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138 results for “Elevation change”
Data from: DNA metabarcoding reveals changes in the contents of carnivorous plants along an elevation gradient
Resource variation along abiotic gradients influences subsequent trophic interactions and these effects can be transmitted through entire food webs. Interactions along abiotic gradients can provide clues as to how organisms will face changing environmental conditions, such as future range shifts. However, it is challenging to find replicated systems to study these effects. Phytotelmata, such as those found in carnivorous plants, are isolated aquatic communities and thus form a good model for the study of replicated food webs. Due to the degraded nature of the prey, molecular techniques provide a useful tool to study these communities. We studied the pitcher plant Sarracenia purpurea L. in allochthonous populations along an elevational gradient in the Alps and Jura. We predicted that invertebrate richness in the contents of the pitcher plants would decrease with increasing elevation, reflecting harsher environmental conditions. Using metabarcoding of the COI gene, we sequenced the invertebrate contents of these pitcher plants. We assigned Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units at ordinal level as well as recovering species-level data. We found small but significant changes in community composition with elevation. These recovered sequences could belong to invertebrate prey, rotifer inquilines, pollinators and other animals possibly living inside the pitchers. However, we found no directional trend or site-based differences in MOTU richness with elevational gradient. Use of molecular techniques for dietary or contents analysis is a powerful way to examine numerous degraded samples, although factors such as DNA persistence and the relationship to species presence still have to be completely determined.
Elevational niche-shift migration: Why the degree of elevational change matters for the ecology, evolution, and physiology of migratory birds to ornithology
<p>Elevational migration can be defined as roundtrip seasonal movement that involves upward and downward shifts in elevation. These shifts incur physiological challenges that are proportional to the degree of elevational change. Larger shifts in elevation correspond to larger shifts in partial pressure of oxygen, air density, temperature, and UV exposure. Although most avian examples of elevational migration involve subtle shifts that would have minimal impacts on physiology, shifts of <i>any magnitude</i> have previously been considered under the broad umbrella of 'elevational migration'. Here, we consider extreme seasonal elevational movements (≥2000 m), sufficient to shift the elevational dimension of the eco-climatic niche. Migratory bird populations typically maintain inter-seasonal stability in the temperature, precipitation, and elevational aspects of their climatic niches, a tendency that likely reflects genetic physiological specialization on environmental conditions such as atmospheric pressure. A shift of ≥2000 m involves a ≥20% change in air density and oxygen partial pressure, sufficient to incur functionally impactful declines in arterial blood-oxygen saturation and require compensatory shifts in respiratory physiology. We refer to this phenomenon as elevational niche-shift migration (ENSM). In this review, we analyzed >4 million occurrence records to identify 105 populations, representing 92 bird species, that undergo complete or partial ENSM. We identified key ecological and evolutionary questions regarding causes and consequences of ENSM. Our synthesis reveals that ENSM has evolved independently in at least 29 avian families spanning 10 orders. Nonetheless, ENSM is rare relative to other forms of seasonal migration, consistent with the general tendency of seasonal niche conservatism by migratory species and evolutionarily conserved elevational range limits. For many migratory species and populations, within-species patterns of migratory connectivity are not sufficiently understood to determine ENSM status. ENSM is distinguished by its scale within the broader phenomenon of elevational migration. Critical examination of ENSM illustrates fundamental constraints on the ecology and evolution of migration systems, topographical influences on geographic patterns of migratory connectivity, and the remarkable metabolic flexibility of certain bird species that allows them to occupy disparate elevations across different seasons.</p>
Data from: Multi-trophic guilds respond differently to changing elevation in a subtropical forest
Negative relationships between species richness and elevation are common and attributed to changes in single environmental properties associated to elevation, such as temperature and habitat area. However, research has lacked taxonomic breadth and comprehensive elevation studies that consider multiple groups from different trophic levels are rare. We thus analysed 24 groups of plants, arthropods, and microorganisms grouped into six trophic guilds (predators, detritivores, herbivores, plants, bacteria and fungi) along a relatively short elevational gradient (~600 m) in a subtropical forest in south-east China. The total species richness of all organisms was not related to elevation, nor was the richness of plants, herbivores or microorganisms. However, species richness and abundance in two major trophic guilds of arthropods changed with elevation, which was mediated by changes in elevation-associated habitat properties. Specifically, deadwood mass increased with elevation, which increased detritivore richness indirectly via detritivore abundance, thus supporting the 'more individuals hypothesis'. In contrast, lower predator richness at higher elevations was directly related to lower mean temperatures, which had no effect on abundance. Our study demonstrates that even along relatively short gradients, elevation can have strong direct and abundance-mediated effects on species richness, but with effects varying from positive to negative signs depending on local resource availability and the characteristics of groups or trophic guilds. If elevation positively influences local environmental properties that benefit a given group, richness can increase towards higher elevations. Thus, the effect of global change in mountainous regions should be evaluated within the local environmental context using multi-taxon approaches.
