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FIGURE 8 in Dental enamel ultrastructure in Ochotona and Prolagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from three late Miocene localities in Ukraine

FIGURE 8. Posterior lobe of lower m2 enamel ultrastructure; Ochotona cf. eximia from Verkhnya Krynytsya 2, cross-section.

FIGURE 7. Lower p3 in Dental enamel ultrastructure in Ochotona and Prolagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from three late Miocene localities in Ukraine

FIGURE 7. Lower p3 enamel ultrastructure; Ochotona cf. eximia from Verkhnya Krynytsya 2, cross-section.

FIGURE 6 in Dental enamel ultrastructure in Ochotona and Prolagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from three late Miocene localities in Ukraine

FIGURE 6. Lower incisor enamel ultrastructure; Ochotona sp. from Popovo 3, longitudinal section. 1-2, Enamel structure details from two different tooth parts.

FIGURE 2 in Dental enamel ultrastructure in Ochotona and Prolagus (Mammalia: Lagomorpha: Ochotonidae) from three late Miocene localities in Ukraine

FIGURE 2. Posterior lobe of lower m2 enamel ultrastructure; Prolagus aff. crusafonti from Popovo 3, cross- section. 1- 4, Enamel structure details from four different tooth parts.

FIGURE 7 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern

FIGURE 7. Tooth wear in the bilophodont molars of Carodnia vieirai. (7.1) Initial facets on the distal sides of the anterior loph of the left m2 (paratype, DGM 334M). (7.2) Planar wear facets on m2-m3 in a later stage of wear (holotype, DGM 333M). (7.3) Scheme for three stages of the interaction of lophs during phase I of the power stroke: cutting, compressing, central occlusion (modified from Koenigswald, 2014). (7.4) Mastication compass symbolizing the jaw moment in almost mesial direction with a high inclination.

FIGURE 3 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern

FIGURE 3. Crystallites and prisms in the enamel of Carodnia vieirai. SEM images. (3.1) Prisms in a tangential section (KOE 4122) with open prism sheaths. The crystallites are not visible. (3.2) Crystallites forming prisms and inter prismatic matrix in a tangential section (KOE 4212a). The rounded prisms have a closed prism sheath. (3.3) Transversal section of UFRJ-DG 315M showing prisms in cross-section with open prism sheaths etched away and appearing as a trench. (3.4) Prisms in HSB show different directions. One set occurs in cross-section the other more tangentially. Detail from the outer layer in a transverse section (KOE 4212e). (3.5) The enamel near the outer enamel surface in a transverse section (KOE 4121d). The prisms continue until the OES. IPM – interprismatic matrix, OES – outer enamel surface, P – prisms, PS – prism sheath.

FIGURE 2 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern

FIGURE 2. Carodnia vieirai (UFRJ-DG 315M), vertical (2.1-2) and transverse (2.3) sections of a left p1 in reflected light images (RLM). The grounded, etched and sputter coated sections were illuminated almost tangentially from different sides, indicated by the arrows framing the lamps. Areas of similar prisms orientation reflect in the light in the same intensity. The vertical section (2.1) is passing through the tip, whereas (2.2) shows the labial side, about the midpoint. All sections show the difference between the inner and the outer zone. The location of the light bulb in each photography shows where the illumination come from.

FIGURE 6 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern

FIGURE 6. Vertical Hunter-Schreger bands in tangential sections of the enamel of Carodnia vieirai (KOE 4121). (6.1) and (6.2) show the orientation of the HSB illuminated in RLM. Note in (6.2) the changing direction towards the outer rim at the right. In higher magnification in the SEM image (6.3) the transitional zones appears somewhat darker.

FIGURE 5 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern

FIGURE 5. Transverse section of the enamel in Carodnia. Mosaic of two SEM images of KOE 4121, which shows the innermost zone of radial enamel, the inner zone of transverse HSB and the outer zone of vertical HSB. EDJ – enamel-dentine junction, OES – outer enamel surface.

