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172 results for “Feeding behavior”
Data from: The association of feeding behavior with the resistance and tolerance to parasites in recently diverged sticklebacks
Divergent natural selection regimes can contribute to adaptive population divergence, but can be sensitive to human-mediated environmental change. Nutrient loading of aquatic ecosystems, for example, might modify selection pressures by altering the abundance and distribution of resources and the prevalence and infectivity of parasites. Here, we used a mesocosm experiment to test for interactive effects of nutrient loading and parasitism on host condition and feeding ecology. Specifically, we investigated whether the common fish parasite Gyrodactylus sp. differentially affected recently diverged lake and stream ecotypes of three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We found that the stream ecotype had a higher resistance to Gyrodactylus sp. infections than the lake ecotype, and that both ecotypes experienced a cost of parasitism, indicated by negative relationships between parasite load and both stomach fullness and body condition. Overall, our results suggest that in the early stages of adaptive population divergence of hosts, parasites can affect host resistance, body condition, and diet.
Data from: Widespread and persistent invasions of terrestrial habitats coincident with larval feeding behavior transitions during snail-killing fly evolution (Diptera: Sciomyzidae)
Background: Transitions in habitats and feeding behaviors were fundamental to the diversification of life on Earth. There is ongoing debate regarding the typical directionality of transitions between aquatic and terrestrial habitats and the mechanisms responsible for the preponderance of terrestrial to aquatic transitions. Snail-killing flies (Diptera: Sciomyzidae) represent an excellent model system to study such transitions because their larvae display a range of feeding behaviors, being predators, parasitoids or saprophages of a variety of mollusks in freshwater, shoreline and dry terrestrial habitats. The remarkable genus Tetanocera (Tetanocerini) occupies five larval feeding groups and all of the habitat types mentioned above. This study has four principal objectives: (i) construct a robust estimate of phylogeny for Tetanocera and Tetanocerini, (ii) estimate the evolutionary transitions in larval feeding behaviors and habitats, (iii) test the monophyly of feeding groups and (iv) identify mechanisms underlying sciomyzid habitat and feeding behavior evolution. Results: Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses of molecular data provided strong support that the Sciomyzini, Tetanocerini and Tetanocera are monophyletic. However, the monophyly of many behavioral groupings was rejected via phylogenetic constraint analyses. We determined that (i) the ancestral sciomyzid lineage was terrestrial, (ii) there was a single terrestrial to aquatic habitat transition early in the evolution of the Tetanocerini and (iii) there were at least 10 independent aquatic to terrestrial habitat transitions and at least 15 feeding behavior transitions during tetanocerine phylogenesis. The ancestor of Tetanocera was aquatic with five lineages making independent transitions to terrestrial habitats and seven making independent transitions in feeding behaviors. Conclusions: The preponderance of aquatic to terrestrial transitions in sciomyzids goes against the trend generally observed across eukaryotes. Damp shoreline habitats are likely transitional where larvae can change habitat but still have similar prey available. Transitioning from aquatic to terrestrial habitats is likely easier than the reverse for sciomyzids because morphological characters associated with air-breathing while under the water's surface are lost rather than gained, and sciomyzids originated and diversified during a general drying period in Earth's history. Our results imply that any animal lineage having aquatic and terrestrial members, respiring the same way in both habitats and having the same type of food available in both habitats could show a similar pattern of multiple independent habitat transitions coincident with changes in behavioral and morphological traits.
FIGURE 2 in Longibrachium arariensis, a new species of Onuphidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the shallow water of Izu Peninsula, central Japan, with notes on its feeding behavior
FIGURE 2. Underwater photos of Longibrachium arariensis new species (photos taken by Mr K. Nin), except for E. A, four pairs of prolonged parapodia protruding from a tube above the substrate. B, the head and parapodia seen from the mouth of tube. C, close-up view of prolonged parapodia. D, prolonged parapodia set down on the substrate. E, ventral view of captured L. arariensis n. sp.
