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Fig. 2 in Influence of environmental variables on stream fish fauna at multiple spatial scales

Fig. 2. Detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) of fish abundance (a) and incidence (b) along the sampling sites. The species are shown in triangle and sampling sites in X-mark.

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FIGURE 3 in Habitat modification driven by land use as an environmental filter on the morphological traits of neotropical stream fish fauna

FIGURE 3 | Representation of significant associations (p <0.05) identified by the fourth-corner method in the factorial map of the RLQ analysis. Red denotes a positive relationship between morphological traits and environmental variables, blue indicates a negative relationship, and grey represents nonsignificant relationships. Codes: Cond: Conductivity, Rock: Rocky substrate, Woody: Woody debris, Turb: Turbidity, Backw: Backwater, DO: Dissolved Oxygen, Temp: Temperature. See acronyms for the morphological traits in Tab. S3.

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FIGURE 1 in Habitat modification driven by land use as an environmental filter on the morphological traits of neotropical stream fish fauna

FIGURE 1 | Study area. Location of sampling sites according with land use covers: S1 -Manoel Gomes, S2 - Pedregulho, S3 - Arquimedes, S4 - Bom Retiro, S5 - Rio da Paz, S6 - Nene, S7 - Cascavel, S8 - Afluente do Quati, and S9 - Quati.

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FIGURE 2 in Habitat modification driven by land use as an environmental filter on the morphological traits of neotropical stream fish fauna

FIGURE 2 | Relationship between morphological traits and environmental variables of the first two axes of the RLQ of the species along the lower Iguaçu River. The figures of the fish were added to illustrate the species. Codes: Woody: Woddy debris, Cond: Conductivity, Rocky: Rocky substrate, Turb: Turbidity, Backw: Backwater, DO: Dissolved Oxygen, Temp: Temperature, Anc: Ancystrus sp., Syn: Synbranchus sp., Hyp: Hypostomus sp., Hep: Heptapterus sp., Cam: Cambeva sp., Cor: Corydoras sp., Rha: Rhamdia sp., Geo: Geophagus sp., Ast: Astyanax sp., Psa: Psalidodon sp., Bry: Bryconamericus sp., Gym: Gymnotus sp., Hop: Hoplias sp., Pha: Phalloceros sp., Poe: Poecilia sp.

Fig. 3 in Ecomorphology and use of food resources: inter- and intraspecific relationships of fish fauna associated with macrophyte stands

Fig. 3. Distribution of species scores in the multivariate ecomorphological space generated by the first two PCA axes. In each diagram, the species scores were distinguished by black symbols. A polygon was used to delimit the population ecomorphological space.

Fig. 1 in Ecomorphology and use of food resources: inter- and intraspecific relationships of fish fauna associated with macrophyte stands

Fig. 1. Map depicting location of the lagoons studied (PU - Pousada das Garças; PO - Porcos; ML - Maria Luiza; ON - Onça; AS -Água Suja; XI - Xirica; PM - Pombas; IP - Ilha do Pacu; BI - Ressaco do Bilé; GA - Garças) in the Upper Paraná River floodplain, Brazil.

Fig. 2 in Ecomorphology and use of food resources: inter- and intraspecific relationships of fish fauna associated with macrophyte stands

Fig. 2. Distribution of species scores in the multivariate ecomorphological space generated by the first two PCA axes (axis 1: eigenvalue = 4.3 and explained variability (%) = 20.474; axis 2: eigenvalue = 3.4 and explained variability (%) =16.434). The main variables responsible for explaining the ordination pattern are indicated in each axis (eigenvectors axis 1: compression index = 0.9006, relative area of the anal fin = 0.6539, relative width of the mouth = 0.6068, relative height of the caudal peduncle = -0.9125 and relative length of the caudal peduncle = -0.8237; eigenvectors axis 2: aspect ratio of the pectoral fin = 0.6544, aspect ratio of the caudal fin = 0.5162, aspect ratio of the anal fin = 0.5145, relative area of the pectoral fin = -0.7929 and relative area of the dorsal fin = -0.7373).

Fig. 4 in Ecomorphology and use of food resources: inter- and intraspecific relationships of fish fauna associated with macrophyte stands

Fig. 4. Simple linear regressions between the Standardized Levins Index (Bi) and the ecomorphological distances calculated for populations analyzed. Significance values of the models are indicated (p).

Fig. 32 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 32. Stratigraphic range of the lapilli−based fossil cyprinid species of the present study. Stratigraphic scale after Gradstein et al. (2004).

Fig. 30 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 30. Oligocene aff. Phoxinus sp. from Switzerland. A–F. BSPG 2003 XVIII 68–73 respectively, from La Morges 161 (A–D) and 70 (E, F) in dorsal views, represented as right lapilli (A–E mirrored). SEM−pictures.

Fig. 27 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 27. Palaeotinca moeddeni sp. nov. from early Oligocene of Wolfsheim (Germany). A–K. Utricular otoliths (lapilli). C, E–G, J, K. BSPG 2003 XVIII 53, 55–57, 60, and 61 respectively, in dorsal views, represented as right lapilli (all mirrored, except for J). A, B, D, H, I. BSPG 2003 XVIII 51 (holotype), 52, 54, 58, 59 respectively, in ventral views, represented as left lapilli (A, D, I mirrored). L. Pharyngeal tooth BSPG 2003 XVIII 62. SEM−pictures.

Fig. 20 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 20. Utricular otoliths (lapilli) of Recent Tinca tinca (Linnaeus, 1758) from wild catches in Germany. A. BSPG 2003 IV 123b in dorsal view, represented as right lapillus, and mirrored (A1) and in anterior view, represented as left lapillus (A2). B. BSPG 2003 IV 121 in dorsal view, represented as right lapillus, mirrored (B1) and in anterior view, represented as left lapillus (B2). C–E. BSPG 2003 IV 123a, 122, and 119 respectively, in ventral views, represented as left lapilli (C, D mirrored). A, C display a lapilli pair. SEM−pictures (A–C, E), digital photograph (D).

