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Fig. 13 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 13. Frequency distribution of the index of conformity to Dyar's rule from the D4 to D16 of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. A. Cephalic length (n = 13). B. Trunk length (n = 13).

Fig. 12 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 12. Boxplot showing the relationship about the index of conformity to Dyar's rule for the cephalic and trunk length of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. The middle line in the box, which is the median of the dataset, represents the average of the sample data. The width of the box partly reflects the volatility of the dataset. Above and below the box, there is a line, respectively represent the maximum and minimum value.

Fig. 9 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 9. Relative axial length of different body parts from the D4 to H stage of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. A. Relative trunk length of each thoracic segment and pygidium. B. Relative body length of cephalon, each thoracic segment and pygidium. Thorax and pygidium together constitute the trunk. Cephalon, thorax, and pygidium make up the body. Abbreviation: CEL, cephalic length; LTH, length of thorax; PYL, pygidial length; TS1, thoracic segment 1.

Fig. 10 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 10. Growth gradient in the trunk of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. A. Allometric coefficients of individual thoracic segments with respect to trunk length. B. Average per-moult growth rates of individual thoracic segments. Both exhibit significant increasing value from anterior to posterior (Spearman's rank correlation test, n = 16, pA = 0.988, pB = 0.988). Bars are standard errors caused by structural deformation and measurement (not calculable for TS16), n = 14 for TS1–4 and decreases from n = 13 to 2 for TS5–16, respectively. Abbreviation: TS1, section 1 thoracic segment.

Fig. 8 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 8. Trunk development schedule of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. Green, dark grey, white, and black represent cephalon, thoracic segments, pygidial segments, and terminal axial piece, respectively. Dotted lines represent estimated, because of axial ring of pygidium faint.

Fig. 7 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 7. Reconstructions in dorsal view of ontogenetic series of Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961. A–M. D4–16. N. H. Scale bars 1 mm.

Fig. 1. A in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 1. A. Map showing the position of collecting localities in the Guizhou Province. B. Map of the fossil locality Lazizhai, 6.4 km from Jianhe, Guizhou Province, South China. C. Stratigraphical column of the Balang Formation (Cambrian Stage 4), showing the horizon where the material was collected arrows), and the stratigraphic occurrences of oryctocephalid trilobites.

Fig. 2 in Morphology and developmental traits of the trilobite Changaspis elongata from the Cambrian Series 2 of Guizhou, South China

Fig. 2. Major anterior-posterior body divisions measured on oryctocephalid trilobite Changaspis elongata Lee in Chien, 1961 (D14 with 14 thoracic segments, JLZ-160-1006). A line along the sagittal axis was constructed on the image of each specimen and for each segment a line was then placed transversely to this, linking the articulating processes at the fulcral boss (the point abaxially marginal to the fulcrum). The intersections of these lines with the sagittal axis were used to calculate the length of each thoracic segment i (LTSi). LTS2 is shown as an example. Thorax plus pygidium together constitute the trunk. Cephalon, thorax and pygidium make up the body. BOL, body length; TRL, trunk length; CEL, cephalic length; LTH, length of thorax; PYL, pygidial length; LTSi, length of each thoracic segment i.

Fig. 3 in Burgess Shale-type microfossils from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou Province, China

Fig. 3. Sclerites of the problematic lophotrochozoan Wiwaxia (NIGP 153962–153977) from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou, China. A. KAIL−05−01−N28. B. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−a−M38. C. KAIL−05−01−S43. D. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−02−F25. E. KAIL−05−01−T15. F. KAIL−A−01−R33. G. KAIL−05−03−L36. H. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−b−D40. I. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−d−P33. J. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−d−N34. K. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−02−J34. L. KAIL− GTBM−9−37M−01−S46 (image reversed). M. KAIL−07−01−L24. N. KAIL−A−01−P37. O. KAIL−05−05−T6. P. KAIL−GTBM−9−37M−01−M22. Scale bars: A 200 µm, B–P 100 µm.