FIGURE 4 in Longibrachium arariensis, a new species of Onuphidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the shallow water of Izu Peninsula, central Japan, with notes on its feeding behavior
FIGURE 4. Chaetae of Longibrachium arariensis new species. A, large spiny hook from extended parapodium; B, short spiny hook from the same; C, bilimbate chaeta; D, limbate chaeta; E, pectinate chaeta from chaetiger 6; F, pectinate chaeta from chaetiger 20; subacicular hook from chaetiger 40.
FIGURE 3 in Longibrachium arariensis, a new species of Onuphidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the shallow water of Izu Peninsula, central Japan, with notes on its feeding behavior
FIGURE 3. Type specimens of Longibrachium arariensis new species. A, anterior part of holotype dorsal view; B, anterior part of paratype AM W35290, ventral view; C, maxillae of paratype AM W35290; D, mandible of paratype AMS; E, contracted parapodium of chaetiger 1; F, extended parapodium showing long and short hooks, viewed in underwater photograph (Fig. 2C); G to I, parapodia of chaetigers 5(G), 8(H), 20(I). Scale is 1 mm.
FIGURE 1 in Longibrachium arariensis, a new species of Onuphidae (Annelida: Polychaeta) from the shallow water of Izu Peninsula, central Japan, with notes on its feeding behavior
FIGURE 1. Map of collection site, Izu Penisula, Arari, Kamo-mura, and Koganezaki beach (● with arrow in right).
FIGURES 8–9 in Antillopsyche sessilis, new genus and species, a new Psychidae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea) from Cuba with an unusual larval feeding behavior
FIGURES 8–9. Habitus of Antillophanes cubensis. 8—Dorsal view of male holotype. CUBA: Granma, Bartolomé Masó, La Aguada de Joaquín, 1300 m. 9—Dorsal view of female paratype. CUBA: same data. Scale bar 5 mm.
FIGURES 23–24. Antillophanes cubensis larval cases and host fungi. 23 in Antillopsyche sessilis, new genus and species, a new Psychidae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea) from Cuba with an unusual larval feeding behavior
FIGURES 23–24. Antillophanes cubensis larval cases and host fungi. 23—Larval cases feeding on Trametes villosa (Polyporaceae). 24—Larvae within their cases feeding on Phylloporia pectinata (Hymenochaetaceae).
FIGURES 28–29. 28 in Antillopsyche sessilis, new genus and species, a new Psychidae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea) from Cuba with an unusual larval feeding behavior
FIGURES 28–29. 28—Dryadaula sp. (Dryadaulidae) emerged from Antillophanes cubensis modified larval case, scale bar 1 mm. 29—Baryscapus sp. (Eulophidae: Tetrastichinae), parasitoid reared from Antillophanes cubensis larva.
FIGURES 21–22. Antillophanes cubensis pupal morphology. 21 in Antillopsyche sessilis, new genus and species, a new Psychidae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea) from Cuba with an unusual larval feeding behavior
FIGURES 21–22. Antillophanes cubensis pupal morphology. 21—Ventral view of male pupa. 22—Dorsal view of male pupa. Scale bar 1 mm.
FIGURES 1–7 in Antillopsyche sessilis, new genus and species, a new Psychidae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea) from Cuba with an unusual larval feeding behavior
FIGURES 1–7. Adult morphology of Antillophanes sessilis 1—Anterior view of male head, scale bar 0.2 mm. 2—Wing venation, scale bar 1 mm. 3—Eight abdominal sternum, scale bar 0.1 mm. 4—Ventral view of male genitalia. 5—Inner lateral view of valva. 6—Aedeagus, scale bar 0.1 mm. 7—Ventral view of female genitalia, scale bar 0.1 mm.
FIGURES 26–27. Antillophanes cubensis feeding and pupal behavior. 26 in Antillopsyche sessilis, new genus and species, a new Psychidae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea) from Cuba with an unusual larval feeding behavior
FIGURES 26–27. Antillophanes cubensis feeding and pupal behavior. 26—Larval cases attached to a standing dead trunk, left arrow indicating an active feeding larva at distal end, right arrow indicating remains of fungus Trametes villosa. 27—Extruded pupal exuviae, left case bent by Dryadaula sp. (Dryadaulidae) modification, right case straight in the usual way.
