and functional responses to management intensification: a long-term study in a Mediterranean rangeland
1. Understanding how functional traits, which are key for plant functioning, relate to demographic parameters of populations is central to tackle pending issues in plant ecology such as the forecast of the fate of populations and communities in a changing world, the quantification of community assembly processes or the improvement of species distribution models. We addressed this question in the case of species from a Mediterranean rangeland of southern France. 2. Changes in species abundance in response to management intensification (fertilization and increased grazing pressure) were followed over a 28-year period. Probabilities of presence, and elasticities of the changes in the probability of space occupancy to colonization and survival, which are analogues of demographic parameters, were calculated for 53 species from the time series of abundance data using a space occupancy model. Nine quantitative traits pertaining to resource use, plant morphology, regeneration and phenology were measured on these species and related to demographic parameters. 3. The long-term dynamics of species in response to management intensification was associated with major changes in functional traits and strategies. Changes in the probability of occurrence – analogous to population growth rate - were correlated with traits describing the fast-slow continuum of leaf functioning. The elasticity of population growth rate to colonization was significantly related to reproductive plant height and seed mass, and to a lower extent, to leaf carbon isotopic ratio. 4. Synthesis. The functional response of species to management intensification corresponds to a shift along the second axis of a recently identified global spectrum of plant form and function, which maps, to some extent, onto the fast-slow continuum of life-history strategies. By contrast, the elasticity of colonization relates to the global spectrum axis capturing the size of organs. Seed mass contributes to this axis and is assumed to relate to one of the important traits structuring the reproductive strategy axis of life histories as well, namely net reproductive rate. While this mapping between functional and life-history traits is appealing, further tests in contrasting types of communities are required to assess its degree of generality.
Data from: Declining demographic performance and dispersal limitation influence the geographic distribution of the perennial forb, Astragalus utahensis (fabaceae)
1. A central goal of ecology is understanding the determinants of species' distributions. 'Metapopulation' models for the existence of distributional boundaries predict that species' geographic ranges arise from the landscape-scale deterioration of habitat suitability towards the range edge (i.e. niche mechanisms), which simultaneously hinders demographic performance and limits dispersal to suitable habitat beyond the edge (i.e. dispersal limitation). However, few studies have examined both of these mechanisms for the same species by examining abundance and comprehensive measures of demographic performance across the distribution and beyond its boundary. 2. We tested the predictions of metapopulation models for range limits by contrasting abundance, demographic performance, and population growth (λ) of the perennial forb Astragalus utahensis in central and northern range edge populations. We tested for dispersal limitation by transplanting individuals at and beyond the northern range boundary and monitoring their demographic performance. 3. Astragalus abundance and stochastic λ decreased from the range center to the northern range edge, with stochastic λ falling to or below replacement in range edge populations. However, transplants at some sites beyond the northern range edge survived and reproduced at levels similar to transplants within the range. Thus, in addition to deteriorating conditions at the range edge, dispersal limitation appears to contribute to limiting A. utahensis' northern distribution. 4. Synthesis: Our results support metapopulation models for range limits by suggesting that decreased demographic performance constrains the viability of range edge populations while contributing to dispersal limitation of A. utahensis' distribution. Thus, the tandem action of niche and dispersal processes appears to play an important role in constraining this species' northern latitudinal range.
ScienceDex guides
Understand access before you commit
These curated guides explain access requirements, typical timelines, costs, and reuse considerations for widely used research datasets.
Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.