Fig. 16 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 16. Utricular otoliths (lapilli) of Recent Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) from wild catches in Germany. A. BSPG 2003 IV 91 represented as right lapillus in dorsal (A1) and anterior (A2) views. B. BSPG 2003 IV 95 in dorsal view, represented as right lapillus, mirrored (B1) and in anterior view, represented as left lapillus (B2). C, D. BSPG 2003 IV 94b and 94a respectively, in ventral views, represented as left lapilli (D mirrored). C, D display a lapilli pair. SEM−pictures.

Fig. 15 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 15. Utricular otoliths (lapilli) of Recent Leuciscus from wild catches in Germany. A–G. L. cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758), BSPG 2003 IV 72, 68, 74b, 65, 74a, 69, and 71 respectively, in dorsal (A–C, D1, F, G), anterior (D2), and ventral (E) views. All lapilli, except E, are represented as right ones (A–C, F, are mirrored). E is represented as left lapillus (mirrored). C, E display a lapilli pair. H–K. L. leuciscus (Linnaeus, 1758), BSPG 2003 IV 81, 82, 80, and 84 respectively, in dorsal (H1, K), anterior (H2), and ventral (I, J) views. H1 and K are represented as right lapilli (mirrored). H2, I, and J are represented as left lapilli. L–O. L. souffia Risso, 1826, BSPG 2003 IV 87b, 87a, 89, and 90 respectively, in dorsal (L1, N, O), anterior (L2), and ventral (M) views. L1, N, and O are represented as right lapilli (L is mirrored). L2 and M are represented as left lapilli (M is mirrored). L, M display a lapilli pair. P–R. L. idus (Linnaeus, 1758), BSPG 2003 IV 75, 76, and 77 respectively, in dorsal (P, R1), anterior (R2), and ventral (Q) views. P and R are represented as right lapilli. Q is represented as left lapillus. SEM−pictures (D, E, G–I, L, M, P–R), digital pictures (A–C, F, J, K, N, O).

Fig. 14 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 14. Utricular otoliths (lapilli) of Recent Leucaspius delineatus (Heckel, 1843) from breeding stations in Germany. A. BSPG 2003 IV 63b in dorsal view, represented as right lapillus, and mirrored (A1) and in anterior view, represented as left lapillus (A2). B. BSPG 2003 IV 63a in ventral view, represented as left lapillus (mirrored). C. BSPG 2003 IV 62 in dorsal view, represented as right lapillus (mirrored). A, B display a lapilli pair. SEM−pictures (A, B), digital picture (C).

Fig. 21 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 21. Utricular otoliths (lapilli) of Recent Barbatula barbatula (Linnaeus, 1758) from wild catches in Germany. A, D, F. BSPG 2003 IV 135, 133, and 126 respectively, in ventral views, represented as left lapilli (mirrored). B, C. BSPG 2003 IV 127 and 128 respectively, in dorsal views, represented as right lapilli (B mirrored). E. BSPG 2003 IV 132, represented as right lapillus in dorsal (E1) and anterior (E2) views. SEM−pictures (A, B, E, F), digital photographs (C, D).

Fig. 11 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 11. Utricular otoliths (lapilli) of Recent Chondrostoma nasus (Linnaeus, 1758) from wild catches in Germany. A. BSPG 2003 IV 50 in dorsal (A1) and anterior (A2) views. C. BSPG 2003 IV 49 in dorsal view. Both represented as right lapilli (C mirrored). B. BSPG 2003 IV 51 in ventral view, represented as left lapillus. SEM−pictures (A, B), digital picture (C).

Fig. 24 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 24. Middle Miocene lapilli of aff. Barbus sp. from Turkey. A, B. BSPG 2003 XVIII 40 and 41 respectively, from Sofça KS4/340 (A) and V717 (B) in dorsal views, represented as right lapilli. C. BSPG 2003 XVIII 42 from Sofça KS4/340 in ventral view, represented as left lapillus, and mirrored. SEM−pictures.

Fig. 10 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 10. Utricular otoliths (lapilli) of Recent Carassius. A–C, F. Carassius cf. carassius (Linnaeus, 1758) from wild catches in Germany. A–C. BSPG 2003 IV 48b, 47, 48a respectively, in dorsal (A, B) and ventral (C) views. F. BSPG 2003 IV 46 in dorsal (F1) and anterior (F2) views. All lapilli, except F2, are represented as right ones (A–C, F1 are mirrored); F2 is represented as left lapillus. A, C display a lapilli pair. D. Carassius cf. gibelio (Bloch, 1782) from a wild catch in Germany, BSPG 2003 IV 44, in dorsal (D1) and anterior (D2) views, represented as right lapillus. E. Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758) from breeding station, BSPG 2003 IV 162, in dorsal view, represented as right lapillus (mirrored). SEM−pictures (B–F), digital photographs (A).

Fig. 9 in Reconstruction of Oligocene and Neogene freshwater fish faunas-an actualistic study on cypriniform otoliths

Fig. 9. Utricular otoliths (lapilli) of Recent Barbus barbus (Linnaeus, 1758) from wild catches in Germany. A, B, D. BSPG 2003 IV 39, 40, and 37 respectively, represented as right lapilli, in dorsal (A, B1, D) and anterior (B2) views (A and D mirrored). C. BSPG 2003 IV 38 represented as left lapillus in ventral view. SEM−pictures (A−C), digital photographs (D).