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Fig. 9. Asterostegus tuberculatus Mortensen, 1933 in A taxonomic review of the genus Asterostegus (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), with the description of a new species

Fig. 9. Asterostegus tuberculatus Mortensen, 1933 (SMNH 123461). A. Aboral middle portion of arm. B. Aboral distal portion of arm. C. Oral proximal portion of arm. D. Oral middle portion of arm. E. Oral distal portion of arm. F. Lateral distal portion of arm. Abbreviations: AS = arm spine, LAP = lateral arm plate, Tu = tubercle.

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Fig. 6. Asterostegus maini McKnight, 2003 in A taxonomic review of the genus Asterostegus (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), with the description of a new species

Fig. 6. Asterostegus maini McKnight, 2003 (NIWA 7564, H-733). A. Aboral view. B. Oral view. C. Aboral periphery of disc. D. Aboral central disc. E. Jaws. F. Oral periphery of disc. G. Lateral disc. H. Aboral proximal portion of arm. I. Aboral middle portion of arm. J. Oral proximal portion of arm. K. Lateral middle portion of arm. Arrows indicate positions where oral interradial plates should exist (F, G). Abbreviations: ADS = adoral shield, AS = arm spine, GS = genital slit, LAP = lateral arm plate, Te = teeth, Ten = tentacle, Tu = tubercle.

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Fig. 4 in A taxonomic review of the genus Asterostegus (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea), with the description of a new species

Fig. 4. Asterostegus sabineae sp. nov., paratype (SMNH-Type-8536), SEM photographs. A-D. Vertebrae from middle portion of arm: distal view (A), aboral view (B), oral view (C), lateral view (D). E-H. Vertebrae from distal portion of arm: distal view (E), aboral view (F), oral view (G), lateral view (H). I. Lateral arm plate from middle portion of arm. Abbreviations: K = knobs, MO = muscle opening, OB = oral bridge.

Fig. 4 in Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific

Fig. 4. Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov., paratype (ICML-UNAM 18319, DD = 2.2 mm). A. Dorsal view. B. Basal dorsal arm. C. Dorsal arm. D. Ventral arm. E. Dorsal disc. F. Ventral disc. G. Interradii. H. Mouth.

Fig. 1 in Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific

Fig. 1. Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov., holotype (ICML-UNAM 18315, DD = 14.8 mm). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Mouth. D. Structures of a jaw (according to Hendler 2018). E. Basal dorsal arm. F. Dorsal arm. G. Ventral arm. H. Lateral arm plates and arm spines. I. Dorsal view. See Material and methods for abbreviations.

Fig. 3 in Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific

Fig. 3. Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov., paratype (ICML-UNAM 10582, DD = 4.8 mm). A. Dorsal view. B. Basal dorsal arm. C. Dorsal arm. D. Ventral arm. E. Dorsal disc. F. Ventral disc. G. Interradii. H. Mouth.

Fig. 2 in Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific

Fig. 2. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov., paratype (ICML-UNAM 18323, DD = 15 mm). A–B. Radial shield (external view), deepest pores marked with arrows. C. Center of the distal portion of the radial shield, open meshed pores. D. Dorsal arm plate, with one spur. E. Ventral arm plate, with one spur. F. Lateral arm plate, external face, with two spurs and one condyle. G. Lateral arm plate, lateral face, with spine articulations. H. Lateral arm plate, internal face. I. Outer surface of the LAP (F) with finely meshed and polygonal knobs. J. Spine articulations with a weak sigmoidal fold and tilted lobes. K. Arm vertebra, distal face. L. Arm vertebra, proximal face. M. Tentacle scale. N. Arm spine. O. Dental plate fragments. P. Oral plate, abradial face. Q. Oral plate, adradial face.

Fig. 6 in Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific

Fig. 6. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma panamense (ICML-UNAM 3.18.60, DD = 11.1 mm). A. Radial shield (external view), the pores marked with arrows. B. Dorsal arm plate, with seven spurs. C. Ventral arm plate with one spur. D. Lateral arm plate, external face, with two spurs. E. Lateral arm plate, lateral face, with spine articulations. F. Lateral arm plate, internal face. G. Outer surface of the LAP (D) with fine mesh and rounded knobs. H. Spine articulations with a weak sigmoidal fold and tilted lobes. I. Arm vertebra, proximal face. J. Arm vertebra, distal face. K. Tentacle scale. L. Arm spine. M. Dental plate fragments.