Data from: Variation in growth and defence traits among plant populations at different elevations: implications for adaptation to climate change
Alpine plants occurring at high elevation are vulnerable to ongoing climate change, yet relatively little is known about the potential for high‐elevation species to adapt to changing environmental conditions. In particular, the extent to which high‐elevation plants will be able to resist predicted increases in the intensity of biotic interactions, such as herbivory, remains unclear. Species distributed across broad elevational ranges provide an opportunity to investigate evolutionary mechanisms and traits involved in adaptation to varying abiotic and biotic environments. This study focused on the perennial alpine plant Arabis alpina and combined field surveys and climate‐chamber experiments to test for intraspecific genetic divergence in traits related to growth and defence against herbivores. We screened multiple populations from low, intermediate and high elevations across a broad geographic area, characterising differences in growth form, leaf structural traits, palatability for herbivores and defensive chemistry. We then quantified the proportion of variation explained by elevation and population‐level effects. Our results document within‐species genetic divergence in multiple traits relevant for adaptation to the different abiotic and biotic pressures experienced at low and high elevations. Rates of herbivore damage declined with increasing elevation in the field, but plants from high‐ and intermediate‐elevation populations were generally more palatable for specialist herbivores than those from low‐elevation populations in feeding assays. Elevational clines were also observed in several glucosinolate defence compounds, and leaf herbivory more strongly induced glucosinolates in plants from high‐elevation populations than in those from low‐elevation populations. Leaf trichome density and growth form also diverged among populations contributing to growth‐defence phenotypes associated with different elevations. However, populations from similar elevations often differed significantly in both growth and defence‐related traits, with trait variation often better explained by population‐level effects than by elevation alone. Synthesis: Arabis alpina exhibits patterns of genetic variation in growth and defence traits consistent with adaptation to different elevations. However, populations from similar elevations also diverged in many of these ecologically relevant traits. Together, the extent of the observed trait variation suggests that this alpine species has considerable potential to adapt to a changing biotic environment.
GNSS uplift time series and ice surface elevation changes
<p class="MsoNoSpacing">We use Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) stations attached to bedrock to measure elastic displacements of the solid Earth caused by dynamic thinning near the glacier terminus. When we compare our results with discharge, we find a time lag between glacier speedup/slowdown and onset of dynamic thinning/thickening. Our results show that dynamic thinning/thickening on Jakobshavn Isbræ occurs 0.87 ± 0.07 years before speedup/slowdown. This implies that using GNSS time series we are able to predict speedup/slowdown of Jakobshavn Isbræ by up to 10.4 months. For Kangerlussuaq Glacier the lag between thinning/thickening and speedup/slowdown is 0.37 ± 0.17 years (4.4 months).</p>
Data from: Mediating water temperature increases due to livestock and global change in high elevation meadow streams of the Golden Trout Wilderness
Rising temperatures due to climate change are pushing the thermal limits of many species, but how climate warming interacts with other anthropogenic disturbances such as land use remains poorly understood. To understand the interactive effects of climate warming and livestock grazing on water temperature in three high elevation meadow streams in the Golden Trout Wilderness, California, we measured riparian vegetation and monitored water temperature in three meadow streams between 2008 and 2013, including two "resting" meadows and one meadow that is partially grazed. All three meadows have been subject to grazing by cattle and sheep since the 1800s and their streams are home to the imperiled California golden trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss aguabonita). In 1991, a livestock exclosure was constructed in one of the meadows (Mulkey), leaving a portion of stream ungrazed to minimize the negative effects of cattle. In 2001, cattle were removed completely from two other meadows (Big Whitney and Ramshaw), which have been in a "resting" state since that time. Inside the livestock exclosure in Mulkey, we found that riverbank vegetation was both larger and denser than outside the exclosure where cattle were present, resulting in more shaded waters and cooler maximal temperatures inside the exclosure. In addition, between meadows comparisons showed that water temperatures were cooler in the ungrazed meadows compared to the grazed area in the partially grazed meadow. Finally, we found that predicted temperatures under different global warming scenarios were likely to be higher in presence of livestock grazing. Our results highlight that land use can interact with climate change to worsen the local thermal conditions for taxa on the edge and that protecting riparian vegetation is likely to increase the resiliency of these ecosystems to climate change.
