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Fig. 1. A in A new salamander from the late Paleocene-early Eocene of Ukraine

Fig. 1. A salamander Seminobatrachus boltischki gen. et sp. nov. from the lower unit of the Boltyshka sapropelite strata (late Paleocene–early Eocene, Ukraine), skull and anteriormost vertebrae with traces of soft tissue, holotype, PIN 3991/9. A. PIN 3991/9a, part in dorsal aspect. B. PIN 3991/9b, counterpart in ventral aspect. Photographs as exposed (A1, B1) and interpretative drawings (A2, B2). Grey areas in interpretive drawings represent soft tissues.

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Fig. 7 in A new salamander from the late Paleocene-early Eocene of Ukraine

Fig. 7. Strict consensus of three most parsimonious trees obtained in NONA v. 2.0 with using the parsimony ratchet (island hopper) algorithm (A) and strict consensus of six most parsimonious trees obtained in PAUP v. 4.0b10 with using the branch−and−bound search algorithm (B) showing the position of Seminobatrachus boltischki gen. et sp. nov. within Caudata. Seminobatrachus boltischki gen. et sp. nov. is asterisked. The numbers are given above branches in A are Bremer support values.

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Fig. 6. A in A new salamander from the late Paleocene-early Eocene of Ukraine

Fig. 6. A salamander Seminobatrachus boltischki gen. et sp. nov. from the lower unit of Boltyshka sapropelite strata (late Paleocene–early Eocene, Ukraine), nearly complete skeleton with traces of soft tissue, PIN 3991/14, in dorsal aspect. Photograph as exposed (A) and interpretative drawing (B). Grey areas in interpretive drawings represent soft tissues.

Fig. 4 in A new Puercan (early Paleocene) hyopsodontid "condylarth" from New Mexico

Fig. 4. Lower dentition of hyopsodontid "condylarth" Chacomylus sladei gen. et sp. nov., Nacimiento Formation, lower Paleocene (late Puercan, Pu3), San Juan Basin, New Mexico. A. NMMNH P−34838, left p3? in occlusal (A1, stereopair), buccal (A2), lingual (A3), mesial (A4), and distal (A5) views. B. 44345, right m2 in occlusal (B1, stereopair), buccal (B2), lilngual (B3), mesial (B4), and distal (B5) views. C. 55397, left m3 in occlusal (C1, stereopair), buccal (C2), lingual (C3), mesial (C4), and distal (C5) views.

Fig. 6 in A new Puercan (early Paleocene) hyopsodontid "condylarth" from New Mexico

Fig. 6. Strict consensus tree derived from parsimony analysis of data in Zack et al. (2005) with the addition of Chacomylus sladei, Valenia wilsoni, and Litomylus orthronepius (see text and Appendix 1). List of common synapomorphies for selected nodes (labeled A–G) are listed in Appendix 2. Numbers below nodes indicate Bremer branch support calculated from a pool of 50,000 suboptimal trees of up to 10 steps longer than the shortest trees obtained.

Fig. 1 in A new Puercan (early Paleocene) hyopsodontid "condylarth" from New Mexico

Fig. 1. Geologic map showing the the Paleocene Nacimiento Formation (Animas Formation in southern Colorado) and early Eocene San Jose Formation, San Juan Basin, New Mexico, and indicating the location of the Split Lip Flats Local Fauna.

Fig. 2 in A new Puercan (early Paleocene) hyopsodontid "condylarth" from New Mexico

Fig. 2. Outlines of right lower molar (A) and left upper molar (B) of Chacomylus sladei gen. et sp. nov. showing tooth nomenclature used in the text. Abbreviations.—cc, centrocrista; co, cristid obliqua; ecg, ectocingulum; encd, entocristid; end, entoconid; etx, ectoflexus; hy, hypocone; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; hyxd, hypoflexid; me, metacone; mec, postmetacrista; med, metaconid; msl, metastylar lobe; mtl, metaconule; pa, paracone; pac, preparacrista; pacd, paracristid; pad, paraconid; pmlc, premetaconule crista; prc, precingulum; prl, paraconule; pprc, preprotocrista; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulum; psl, parastylar lobe; psplc, postparaconule crista; psprc, postprotocrista; pplc, preparaconule crista; pr, protocone; prcd, protocristid; prd, protoconid; ps, parastyle; pscg, postcingulid; psl, parastylar lobe; psmlc, postmetaconular crista; st, stylocone; sts, stylar shelf; tb, talon basin; tdb, trigonid basin; tlb, talonid basin.