Fig. 7. Ophioderma pentacanthum H.L. Clark, 1917 in Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific

Fig. 7. Ophioderma pentacanthum H.L. Clark, 1917, paratype (A–G = MCZ OPH-4519, DD = 21.1 mm H–I = MZUCR-ECH 1413, DD = 23.0 mm; J–K = MZUCR-ECH 1414, DD = 26.8 mm). A. Dorsal disc. B. Ventral disc. C. Mouth. D. Dorsal arm. E. Ventral arm. F. Dorsal view. G. Pores between proximal ventral arm plates. H. Pores in proximal ventral arm plates. I. Pores in median ventral arm plates. J. Pores in proximal ventral arm plates. K. Pores in median ventral arm plates.

Fig. 5. A–D in Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific

Fig. 5. A–D. Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. A–B. In vivo coloration in natural habitat. C–D. In vivo coloration of collected specimens. – E–J. Ophioderma panamense Lütken, 1859, holotype (NHMD- 107679, DD = 21.9 mm). E. Dorsal disc. F. Ventral disc. G. Mouth. H. Dorsal arm. I. Ventral arm. J. Dorsal view.

Fig. 9 in Ophioderma hendleri sp. nov. (Echinodermata: Ophiuroidea: Ophiodermatidae) and its congeners from the Eastern Pacific

Fig. 9. SEM images of skeletal elements of Ophioderma variegatum (ICML-UNAM 3.20.4, DD = 13.6 mm). A. Radial shield (external view), deepest pores marked with arrows. B. Dorsal arm plate, with five spurs. C. Ventral arm plate, with one spur. D. Lateral arm plate, external face, with two spurs and one condyle. E. Lateral arm plate, lateral face, with spine articulations. F. Lateral arm plate, internal face. G. Outer surface of the LAP (D) with fine mesh and rounded knobs. H. Spine articulations with a weak sigmoidal fold and tilted lobes. I. Arm vertebra, distal face. J. Arm vertebra, proximal face. K. Arm spine. L. Dental plate fragments. M. Oral plate, adradial face, with arrows pointing to four oral papillae sockets.

Fig. 2 in Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification

Fig. 2. Examples of skeletal structures of brittlestars. A. Dorsal disc with scales and plates in Amphiura Forbes, 1843 (P). B. Oral frame with teeth (T) and apical tooth cluster (APC) in Ophiocoma L. Agassiz, 1836. C. Oral frame with infradental oral papillae (IP) in Ophioplax Lyman, 1875. D. Disc spines in Ophiacantha Müller & Troschel, 1842. E. Disc granules in Ophiocoma L. Agassiz, 1836. F. Disc tubercles in Acrocnida Gislén, 1926. G. Dental plate (DP) in Ophiura Lamarck, 1801, with teeth attached. H. Dental plate with sockets for regular teeth (TS) and for apical tooth cluster (APC) in Ophiocoma L. Agassiz, 1836. I–J. Lateral arm plate in Amphiura Forbes, 1843. I. External view with arm spine articulations (ASA). J. Internal view. Scale bars in millimetres.

Fig. 7 in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 7. Ophioculina hoybergia Rousseau & Thuy gen. et sp. nov., paratypes. A–B. Paratype PMO 218.001c. A. Nearly complete specimen (outlined) preserving five arms and the ventral side of the disc, on a concretion slab with an accumulation of specimens. B. Detail view of arm section. C. Paratype PMO 218.048. Articulated ventral disc preserving good details of the oral plates, the second oral tentacle pores and the rows of papillae bordering the genital slit. D–E. Paratype PMO 218.010b. D. Articulated specimen preserving the basal portion of five arms and showing details of the dorsal disc. E. Detail view of arm section. Abbreviations: aos = adoral shield; lap = lateral arm plate; os = oral shield; rs = radial shield; sart = spine articulation; tp = tentacle pore; vap = ventral arm plate; 2otp = second oral tentacle pore.

Fig. 4 in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 4. Ophiogaleus sp. PMO 217.899a. A. Specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area, two nearly complete arms and proximal area of a third arm. B. Detail view of the disc area. C. Drawing detail of the area shown in B. D. Detail view of a proximal section of arm. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; ds = disc spine; lopa = lateral oral papillae; op = oral plate; sart = spine articulation; v = vertebra.