Fig. 7 in Burgess Shale-type microfossils from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou Province, China

Fig. 7. Problematic metazoan microfossils (NIGP 153992–154010) from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou, China. A–F. Ornamented spines cf. Rushtonites/Mongolitubulus. A. KAIL−04−05−M10. B. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−02−G23. C. KAIL−BP−01−K41. D. KAIL−X−01−P42. E. KAIL−09−01−S31. F−J. Possible elements of a lophotrochozoan jaw apparatus. F. KAIL−05−01−U23. G. KAIL−04−2−T39 (G1); detail (G2). H. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−d−F6 (image reversed). I. KAIL−BP−01−N25 (image reversed). J. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−d−E9. K−O. Diverse spinose forms including possible elements of a radula−like apparatus (M, N). K. KAIL−04−07−Q33. L. KAIL−05−03−J25. M. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−02−N41. N. KAIL−05−03−M17. O. KAIL−04−09−X27. P, Q. Possible arthropodan seta (P) and setal array (Q). P. KAIL−X−01−M28. Q. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−01−W29. R, S. Complex forms of unknown affinity. R. KAIL− 05−03−U21. S. KAIL−05−01−F35. Scale bars: A–P, S 100 µm; Q, R 50 µm; G 2 40 µm.

Fig. 2 in Burgess Shale-type microfossils from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou Province, China

Fig. 2. Biomineralizing taxa preserved as small carbonaceous fossils (NIGP 153954–153961) from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou, China. A. Hyolithid helen (A1), with detail of rounded proximal end (A2), KAIL−BP−01−J38. B. Multi−rayed chancelloriid sclerite, KAIL−A−01−P39. C−E. Single−rayed or disarticulated chancelloriid sclerites. C. KAIL−GTBM− 9−2−b−E39. D. KAIL−05−05−O17 (image reversed). E. KAIL−09−01−U19. F–H. Brachiopod fragments (F1, G1, H1), with details of microstructure (F2, G2, G3, H2). F. KAIL−07−01−U38. G. KAIL−05−05−E17. H. KAIL−GTBM− 9−2−d−K41. Scale bars: A1, B–E 200 µm; A2 40 µm; F1 400 µm; F2 125 µm; G1 250 µm; G2 125 µm; G3 60 µm; H1 500 µm; H2 150 µm.

Fig. 4 in Burgess Shale-type microfossils from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou Province, China

Fig. 4. Pterobranch periderm (NIGP 153978–153979) from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou, China. A. KAIL−BP−01−N23. B. KAIL−A− 01−R36. A2 is a photographic detail of A1; A3 and B2 are camera lucida drawings highlighting the fusellar microstructure, including characteristic oblique sutures developed locally in a "zig−zag" arrangement. Scale bars: A1 200 µm; A2, A3 100 µm; B1, B2 400 µm.

Fig. 1 in Burgess Shale-type microfossils from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou Province, China

Fig. 1. Filaments and acritarchs (NIGP 153940–153953) from the middle Cambrian Kaili Formation, Guizhou, China. A–G. Cyanobacterial filaments. A–C. Eomicrocoleus Horodyski and Donaldson, 1980/Siphonophycus Schopf, 1968 emended Knoll, Swett, and Mark, 1991 with multiple cellular trichomes enclosed within a common sheath (in C, a double sheath). D,E,G. Siphonophycus spp. exhibiting a variety of growth forms. F. Polytrichoides Hermann, 1974 emend. Knoll, Swett, and Mark, 1991. A. KAIL−04−03−L44. B. KAIL−05−02−V31. C. KAIL−05−05−D13. D. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−01−T45. E. KAIL− GTBM−9−37M−01−J23. F. KAIL−A−01−K26. G. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−b−M37. H, I. Filaments of uncertain affinity. H. KAIL−GTBM−9−35M−01−E44. I. KAIL− 09−01−H12. J–N. Acritarchs, including forms with medial splitting (K, L) and possible vegetative colony growth (M). J. KAIL−A−01−O25. K. KAIL− 04−05−T17. L. KAIL−04−05−G17. M. KAIL−GTBM−2−9−c−D21. N. KAIL−GTBM−9−2−d−S14. Scale bars A–F, J–L 200 µm; G–I 400 µm; M, N 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in Silicified Anisian (Middle Triassic) spiriferinid brachiopods from Guizhou, South China