FIGURE 1 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern

FIGURE 1. Carodnia vieirai. (1.1) Fragmented skull (DGM 335M) and (1.2) right mandibular ramus (DGM 334M); (1.3) life reconstruction and its comparative size to other Itaboraí species (from left to right: Tetragonostylops apthomasi (Astrapotheria), Patene simpsoni (Metatheria), Colbertia magellanica (Notoungulata), Riostegotherium yanei (Xenarthra); art by Rodolfo Nogueira.

FIGURE 4 in The dentition of Carodnia vieirai (Mammalia: Xenungulata): enamel microstructure and mastication pattern

FIGURE 4. Vertical (4.1) and transverse (4.2) sections of the sputtered enamel of Carodnia vieirai in RLM. (4.1) KOE 4121, (4.2) KOE 4133. The arrow indicates the direction toward the occlusal surface.

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Text-fig. 2. ONM T-68, Arsinoitherium cf. zitteli right upper molar fragment from the divide between Oued Cherichera and Oued Grigema, Central Tunisia. a) distal view (apical part towards bottom of page), b) lingual view (apex down, distal surface to right of page) (note the almost vertical enamel-dentine junction), c) occlusal view (lingual part towards top of page). in Arsinoitherium (Embrithopoda) And Other Large Mammals And Plants From The Oligocene Of Tunisia

Text-fig. 2. ONM T-68, Arsinoitherium cf. zitteli right upper molar fragment from the divide between Oued Cherichera and Oued Grigema, Central Tunisia. a) distal view (apical part towards bottom of page), b) lingual view (apex down, distal surface to right of page) (note the almost vertical enamel-dentine junction), c) occlusal view (lingual part towards top of page).

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Text-fig. 7. Enamel microstructure in the molars of (a) Allosorex stenodus (KOE-4196 / Z 28207 – OF 6512) and (b) Blarina brevicauda (KOE-1435). SEM photos showing transverse sections of the paralophid in a lower molar. The schmelzmuster of Allosorex is one-layered and formed exclusively from radial enamel (RE), whereas the schmelzmuster of Blarina is two-layered, with an inner enamel of laterally inclined radial enamel with distinct interrow sheets (REIS). The radial enamel of the outer layer is heavily pigmented and therefore poorly etched. The pigmentation does not affect the schmelzmuster. in Allosorex Stenodus Fejfar, 1966 (Eulipotyphla, Soricidae): Re-Description Of Type Material And Re-Interpretation Of Its Fossil Record

Text-fig. 7. Enamel microstructure in the molars of (a) Allosorex stenodus (KOE-4196 / Z 28207 – OF 6512) and (b) Blarina brevicauda (KOE-1435). SEM photos showing transverse sections of the paralophid in a lower molar. The schmelzmuster of Allosorex is one-layered and formed exclusively from radial enamel (RE), whereas the schmelzmuster of Blarina is two-layered, with an inner enamel of laterally inclined radial enamel with distinct interrow sheets (REIS). The radial enamel of the outer layer is heavily pigmented and therefore poorly etched. The pigmentation does not affect the schmelzmuster.

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Text-fig. 6. Diagram showing the variation of the enamel pattern (index SDQ) vs Time slices in m1s of M. savini and Arvicola from different geographical provenances. in Independent Water Vole (Mimomys Savini, Arvicola: Rodentia, Mammalia) Lineages In Italy And Central Europe

Text-fig. 6. Diagram showing the variation of the enamel pattern (index SDQ) vs Time slices in m1s of M. savini and Arvicola from different geographical provenances.

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Text-fig. 9. Enamel differentiation index (SDQ) of Likhvinian (1, 2) and Mikulinian (3, 4) samples of Arvicola from the Russian Plain. in Late Pleistocene (Eemian) Mollusk And Small Mammal Fauna From Mikhailovka-5 (Kursk Oblast, Central Russia)

Text-fig. 9. Enamel differentiation index (SDQ) of Likhvinian (1, 2) and Mikulinian (3, 4) samples of Arvicola from the Russian Plain.