2020-2022-glacier-elevation-change-data-in-Muztag-Ata-and-Western-Nyainqentanglha-from-Pleiades-DEMs
<p>This data set provides outlier removed, gap filled elevation change values (in meters) of the glaciers in the Muztagh Ata and Western Nyainqentanglha massif in High Mountain Asia from 2020 to 2022.</p>
Derived products from "Beyond glacier wide mass balances: parsing seasonal elevation change into spatially-resolved patterns of accumulation and ablation at Wolverine Glacier, Alaska"
<p>Distributed mass balances, emergence velocities, firn compaction rates, and co-registered 10 m resolution DEMs from "Beyond glacier wide mass balances: parsing seasonal elevation change into spatially-resolved patterns of accumulation and ablation at Wolverine Glacier, Alaska" (in review) (Zeller et al., 2022).</p>
Independent variation of avian sensitivity to climate change and trait-based adaptive capacity along a tropical elevational gradient
<p>Aim: How species respond to climate change is influenced by their sensitivity to climatic conditions (i.e., their climatic niche) and aspects of their adaptive capacity (e.g., their dispersal ability, ecological niche). To date, it is largely unknown whether and how species' sensitivity to climate change and their adaptive capacity covary. However, understanding this relationship is important to predict the potential consequences of a changing climate for species assemblages. Here, we test how species' sensitivity to climate change and trait-based measures of their ecological adaptive capacity (i) vary along a broad elevational gradient and (ii) covary across a large number of bird species.</p> <p>Location: A Neotropical elevational gradient (300 - 3600 m.a.s.l.) in the Manú biosphere reserve, south‐east Peru.</p> <p>Methods: We focus on 215 frugivorous bird species along a Neotropical elevational gradient. We approximate species' sensitivity to climate change by their climatic niche breadth, based on species occurrences across South America and bioclimatic variables. In addition, we use a trait-based approach to estimate the dispersal ability of species (approximated by their wing pointedness), their dietary niche breadth (approximated by bill width), and their habitat niche breadth (the number of used habitat classes).</p> <p>Results: We found that (i) species' climatic niche breadth increased with elevation, while their trait-based dispersal ability and dietary niche breadth decreased with elevation, and (ii) sensitivity to climate change and trait-based adaptive capacity were not related across species.</p> <p>Main conclusions: These results suggest different mechanisms of how species in lowland and highland assemblages might respond to climate change. The independent variation of species' sensitivity to climate change and their trait-based adaptive capacity suggests that accounting for both dimensions will improve assessments of species' susceptibility to climate change and potential impacts of climate change on diverse species assemblages.</p>
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003). in Muridae
Deccan region, Madras, India. Genus Vandeleuria is masculine, so widely used specific name oleracea has been changed for gender agreement. Vandeleuria oleraceusis possibly a composite of species. Polytypic, but subspecific taxonomy requires reassessment. Distribution. Widespread in S Asia (India, Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lan-ka), S China (W & S Yunnan), and mainland SE Asia N of the Isthmus of Kra. Descriptive notes. Head-body 68 mm, tail 105 mm, ear 13 mm, hindfoot 17 mm; weight 10 g. The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse is small, with flat nail on outer finger and outertoe; tail is slender, brown, twice as long as head-body length, and lacks distal tuft. Dorsal pelageis silky and salmon in color; venter is white, with fulvous hues. Habitat. Tall cane and tangled vines in primary and secondary forest such as bamboo forest, moist deciduous forest, temperate forests, montane wet zone, and disturbed secondary forests, and perhaps agricultural areas at elevations of 150-1500 m. Food and Feeding. Indomalayan [Long-tailed Climbing Mice eat fruits, buds, and flowers. Breeding. Litters of the Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse have 3-6 young. Activity patterns. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice are arboreal and nocturnal, although one individual was caught duringthe day. Movements, Home range and Social organization. Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mice build nests in tall bushes or cane to rear their young. Status and Conservation. Classified as Least Concern on The IUCN Red Last (as V. olacea). The Indomalayan Long-tailed Climbing Mouse occurs in several habitats and a wide distribution that includes national parks. Further taxonomical studies are required to assess conservation status ofthis potentially diverse species complex. Bibliography. Corbet & Hill (1992), Dang Huy Huynh et al. (1994), Ellerman (1941), Marshall (1977b), Musser & Carleton (2005), Osgood (1932), Phillips (1980), Wang Yingxiang (2003).