Fig. 3. Spiriferinid brachiopod Pseudospiriferina multicostata Yang and Xu, 1966 from the bed Cy 3 of the Yangjuan−Chupiwa section, near Chupiwa village, Xinmin District, Panxian County, Guizhou, China. A. Complete shell GMPKU−P−6145, in ventral (A1), dorsal (A2), anterior (A3) views. B. Ventral valve GMPKU−P−6148, in ventral (B1), posterior (B2), internal (B3) views, and enlargement of posterior internal structures showing the median septum and dental plates (B4). C. Shell GMPKU−P−6146, in ventral (C1), dorsal (C2), anterior (C3), lateral (C4), and posterior (C5) views. D. Dorsal valve GMPKU−P−6172 in external (D1), internal (D2) views, and enlargement of cardinalia (D3). E. Slightly damaged dorsal valve GMPKU−P−6149, in external (E1), internal (E2) views, and enlargement showing cardinalia (E3). F. Dorsal valve GMPKU−P−6156, in external (F1), internal (F2) views, and enlargement showing cardinalia (F3). G. Posterior internal structures (cardinalia) of dorsal valve GMPKU−P−6151, showing crura. H. Posterior internal view of dorsal valve GMPKU−P−6152, showing cardinalia and one of crus with start of spiralium. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 4 in Silicified Anisian (Middle Triassic) spiriferinid brachiopods from Guizhou, South China

Fig. 4. Spiriferinid brachiopod Pseudospiriferina pinguis Yang and Xu, 1966 from the bed Cy 3 of the Yangjuan−Chupiwa section, near Chupiwa village, Xinmin District, Panxian County, Guizhou, China. Complete shell GMPKU−P−6168, in ventral (A), dorsal (B), posterior (C), and lateral oblique (D) views. Scale bars 2 mm.

Fig. 2 in Silicified Anisian (Middle Triassic) spiriferinid brachiopods from Guizhou, South China

Fig. 2. Length vs. width diagram for 128 dorsal valves of Pseudospiriferina multicostata Yang and Xu, 1966 from the bed Cy 3 of the YangjuanChupiwa section, near Chupiwa village, Xinmin District, Panxian County, Guizhou, China.

Fig. 1 in Silicified Anisian (Middle Triassic) spiriferinid brachiopods from Guizhou, South China

Fig. 1. Lithologic sequence (A) and geographic position (B) of the Yangjuan−Chupiwa section, and relative abundance of species in spiriferinid interval (C); position of the silicified spiriferinid interval is arrowed. Partly after Sun et al. (2006), simplified. P., Pseudospiriferina; Ng., Neogondolella; Nc., Nicoraella.

Fig. 5 in Silicified Anisian (Middle Triassic) spiriferinid brachiopods from Guizhou, South China

Fig. 5. Length vs. width diagram for 17 specimens of Punctospirella fragilis (Schlotheim, 1814) from the bed Cy 3 of the Yangjuan−Chupiwa section, near Chupiwa village, Xinmin District, Panxian County, Guizhou, China.

Fig. 6 in Silicified Anisian (Middle Triassic) spiriferinid brachiopods from Guizhou, South China

Fig. 6. Spiriferinid brachiopod Punctospirella fragilis (Schlotheim, 1814) from the bed Cy 3 of the Yangjuan−Chupiwa section, near Chupiwa village, Xinmin District, Panxian County, Guizhou, China. A. Complete shell GMPKU−P−6164, in ventral (A1), dorsal (A2), lateral (A3), anterior (A4), and posterior (A5) views. B. Slightly damaged dorsal valve GMPKU−P−6169 in external (B1), internal (B2) views, and enlargement of cardinalia (B3). C. Dorsal valve GMPKU−P−6166 in external (C1), internal (C2) views, and enlargement of cardinalia (C3). D. Ventral valve GMPKU−P−6173, in ventral (D1) and internal views (D2). Scale bars 2 mm.