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Fig. 14 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 14. Location of the different ostracod mega-assemblages along the platform (modified from Crasquin & Horne 2018; redrawn, with minor modifications, from Casier 2008).

Fig. 12 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 12. Individual rarefaction curves (A) and evolution of the Shannon-Wiener (B) and Simpson indices across the Blue Snake section. Orange: Association A. Grey: Association B. Green: Association C.

Fig. 13 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 13. Circular diagrams of relative abundance (upper = number of specimens per family) and faunal composition (lower = number of species per family) of the assemblages in the Blue Snake section.

Fig. 4. H in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 4. H/L scatter plots of all specimens belonging to the four new species described in this contribution. A. Clavofabella? lanshella Guillam & Forel sp. nov. B. Sansabella gelaohensis Guillam & Forel sp. nov. C. Sulcella baisuzhena Guillam & Forel sp. nov. D. Cytherellina caerulea Guillam & Forel sp. nov.

Fig. 2. A in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 2. A. Location map of the Guizhou Province in China. B. Geological map of the Blue Snake Section and its surroundings (modified after Song & Gong 2019 and Ma et al. 2016). The red spot indicates the location of the Blue Snake section and the black circle indicates the location of Dushan city.

Fig. 1 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 1. Palaeogeographic map with the rough location of the Blue Snake section (red spot) during the late Devonian (modified from Carmichael et al. 2019).

Fig. 11 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 11. SEM pictures of ostracods from Blue Snake section, Dushan County, South China, late Famennian–Tournaisian, late Devonian–early Carboniferous. All specimens are temporarily housed in the collections of Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (SU). A. Bairdia sp. 4, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 08 (P6M 3958). B. Bairdia sp. 5, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3859). C. Bairdia sp. 6, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3960). D. Bairdia sp. 7, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 23 (P6M 3961). E. Bairdia (Cryptobairdia) cf. curta McCoy, 1844 emend. Jones & Kirkby, 1878 in Crasquin, 1986, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 60 (P6M 3962). F. Bairdia (Cryptobairdia) lavenei Crasquin, 1985, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3963). G. Bairdia (Rectobairdia) angulatiformis Posner, 1951, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 67 (P6M 3964). H. Bairdia (Rectobairdia) buschminae Crasquin, 1985, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 08 (P6M 3965). I. Bairdia (Rectobairdia) cf. plebeja Reuss, 1854, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3966). J–L. Bairdia (Rectobairdia) sp. cf. R. sinuosa (Morey, 1936) in Crasquin, 1985. J. Right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3967). K. Right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 02 (P6M 3968). L. Right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 60 (P6M 3969). M. Bairdiacypris nanbiancunensis Wang, 1988, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 60 (P6M 3970). N. Bairdiacypris quasielongata Buschimna, 1968, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3971). O. Bairdiacypris subcylindrica Buschimna, 1984, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 58 (P6M 3972). P. Bairdianella cuspis Buschmina, 1970, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3973). Q. Fabalicypris sundarijanata Wang & Cao, 1997 in Song & Gong, 2019, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 67 (P6M 3974). R. Bairdiodea? indet. Left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 63 (P6M 3975). Scale bars = 100 µm.

Fig. 9 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 9. SEM pictures of ostracods from Blue Snake section, Dushan County, South China, late Famennian– Tournaisian, late Devonian–early Carboniferous. All specimens are temporarily housed in the collections of Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (SU). A. Elliptocyprites sp., right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 63 (P6M 3917). B. Microcheilinella infradominica Rozhdestvenskaya in Song & Gong, 2019, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 02 (P6M 3918a). C. Microcheilinella larionovae Polenova, 1955, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3918b). D. Microcheilinella. sp. A, aff. buschminae in Casier et al., 2004, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 27-2 (P6M 3919). E. Microcheilinella sp. cf. M. buschminae Olempska, 1981 in Song & Gong, 2019, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3920). F. Microcheilinella sp. sensu Olempska, 1979, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3921).G. Microcheilinella subrhomboidalisXie, 1983, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3922). H. Microcheilinella cf. decora Shi, 1964, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3923). I. Microcheilinella sp., right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 41 (P6M 3924). J. Acratia acutiangulata (Posner in Tschigova, 1960), right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 58 (P6M 3925). K. Acratia similaris Green, 1963, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3926). L. Acratia subobtusa Lethiers, 1974, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3927). M. Acratia cf. disjuncta Morey, 1935, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3928). N–O. Acratia cf. evlanensis Egorov, 1953. N. Adult, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 67 (P6M 3929). O. Juveniles, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 41 (P6M 3930). P. Acratia cf. insolita Buschmina, 1970, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 41 (P6M 3931). Q. Acratia cf. tschudovoensis Zaspelova, 1959, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3932). R. Acratia sp., right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 05 (P6M 3933). S. Acutiangulata acutiangulata (Tschigova, 1959), right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3934). T. Bairdia cestriensis Ulrich, 1891, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3935). U. Bairdia confragosa Samoilova & Smirnova, 1960, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3936). Scale bars = 100µm.