Figure S2 in Living in a cold tropical mountain: do the microhabitat use and activity pattern change with elevation in the high-Andean lizard Stenocercus trachycephalus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)?
Figure S2. Environmental temperature fluctuation throughout the day at Las Moyas.
Figure S1 in Living in a cold tropical mountain: do the microhabitat use and activity pattern change with elevation in the high-Andean lizard Stenocercus trachycephalus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)?
Figure S1. Environmental temperature fluctuation throughout the day in La Chacua.
Figure 2 in Living in a cold tropical mountain: do the microhabitat use and activity pattern change with elevation in the high-Andean lizard Stenocercus trachycephalus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)?
Figure 2. Frequency of individuals of Stenocercus trachycephalus on each microhabitat by locality.
Figure S3 in Living in a cold tropical mountain: do the microhabitat use and activity pattern change with elevation in the high-Andean lizard Stenocercus trachycephalus (Squamata: Tropiduridae)?
Figure S3. Environmental temperature fluctuation throughout the day in Guanentá.
Monthly changes in glacier surface elevation on HMA
<p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/5c8e256d-a2db-43aa-9f1f-d421b1881b58/Time_Series_Glacier_Surface_Elevation.rar">Time_Series_Glacier_Surface_Elevation.rar</a> is Monthly changes in glacier surface elevation on HMA by ICESat-2 from Oct. 2018 to Nov. 2020.</p> <p><a href="https://zenodo.org/api/files/5c8e256d-a2db-43aa-9f1f-d421b1881b58/F477_c.rar">F477_c.rar</a> is the software used to calculate the undulation between the WGS84 ellipsoid (GPS height) and the EGM96 geoid (mean sea level) in C code (namely, f477.f).</p>
Data from: Trophic niches of Collembola communities change with elevation but also with body size and life form
<p>Climate change increases habitat loss of endemic tree species and drives forest conversion in mountainous forests. Elevational gradients provide the opportunity to predict possible consequences of such changes. While species compositions of various taxa have been investigated along elevational gradients, data on trophic changes in soil-dwelling organisms is scarce. Here, we analyze trophic changes of the Collembola community along the northern slope of Changbai Mountain, China. We sampled seven elevations (800-1700 m asl) with 150 m elevational difference along a primary forest gradient. At eight subplots per elevation, we categorized Collembola species into life forms, measured individual body lengths and bulk stable isotopes. Mean and minimum <span>Δ<sup>15</sup>N and mean Δ<sup>13</sup>C increased with increasing elevation, while the range of Δ<sup>15</sup>N decreased. Maximum and minimum of Δ<sup>13</sup>C differed between elevations but showed no linear response. Isotopic uniqueness increased with elevation. Δ<sup>15</sup>N values of Collembola species occurring across all elevations increased with elevation. Changes in Δ<sup>15</sup>N with elevation were most pronounced in hemiedaphic species. Δ<sup>15</sup>N </span>values <span>increased with decreasing body size in hemiedaphic and euedaphic species. </span>Δ<sup>13</sup>C increased strongest with elevation in euedaphic species. <span>Overall, the</span> results suggest that<span> Collembola species functioning as primary decomposers shift towards functioning as secondary decomposers at higher elevations. Further</span>, access to alternative food resources may depend on Collembola life form and body size, this relationship, however, likely varies between ecosystems. Collembola functioning as secondary decomposers in coniferous forests may function as primary decomposers under climate driven forest conversion as species boundaries of tree species of lower elevations expand.</p>
Sand transport processes change in response to changing atmospheric properties at higher elevations
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Data from: Subtle changes in elevation shift bat-assemblage structure in Central Amazonia