Fig. 6 in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 6. Ophioculina hoybergia Rousseau & Thuy gen. et sp. nov., holotype PMO 217.930. A. Specimen preserving the ventral side of about half of the disc area and the proximal section of three arms. B. Drawing detail of the oral region, from D. C. Detail view of the base of an arm showing the arm comb. D. Detail view of the oral region. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; aopa = apical oral papilla; as = arm spine; gpa = genital papilla; lap = lateral arm plate; lopa = lateral oral papilla; op = oral plate; os = oral shield; v = vertebra; 2opa = papilla of the second oral tentacle pore.

Fig. 2 in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 2. Polarasterias janusensis Rousseau & Gale gen. et sp. nov. A–C. Holotype PMO 218.011a. A. Nearly complete specimen preserved in a cut-through fashion. B. Drawing detail from ambulacral groove showing ambulacrals, adambulacrals, adambulacral spines and scattered valves of forcipulate pedicellariae. C. Portion of arm illustrated in B, basal pieces of straight pedicellariae visible in cross section. D. Paratype PMO 217.982, oral region in actinal view. E. Paratype PMO 217.936, Arm tip showing terminal ossicle. F–G. Paratype PMO 218.069. F. Obliquely compressed radius showing adambulacrals, marginals, and columns of abactinal ossicles. G. Drawing detail from F. Abbreviations: abact = abactinal ossicle; adamb sp = adambulacral spine; adamb = adambulacral; amb = ambulacral; im = inferomarginal; ped bp = basal piece of pedicellariae; sm = superomarginal; sp = spine.

Fig. 5 in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 5. Ophiogaleus sp. A–E. PMO 218.060, specimen preserving the ventral side of the disc area and the base of all five arms. The specimen has been split through a horizontal plane and is visible as part (A) and counterpart (B). Photographs in A and B by H.A. Nakrem. C. Drawing detail of the oral and interradial area. D. Detail view of proximal arm segments with articulated spines. E. Detail view of distal arm segment. F. PMO 218.053a, partly disarticulated arm portion composed of three median segments showing details of the ventral side of the arms. Abbreviations: abgp = abradial genital plate; adgp = adradial genital plate; as = arm spine; cs = arm in cross section; dp = dental plate; ds = disc spine; lap = lateral arm plate; op = oral plate; rs = radial shield; vap = ventral arm plate.

Fig. 1 in Morphological diagnoses of higher taxa in Ophiuroidea (Echinodermata) in support of a new classification

Fig. 1. Summary phylogenetic tree of the ophiuroid higher taxonomy. Modified from O'Hara et al. (2017: fig. 1), with Ophiobyrsidae included based on O'Hara et al. (2017: fig. S3) sample Ophiuroidea_ sp_IE.2009.1713 (= Ophiophrixus_confinis) and additional unpublished exon-capture data on samples Ophiobyrsa_rudis_F222711 and Ophiosmilax_sp_IE.2207.6967. All-sites PLRS/RAxML tree with node support and age confidence intervals (coloured bars). Node support shows all-sites RAxML BS followed by the proportion of the data subset trees in agreement. For all other nodes support was 100/1. The root was fixed according to O'Hara et al. (2014) at 270 Ma.

Fig. 1. A in New articulated asteroids (Echinodermata, Asteroidea) and ophiuroids (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) from the Late Jurassic (Volgian / Tithonian) of central Spitsbergen

Fig. 1. A. Simplified geological map of the study area in Sassenfjorden, central Spitsbergen, with location of the Janusfjellet (1), Konusdalen (2) and Knorringfjellet (3) collection sites. Redrawn and adapted from Dallmann et al. (2001) by H.A. Nakrem, used with permission. B. Chrono- and lithostratigraphic correlation for the Late Jurassic-Earliest Cretaceous interval of central Spistbergen. The Slottsmøya Member is indicated by a star. Modified with permission from Dalseg et al. (2016). C. Janusfjellet locality, 78°20′35.4″ N, 15°49′85.2″ E, surface outcrop. D. Konusdalen locality, 78°19′97.1″ N, 15°52′15.5″ E, in situ layer. E. Knorringfjellet locality, N 78° 18' 04.4" E 16° 16' 02.0", surface outcrop.