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Fig. 5 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 5. Odontopygid gonopod terminology, coxa, exemplified by Chaleponcus sergeii sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621728). A. Right gonopod coxa, anterior view. B. Right gonopod coxa, mesal view. Abbreviations and shading: CU = cucullus (green);LCS = lateral coxal spine (teal); MP = metaplica (blue); MPF = metaplical flange (purple; not very large in this specimen); PP = proplica (yellow);PPL = proplical lobe (orange; red circle). Scale bars: A–C = 0.2 mm; D = 0.01 mm. Cf. Fig. 32.

Fig. 7 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 7. Antipustia hoteldolichoiuli gen. et sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621700), first pair of legs. A. Anterior view. B. Sublateral view. C. Ventral view. Abbreviations: APS = mesapical prefemoral setae; CXS = coxosternal setae; LPS = lateral prefemoral setae. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 16 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 16. Calyptomastix ingemanni sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621715), right gonopod telopodite. A. Posterior view. B. Anterior view.C. (Sub)mesal view. D. Basal (dorsal) view. E. Apical (ventral) view. Abbreviations: PN = post-torsal narrowing; PTS = post-torsal spine; SLM = solenomere; TM = telomere; TT = torsotope. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 4 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 4. Telsons of odontopygids. A. Spinotarsus axeli sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621761), telson and last six body rings, lateral view. B. Xystopyge bentemarieae sp. nov., paratype, ♂ (NHMD 621767), telson, lateral view, showing two setae per anal valve as characteristic of the genus Xystopyge. C–D. Aquattuor udzungwensis Enghoff, 2015, telson and last body ring (from Enghoff & Frederiksen 2015), showing three setae per anal valve as characteristic of most odontopygids; setae in this species placed on ravelins on raised valve margins. C. Lateral view, also showing the rectangular limbus flaps characteristic of the genus Aquattuor. D. Posterior view. Stars indicate the dorsal anal valve spines characteristic of family Odontopygidae; white arrows indicate anal valve setae. Scale bars: A = 1 mm; B–D = 0.1 mm. A–B: Photo S.G. Selvantharan.

Fig. 11 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 11. Aptyctosmilax helenae gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621701), left gonopod telopodite. A. Posterior view. B. Posterio-mesal view. C. Ventral view. D. Anterior view, without basomere. E. Tip of solenomere. Abbreviations: BA = basomere; BSS = basal solenomeral spine; PN = post-torsal narrowing; PTS = post-torsal spine; SLM = solenomere; TL = torsotope lobe; TM = telomere; TT = torsotope. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 6 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 6. Odontopygid gonopod terminology, telopodite, exemplified by Lamelloramus frederiksenae sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621744), left gonopod telopodite. A. Anterior view, "90°" indicates arculus. The double-headed arrow indicates the torsotope. B. Posterior view. Abbreviations: BA = basomere (yellow); BSS = basal solenomeral spine (light green); PN = post-torsal narrowing; PTS = post-torsal spine (orange); SLM = solenomere (medium green);TM = telomere (blue); TT = torsotope. Scale bars = 0.2 mm. Cf. Fig. 42.

Fig. 18 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 18. Calyptomastix vuasu sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621717). A–F. Left gonopod telopodite. A. Anterior view. B. Ventral view. C. Posterior view. D. Dorsal view. F. Mesal view. G. Right gonopod solenomere. H. Sternum 9. Abbreviations: BSS = basal solenomeral spine; fl = flange; PTS = post-torsal spine; SLM = solenomere; TM = telomere; TT = torsotope. Light blue areas obscured covered by mounting tape. Scale bars: A–F, H = 0.1 mm; G not to scale.

Fig. 17 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 17. Calyptomastix vuasu sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621717). A–C. Left gonopod coxa. A. Anterior view. B. Mesal view. C. Posterior view. D. Midbody dorsal limbus. Abbreviations: CU = cucullus; LCS = lateral coxal process; MP =metaplica; mtp = metaplical triangular process; PP = proplica; PPL = proplical lobe. Scale bars: A–C = 0.2 mm; D = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 19 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 19. Calyptomastix xystopygoides sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621718). A–C. First pair of legs. A. Sublateral view. B. Anterior view. C. Ventral view. D. Midbody dorsal limbus (worn). E. Midbody ventrolateral limbus. F–I. Left gonopod coxa. F. Anterior view. G. Anterior-lateral view. H. Posteriormesal view. I. lateral view. Abbreviations: APS = mesapical prefemoral setae; CU = cucullus; cus = cucullar spine; CXS = coxosternal setae; hh = hemisphaerical hump; LCS= lateral coxal spine; LPS = lateral prefemoral setae; MP = metaplica; ms = metazonital striae; PP = proplica, Scale bars: A–C, F–I = 0.1 mm; D–E = 0.02 mm.