The distribution patterns of animal species at local scales have been explained by direct influences of vegetation structure, topography, food distribution and availability. However, these variables can also interact and operate indirectly on the distribution of species. Here, we examined the direct and indirect effects of food availability (fruits and insects), vegetation clutter and elevation in structuring phyllostomid-bat assemblages in a continuous terra firme forest in Central Amazonia. Bats were captured in 49 plots over 25-km² of continuous forest. We captured 1138 bats belonging to 52 species with 7056 nethours of effort. Terrain elevation was the strongest predictor of species and guild compositions, and of bat abundance. However, changes in elevation were associated with changes in vegetation clutter, and availability of fruits and insects consumed by bats, which are likely to have had direct effects on bat assemblages. Frugivorous-bat composition was more influenced by availability of food-providing plants, while gleaning-animalivore composition was more influenced by the structural complexity of the vegetation. Although probably not causal, terrain elevation may be a reliable predictor of bat-assemblage structure at local scales in other regions. In situations where it is not possible to collect local variables, terrain elevation can substitute other variables, such as vegetation structure, and availability of fruits and insects.
Future fire-driven landscape changes along a southwestern US elevation gradient
<p>Over the 21st century, the combined effects of increased fire activity and climate changes are expected to altered forest composition and structure in many ecosystems by changing post-fire successional trajectories and recovery. The southwestern US mountains encompass varied vegetation types and species according to elevation which do not respond the same to changing climate and fire regime. Moreover, fire exclusion applied during the early 20<sup>th</sup> century has altered forest structure and fuel loads compared to their natural states (i.e. without fire suppression). Consequently, uncertainties persist about future vegetation shifts along the elevation gradient.</p> <p>In this study, we simulated future vegetation dynamics along an elevation gradient in the southwestern US comprising pinyon-juniper woodlands, ponderosa pine forests and mixed conifer forests for the period 2000-2099, to quantify the effects of future climate conditions and projected wildfires on species productivity and distribution.</p> <p>While we expected to find larger changes at low elevation due to warmer and drier conditions, the largest changes occurred at high elevation in mixed-conifer forests and were caused by wildfire. The largest increase in high-severity and large fires were recorded in this vegetation type, leading to high mortality of the dominant species, <i>Picea engelmannii</i> and <i>Abies lasiocarpa</i>, which are not adapted to fire. The loss of these two species reduced biomass productivity at high elevation. In ponderosa pine forests and pinyon-juniper woodlands, fewer vegetation changes occurred due to higher abundance of well-adapted species to fire and the lower fuel loads mitigating projected fire activity, respectively.</p> <p>Thus, future research should prioritize understanding of the processes involved in future vegetation shifts in mixed-conifer forests in order to mitigate the risk of loss of diversity specific to high-elevation forests and the decrease in biomass productivity, and thus carbon storage capacity, of these ecosystems due to wildfires.</p>
Long-term changes in flowering synchrony reflect climatic changes across an elevational gradient
<p>These are the data with the accompanying R code used in the article "Long-term changes in flowering synchrony reflect climatic changes across an elevational gradient", by Fisogni A, de Manincor N, Bertelsen CD, and Rafferty NE.</p> <p>We provide the raw data on flowering phenology, temperature and precipitation data in the study area, and overlap estimates used to evaluate temporal changes within and between elevations and their relationship with changing climatic variables.</p> <p>Data are .txt files with tab separated values.</p> <p>The raw dataset was created by C. David Bertelsen from field observations performed from 1984 to 2019 along a fixed transect in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, USA.</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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