FIGURE 25 in Antillopsyche sessilis, new genus and species, a new Psychidae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea) from Cuba with an unusual larval feeding behavior
FIGURE 25. Geographical distribution of Antillophanes cubensis. Question mark in western Cuba indicating unconfirmed record.
FIGURES 10–20. Antillophanes cubensis larval morphology. 10 in Antillopsyche sessilis, new genus and species, a new Psychidae (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea) from Cuba with an unusual larval feeding behavior
FIGURES 10–20. Antillophanes cubensis larval morphology. 10—Living last instar larva within its case, CUBA: Granma, Bartolomé Masó, La Aguada de Joaquín, 1300 m. 11—Lateral view of the integumental pigmentation of last instar larva. 12— Dorsal view of the integumental pigmentation of last instar larva. 13—Lateral view of prothorax, mesothorax, and abdominal segments 1, 6, 8, and 9. 14—Dorsal view of head. 15—Ventral view of head, scale bar 1 mm. 16—Dorsal view of abdominal segments 8–10. 17—Ocellar region of right side of head. 18—Ventral view of labrum. 19—Dorsal view of labrum. 20—Ventral view of left mandible, scale bar 0.5 mm.
Fig. 1 in A Stable Isotope Investigation into the Feeding Behavior of Brychius Hungerfordi Spangler (Coleoptera: Haliplidae), a Federally Endangered Crawling Water Beetle
Fig. 1. Keeling Plots of carbon (a) and nitrogen (b) signals against the reciprocal of the mass. The y-intercept is the isotopic value of the source dominating the mixture of Cocconeis and Dichotomosiphon and agrees well with the observed isotopic signature of Dichotomosiphon.
Fig. 2 in A Stable Isotope Investigation into the Feeding Behavior of Brychius Hungerfordi Spangler (Coleoptera: Haliplidae), a Federally Endangered Crawling Water Beetle
Fig. 2. Dual Isotope Plot showing the relation between primary producers and Brychius larvae and adults (consumers have been corrected for trophic enrichment). Key: Larvae (L); Adult (A); Dichotomosiphon (1); Cocconeis (2); Cladophora (3); Spirogyra (4); Chara (5); error bars represent (SD).
Fig. 1 in Larval Feeding Behavior of Gratiana spadicea (Klug) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on its Host Plant, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae): Interaction with Trichomes
Fig. 1. Scanning electron micrographs of leaf discs of Solanum sisymbriifolium used in feeding choice trials. a) High density stellate trichomes (HD) ¼ 29.7/mm2; b) low density stellate trichomes (LD) ¼ 1.07/mm2; c) submitted to mechanical removal of stellate trichomes (Bars ¼ 100 µm).
Fig. 4 in Larval Feeding Behavior of Gratiana spadicea (Klug) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on its Host Plant, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae): Interaction with Trichomes
Fig. 4. Survivorship curves of Gratiana spadicea larvae fed with intact Solanum sisymbriifolium leaf discs and with leaf discs submitted to mechanical and chemical removal of the trichomes and their exudates, and to trichomes mechanical control. Treatments followed by the same letters do not differ significantly (log rank tests, Oi ¼ 0.05).
Fig. 3 in Larval Feeding Behavior of Gratiana spadicea (Klug) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Cassidinae) on its Host Plant, Solanum sisymbriifolium Lamarck (Solanaceae): Interaction with Trichomes
Fig. 3. Leaf damage of Gratiana spadicea on Solanum sisymbriifolium leaf. a) Feeding site cleared by a first instar larva; b) detail (enlargement of the area marked in a) of a corresponding macerated lateral ray (arrow). (Bars ¼ 100 µm and 50 µm, respectively).
Figs. 13–19 in Larval Description, Adult Feeding Behavior, and Phylogenetic Placement of Megalopinus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
Figs. 13–19. Adult mouthparts of Megalopinus. 13) Right mandible, ventral view; 14) left mandible, ventral view; 15) labrum, dorsal view; 16) clypeus, dorsal view; 17) right maxilla, ventral view; 18) labium, dorsal view; 19) schematic of rotary mill, left lateral view with direction of bolus rotation as indicated by the arrow. la ¼ labium, lab ¼ labrum, ma ¼ mandible, max ¼ maxilla. Scale bars ¼ 0.01 mm.
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