Fig. 23 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 23. Calyptomastix zoltani sp. nov., paratype, ♂ from Amani (NHMD 621720). A–C. Left gonopod coxa. A. Lateral view. B. Subposterior view. C. Mesal view. D–F. Left gonopod telopodite. D. Detail from basal outer surface of telomere. E. Posterior view. F. Distal part of telomere, with part of solenomere, posterior-apical view. Abbreviations: ha = 'hairy' area; MP = metaplica; mpp = mesal proplical process; msp = metaplical spinelike process; PP = proplica; si = mesal sinus; SLM = solenomere; sr = serrated ridge; to = tongue-like lobe; ul = slightly undulate lamella. Scale bars: A–B, D–E = 0.05 mm; C = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 14 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 14. Calyptomastix ingemanni sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621715). A–C. First pair of legs. A. Sublateral view. B. Anterior view. C. Ventral view. D. Sternum 9. Abbreviations: APS= mesapical prefemoral setae; CXS = coxosternal setae; LPS = lateral prefemoral setae. Scale bars: A = 0.1 mm; B–D = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 22 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 22. Calyptomastix zoltani sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621719). A–E. Left gonopod telpodite. A. Anterior view. B, E. Posterior view. C. Ventral view. D. Dorsal view. F. Sternum 9. Abbreviations: bts = basal telomeral spine; PTS = post-torsal spine; SLM = solenomere; TL = torsotope lobe; TM = telomere; to = tongue-like lobe; TT = torsotope. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 15 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 15. Calyptomastix ingemanni sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621715). A–E. Right gonopod coxa. A. Anterior view. B. Mesal view. C. Posterior view. D. Lateral view. E. Cucullus. F. Midbody dorsal imbus. Abbreviations:CU = cucullus; fp = fingerlike process; MP =metaplica; mtp = metaplical triangular process; PP = proplica; PPL = proplical lobe. Scale bars: A–D = 0.2 mm; E = 0.02 mm; F = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 2 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 2. The Eastern Arc Mountains, with numbers of species of Odontopygidae known from each mountain block. The odontopygids of the Taita Hills in Kenya are not covered by the present work, and those of the Udzungwa Mts are only marginally covered. Base map by permission of the Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund.

Figure 4 in Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains

Figure 4. Maximum likelihood-based phylogeny, with 100 bootstrap replicates and using all the 26 mitochondrial genomes generated in this study. The dataset was supplemented with Thyropygus sp. and Abacion magnum as outgroups, with sequences derived from GenBank. GenBank accession numbers are given in parentheses. Colours represent Tropostreptus sample origins. The upper right inset shows the topology of the Tropostreptus hamatus lineage, enlarged to clarify the branching order. Only support values <100 are shown. *Thyropygus sp. (red font) is very likely to be a species misidentification; for more information, see Discussion text.

Figure 5. Bayesian phylogeny, with species divergence age estimates reconstructed with BEAST using all the 26 in Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains

Figure 5. Bayesian phylogeny, with species divergence age estimates reconstructed with BEAST using all the 26 mitochondrial genomes generated in this study. The dataset was supplemented with Thyropygus sp. and Abacion magnum as outgroups, derived from GenBank. GenBank accession numbers are provided in parentheses. Blue bars indicate the 95% highest probability density intervals for node ages. Age estimation for lineage divergence was based on a general arthropod mitochondrial DNA substitution rate and should be considered with caution. *Thyropygus sp. (red font) is very likely to be a misidentification; for more information, see the Discussion.

Figure 1 in Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains

Figure 1. Typical Tropostreptus appearance exemplified by a Tropostreptus hamatus individual from Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (photograph credit: Nikolaj Scharff).

Figure 2 in Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains

Figure 2. Map showing the origin of the millipede specimens used in the study, with the accuracy of location restricted to mountain blocks. Coloured circles all represent Tropostreptus species, whereas grey symbols represent species from other millipede genera. Base map published by permission of the Eastern Arc Mountains Conservation Endowment Fund.

Figure 3 in Complete mitochondrial genomes from museum specimens clarify millipede evolution in the Eastern Arc Mountains

Figure 3. The gene order of mitochondrial coding sequences shared among all analysed millipede species in this study, which include all known species of Tropostreptus (T. droides, T. hamatus, T. kipunji, T. microcephalus, T. severus and T. sigmatospinus), in addition to Archispirostreptus gigas, Chaleponcus netus, Macrolenostreptus orestes, Prionopetalum kraepelini and Pseudotibiozus cerasopus. Colour key: red, ribosomal RNA (rRNA); pink, transfer RNA (tRNA); yellow, protein-coding sequences (CDS). Arrows indicate gene transcription orientation.