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Fig. 2. a in Not playing by the rules: Unusual patterns in the epidemiology of parasites in a natural population of feral horses (Equus caballus) on Sable Island, Canada

Fig. 2. a) Dictyocaulus arnfieldi first-stage larvae showing typical granular appearance and beginning of cuticular separation b) closer view of tail showing stylet, or spear.

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Fig. 1 in Not playing by the rules: Unusual patterns in the epidemiology of parasites in a natural population of feral horses (Equus caballus) on Sable Island, Canada

Fig. 1. Map of Sable Island, Canada, which is about 50 km long, 1 km wide at its widest point, and in total, 34 km2 (from Gold et al., 2019).

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Fig. 3 in Not playing by the rules: Unusual patterns in the epidemiology of parasites in a natural population of feral horses (Equus caballus) on Sable Island, Canada

Fig. 3. Proportions of third-stage larvae of large and small strongyle species cultured from feces of 81 Sable Island horses in summer 2014, showing an unusual dominance of S. equinus in adult horses. Larvae with a rhabditiform pharynx were rare in young (1–3 years) and adult horses (≥3 years), but common in foals, which could represent larvae of Strongyloides westeri.

Fig. 16.7 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses

Fig. 16.7. Special structures of an upper cheek tooth of a mesodont horse, demonstrated on a molar of Protohippus. Note that both the postparaconulecrista of the paraconule and the crochet contribute to the closure of the prefossette. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis.

Fig. 16.1 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses

Fig. 16.1. The four main cusps and three fossettes of an upper cheek tooth, demonstrated on a molar of Pliohippus. Note also the Wshaped ectoloph. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis.

Fig. 16.5 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses

Fig. 16.5. Occlusal aspect of the premolars of F:AM 71115. The protocone of the P3 and the P4 each bear double protoconal spurs. The protocone of the P2 is linked with the paraconule in the position of one of these protoconal spurs, suggesting by serial homology that one of the pair of spurs is a preprotocrista. The other spur might be a plication. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis.

Fig. 16.10 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses

Fig. 16.10. Six types of plicae of an upper cheek tooth, demonstrated on an upper premolar of Cormohipparion. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis. After a drawing in the archives of the Frick Laboratory.

Fig. 16.8 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses

Fig. 16.8. Special structures on the labial side of a lower cheek tooth, demonstrated on a deciduous premolar of Pseudhipparion. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis.

Fig. 16.2 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses

Fig. 16.2. The five main cusps of a lower cheek tooth, demonstrated on a molar of Miohippus. The metastylid is also labeled. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis. After Osborn (1918).

Fig. 16.6 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses

Fig. 16.6. The four lophids and four flexids of a lower cheek tooth, demonstrated on a molar of Cormohipparion. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis.

Fig. 16.9 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses

Fig. 16.9. Special structures on the lingual side of a lower cheek tooth, demonstrated on a premolar of Neohipparion. The metacristid is a crest connecting a wellseparated metaconid and metastylid. A pli caballinid is also labeled. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis. After a drawing in the archives of the Frick Laboratory.

Fig. 16.3 in Chapter 16: A Revised Dental Nomenclature for Fossil Horses

Fig. 16.3. The five styles and three conules of an upper cheek tooth, demonstrated on a molar of Parahippus. The hypoconal groove is also labeled. The solid arrow points toward the cheek; the hollow arrow points forward toward the symphysis. After Osborn (1918).

Fig. 10 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 10. Body mass of Hipparion macedonicum from the various Greek localities calculated by various methods and its change in relation to the time. The body mass is estimated using the metapodials (Eisenmann and Sondaar 1998); W1. ln(body mass) = -5,768+3.011 x (lnMc10); W2. ln(body mass) = 3.151+2.665 x (lnMc13); W3. ln(body mass) = -4.525+1.434 x (ln(Mc10 x Mc13)); W4. ln(body mass) = -4.362+2.634 x (lnMt10); W5. ln(body mass) = -4.552+3.100 x (lnMt13); W6. ln(body mass) = -4.585+1.443 x (ln(Mt10 x Mt13)).

Fig. 8 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 8. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl skull (A) and third metatarsal (B) with the Vallesian hipparions from Sinap, Turkey. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the Sinap material were provided to me by Raymond L. Bernor (unpublished material, personal communication, 2007).

Fig.12 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig.12. Plication number of the upper cheek teeth of Hipparion macedonicum from the various Greek localities.

Fig. 9 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 9. Stratigraphic table indicating the distribution of Hipparion macedonicum in Europe. The geomagnetic time scale is from Cande and Kent (1995). The shaded area in the MN zones express the different opinions for the MN 12/13 boundary; according to Sen (1997) it is at ~7.0 Ma while according to Steininger et al. (1999) it is at ~6.6 Ma.

Fig. 7 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 7. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl third metatarsal with Hipparion macedonicum and other small-sized hipparions from various localities. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the hipparions from Greek localities and AKK are from my own archive; those for Hipparion moldavicum from TAR and Hipparion elegans from PAV are taken from http://www. vera-eisenmann.com.

Fig. 5 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 5. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl skull with Hipparion macedonicum and other small-sized hipparions from various localities. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the hipparions from Greek localities and AKK are from author's archive; those for Hipparion moldavicum from TAR and H. elegans from PAV are taken from http://www.vera-eisenmann.com.

Fig. 4 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 4. Principal component analysis of the skull (A), mandible (B), and third metatarsal (C) of the RPl small-sized hipparion in comparison with other small-sized forms of Eurasia, indicating its strong size-similarities with Hipparion macedonicum. As the available specimens are fragmentary, lacking measurements the mean cranial dimensions for each locality are used. The used variables (various measurements of the skull, mandible and MtIII) and their influence to the distinction of the specimens is given in the left part of the diagrams. The convex hulls indicate the allocation of the measurements in the space for its sample. Hipparion dietrichi, Hipparion mediterraneum, and Hipparion proboscideum or Hipparion cf. proboscideum are used as comparative samples. Hipparion macedonicum: 1, NKT; 2, NIK; 3, RZO; 4, PXM; 5, VATH; 6, PER. Hipparion matthewi: 7, Samos (unknown locality), holotype; 8, KTA-B. Hipparion cf. matthwei: 9, MTLA. Hipparion sithonis: 10, NIK. aff. Hipparion forstenae: 11, MTLA; 12, Samos Q1. Hipparion →

Fig. 6 in Hipparion macedonicum revisited: New data on evolution of hipparionine horses from the Late Miocene of Greece

Fig. 6. Logarithmic ratio diagram comparing the RPl mandible with Hipparion macedonicum and other small-sized hipparions from various localities. Hipparion mediterraneum from Pikermi (Koufos 1987a) is used as standard of comparison. The metrical data for the hipparions from Greek localities and AKK are from my own archive; those for Hipparion moldavicum from TAR and Hipparion elegans from PAV are taken from http://www.vera-eisenmann.com.