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FIG. 4 in Peligrotherium tropicalis (Mammalia, Dryolestida) from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, a survival from a Mesozoic Gondwanan radiation

FIG. 4. — Homologies in upper molars of Mesungulatidae and Peligrotheriidae, and comparison with Periptychidae cheekteeth; A, left M3 of Mesungulatum houssayi Bonaparte & Soria, 1984; B, left M2-3 of Peligrotherium tropicalis Bonaparte, Van Halen & Kramartz, 1993; C, left P3-M3 of Periptychus rhabodon Cope, 1882. Abbreviations: ac, anterior cingulum; asc, anterior stylar cusp; ca, anterior crista; cp, posterior crista; hyo, hypocone; mo, metacone; pa, paracone; pc, posterior cingulum; psc, posterior stylar cusp; po, protocone; sty, stylocone. Scale bars: A, B, 5 mm; C, 10 mm.

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FIG. 1 in Peligrotherium tropicalis (Mammalia, Dryolestida) from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, a survival from a Mesozoic Gondwanan radiation

FIG. 1. — Peligrotherium tropicalis Bonaparte, Van Valen & Kramartz, 1993, stereopairs in occlusal view; A, right dentary fragment with distal part of m1 alveolus, m2, and fragmentary alveolus of m3 (MLP 90-II-12-60); B, right isolated tooth, probably p4 (MLP 90-II-12-61); C, D, maxillar fragment; C, with right M1-M2; D, with left M1 fragment, M2-M4 and fragmentary alveolus of M5 (MLP 90-II-12-5). Scale bars: 5 mm.

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FIG. 5 in Peligrotherium tropicalis (Mammalia, Dryolestida) from the early Paleocene of Patagonia, a survival from a Mesozoic Gondwanan radiation

FIG. 5. — Reconstruction of the occlusion of Peligrotherium tropicalis Bonaparte, Van Halen & Kramartz, 1993; A, right M1- M2 (MLP 90-II-12-58) and right dentary with m1 and m2-3 (UNPSJB PV 914), internal view; B, same specimens in occlusal view. Dotted line represents the lower p4, m1-2 and continuous line upper P4-M1. Abbreviation: pa, paracone. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 40 in Dental ontogeny in the early Paleocene placental mammal Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Pantodonta) from Tiupampa (Bolivia)

FIG. 40. — Left maxillary (MHNC 13853) of sub-adult Alcidedorbignya inopinata (stage 6) with roots of P3 and P4-M2 erupted. M3 is missing but the crypt is present with its anterior border located above the posterior edge of M2 thus indicating that the tooth was erupting. The position of P4 (turned clockwise c. 45° and with the metastyle embedded) above the paracingulum of M1 is pathological: A, occlusal view; B, posterior view showing the anterior part of the crypt of M3. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 44 in Dental ontogeny in the early Paleocene placental mammal Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Pantodonta) from Tiupampa (Bolivia)

FIG. 44. — Wear facets on deciduous premolars of Alcidedorbignya inopinata indicating solid food ingestion: A, right dP4 of MHNC 8416 (stage 3); B, left dp4 of MHNC 8279 (stage 3+); C, right dp4 of MHNC 8298 (stage 3+). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 45 in Dental ontogeny in the early Paleocene placental mammal Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Pantodonta) from Tiupampa (Bolivia)

FIG. 45. — Wear facets on deciduous premolars of Alcidedorbignya inopinata indicating solid food ingestion: A, right dP3-4 of MHNC 13961 (stage 4); B, right dP3-4 of MHNC 13957 (stage 4); C, right dp4 of MHNC 8417 (stage 4). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 38 in Dental ontogeny in the early Paleocene placental mammal Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Pantodonta) from Tiupampa (Bolivia)