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Text-fig. 16. a) MNHN LBE 007, symphysis with left and right i/1 of Barytherium sp. from Dor el Talha, Libya. (a1 – superior stereo views of the symphysis, a2 – stereo distal view of right i/1 (arrow 1 shows the interstitial contact facet close to the apex caused by abrasion against the right i/2), a3 – section of right i/1 viewed from the radicular end to show the extent of the enamel cover (below the arrows 2) and the dome-shaped dentine mass on the lingual aspect (above the arrows), a4 – stereo occlusal views of right i/1 (note the orientation of the apical wear facet), a5 – stereo mesial view) (scale bar 5 cm); b–c) NHMUK M 82167b, distal stereo views of lower central incisors of Arcanotherium savagei from Dor el Talha, Libya, to show the interstitial wear facets near cervix caused by abrasion against the i/2s (b – left i/1, c – right i/1) (scale bar 10 cm). in Large Mammals From The Rupelian Of Oman - Recent Finds

Text-fig. 16. a) MNHN LBE 007, symphysis with left and right i/1 of Barytherium sp. from Dor el Talha, Libya. (a1 – superior stereo views of the symphysis, a2 – stereo distal view of right i/1 (arrow 1 shows the interstitial contact facet close to the apex caused by abrasion against the right i/2), a3 – section of right i/1 viewed from the radicular end to show the extent of the enamel cover (below the arrows 2) and the dome-shaped dentine mass on the lingual aspect (above the arrows), a4 – stereo occlusal views of right i/1 (note the orientation of the apical wear facet), a5 – stereo mesial view) (scale bar 5 cm); b–c) NHMUK M 82167b, distal stereo views of lower central incisors of Arcanotherium savagei from Dor el Talha, Libya, to show the interstitial wear facets near cervix caused by abrasion against the i/2s (b – left i/1, c – right i/1) (scale bar 10 cm).

Figure 7 in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)

Figure 7. Schmelzmuster mapped on the phylogeny of basal proboscideans and selected other paenungulates; the cladogram is adapted from Tassy (1996) and Gheerbrant et al. (2005a). Enamel microstructures of Elephantiformes and Deinotheriidae are from Remy (1976b), Bertrand (1989), Koenigswald et al. (1993), and Pfretzschner (1994). See text for an explanation of enamel microstructure traits.

Figure 2. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)

Figure 2. A, Phosphatherium escuilliei, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; vertical section of an upper molar with Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) that represent more than 85% of the enamel thickness. B, Tangential section in the same species, HSB present pronounced undulations. EDJ, enamel dentine junction; OES, outer enamel surface.

Figure 3. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)

Figure 3. A, Moeritherium chehbeurameuri, late–middle Eocene, Bir El Ater, Algeria; vertical section of a lower molar showing a two-layered Schmelzmuster with radial enamel in the outer zone underlain by Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB) in the inner two thirds; EDJ, enamel dentine junction. B, Daouitherium rebouli, earliest Eocene, Ouled Abdoun Basin, Morocco; horizontal section of a lower molar with open-prism cross sections and an important amount of interprismatic matrix (IPM). C, vertical section of a lower molar of the same species showing HSB that reach the outer enamel surface (OES).

Figure 5. A in Evolution of the tooth enamel microstructure in the earliest proboscideans (Mammalia)

Figure 5. A, Numidotherium koholense, early Eocene, El Kohol, Algeria; vertical section of an upper molar with thick bundles of prisms that decussate in all directions, this organization corresponds to the 3-D enamel and results in combinations of both horizontal and vertical decussations. B, same sample as (A): in some places the vertical component is more attenuated than the horizontal one, which generates essentially horizontal decussations; this peculiar and limited microstructure is evidently evocative of Hunter-Schreger bands (HSB). OES, outer enamel surface.