FIG. 38. — Slices of the lateral, coronal, and frontal CT-scans of the mandible (MHNC 13858) of juvenile Alcidedorbignya inopinata (stage 5): A, slice 230 of lateral CT-scan; B-D, slices 408, 576, and 631 of coronal CT-scan (slice 230 is the most dorsal and slice 631 is the most central); E-H, slices of frontal CT-scan, 1439, 1242 1070, 336 of CT scan (slice 1439 is the most anterior and slice 336 is the most posterior). The number for each illustrated slice refers to the position within the sequence of 604 images for A, 1003 images for B-D and 1864 images for E-H (resolution binned images voxel size = 0.0159859 mm). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 35 in Dental ontogeny in the early Paleocene placental mammal Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Pantodonta) from Tiupampa (Bolivia)

FIG. 35. — Right maxilla (MHNC 13860) of juvenile Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Stage 5): A, occlusal view; B, posterodorsal view, C, posterior view showing crypt for M3; D, slice 680 of a lateral CT-scan of MHNC 13860, showing the relative position of the crypt for M3 and the paracone of M2. The number for the illustrated slice refers to the position within the sequence of 1004 images (resolution binned images voxel size = 0.0159859 mm). Scale bars: 5 mm.

FIG. 32 in Dental ontogeny in the early Paleocene placental mammal Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Pantodonta) from Tiupampa (Bolivia)

FIG. 32. — Left mandible (MHNC 8417) of juvenile Alcidedorbignya inopinata (stage 4): A, lateral view; B, medial view; C, occlusal view; D, slice 124 of the lateral CT scan showing the paraconid of p4 in natural position and the metaconid rocked (approximately 130°) posteriorly; E, slice 179 of the lateral CT scan, showing section of the protoconid rocked (approximately 130°) posteriorly; F, slice 255 of coronal CT Scan showing section of paraconid of p4 mesially and metaconid distally; G, slice 299 of coronal CT Scan showing section of fused protoconid and metaconid of p4. Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 30A-D in Dental ontogeny in the early Paleocene placental mammal Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Pantodonta) from Tiupampa (Bolivia)

FIG. 30A-D. — Slices of lateral and coronal CT-scans of the mandible (MHNC 8286) of juvenile Alcidedorbignya inopinata (stage 4): A, B, slices 93 and 119 of the lateral CT scan; (Slice 93 is lateral to slice 119); C, slice 644 of the coronal CTscan; D, slice 685 of the coronal Ctscan (slice 685 is ventral to slice 644). The number for each illustrated slice refers to the position within the sequence of 223 images for A, B and D and 823 images for C and E (resolution binned images voxel size = 0.02781842 mm). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 28 in Dental ontogeny in the early Paleocene placental mammal Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Pantodonta) from Tiupampa (Bolivia)

FIG. 28. — Slices of the coronal CT-scan of the maxilla (MHNC 13861) of juvenile Alcidedorbignya inopinata (stage 4): A-D slice 272, 296, 317, 327 (slice 272 is the most ventral and slice 327 is the most dorsal). The number for each illustrated slice refers to the position within the sequence of 783 images (resolution binned images voxel size = 0.0186471 mm). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 25 in Dental ontogeny in the early Paleocene placental mammal Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Pantodonta) from Tiupampa (Bolivia)

FIG. 25. — Slices of the coronal CT scan of the maxilla (MHNC 13857) of juvenile Alcidedorbignya inopinata (stage 4): A-D, slices 644, 582, 557, 518 (slice 644 is the most dorsal and slice 518 is the most ventral). The number for each illustrated slice refers to the position within the sequence of 1021 images (resolution binned images voxel size = 0.0186471 mm). Scale bar: 5 mm.

FIG. 27. — A in Dental ontogeny in the early Paleocene placental mammal Alcidedorbignya inopinata (Pantodonta) from Tiupampa (Bolivia)

FIG. 27. — A, transparent anterolateral view of the maxilla (MHNC 13857) of juvenile Alcidedorbignya inopinata (stage 4) showing unerupted right P3 and P4 in their respective crypt; B, occlusal view of P4 (the missing part in posterior edge of the tooth is due to the breakage of the maxilla at that level, with loss of some fragments of P4); C, paracone of P3 in occlusolingual view; D, paracone of P3 in occlusal view. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B-D, 1 mm.