Fig. 10 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 10. SEM pictures and focus stacking method pictures (with an *) of ostracods from Blue Snake section, Dushan County, South China, late Famennian–Tournaisian, late Devonian–early Carboniferous. All specimens are temporarily housed in the collections of Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (SU). A. Bairdia feliumgibba Becker, 1982, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3937). B. Bairdia hypsela Rome, 1971, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3938). C. Bairdia mnemonica Schevtsov, 1964 in Crasquin, 1986, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3939). D–E. Bairdia nanbiancunensis Wang, 1988. D. Right lateral view of a carapace*, sample 19BAI 69 (P6M 3940). E. Right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3941). F. Bairdia natiformis Buschmina, 1970, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3942). G–I. Bairdia obliqua Rozhdestvenskaya, 1972. G. Adult, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3943). H. A-1, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3944). I. A-2, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3945). J. Bairdia quasikuznecovae Buschmina, 1968, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 74 (P6M 3946). K. Bairdia rustica Kotchetkova, 1983, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 08 (P6M 3947). L. Bairdia semichatovae Tschigova, 1960, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3948). M. Bairdia solita Buschmina, 1970, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 41 (P6M 3949). N. Bairdia submongolensis Buschmina, 1968, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 08 (P6M 3950).O. Bairdia cf.altifrons Knight, 1928 in Crasquin, 1984, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 43 (P6M 3951). P. Bairdia cf. extenuata Nazarova, 1951, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 60 (P6M 3952). Q. Bairdia cf. grahamensis Harlton, 1928, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 08 (P6M 3953). R. Bairdia cf. susoroides Jiang, 1983, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 69 (P6M 3954). S. Bairdia sp. 1, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 54 (P6M 3955). T. Bairdia sp. 2, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 43 (P6M 3956). U. Bairdia sp. 3, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 05 (P6M 3957). Scale bars = 100 µm.

Fig. 8 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 8. SEM pictures and focus stacking method pictures (with an *) of ostracods from Blue Snake section, Dushan County, South China, late Famennian–Tournaisian, late Devonian–early Carboniferous. All specimens are temporarily housed in the collections of Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (SU). A– B. Sulcella baisuzhena Guillam & Forel sp. nov. A. A-4, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3996). B. A-5, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3897). C. Bairdiocypris elliptica Wei, 1983, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 08 (P6M 3898). D–E. Bairdiocypris fomikhaensis Buschmina, 1968. D. Left lateral view of a carapace*, sample 19BAI 41 (P6M 3899). E. Left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 44 (P6M 3900). F. Bairdiocypris marginifera (Geis, 1932) sensu Buschmina, 1968, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 67 (P6M 3901). G. Bairdiocypris sp., left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 01 (P6M 3902). H–L. Cytherellina caerulea Guillam & Forel sp. nov. H. Holotype, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3903). I. Paratype 1, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3904). J. Paratype 2, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 63 (P6M 3905). K. Right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 63 (P6M 3906). L. Right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 69 (P6M 3907). M. Healdianella alba Lethiers, 1981, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 60 (P6M 3908). N. Healdianella faseolina Rozhdestvenskaya in Song & Gong, 2019, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 43 (P6M 3909). O. Healdianella lumbiformis Lethiers & Feist, 1991, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 58 (P6M 3910). P. Healdianella cf. insolita (Buschmina, 1977), right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 55 (P6M 3911). Q–R. Healdianella cf. subdistincta Wang, 1983. Q. right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 02 (P6M 3912). R. right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3913). S. Healdianella sp., right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 60 (P6M 3914). T. Praepilatina adamczaki Olempska, 1979, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3915). U. Elliptocyprites lorangeri Lethiers, 1981, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 60 (P6M 3916). Scale bars = 100 µm.

Fig. 7 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 7. SEM pictures of ostracods from Blue Snake section, Dushan County, South China, late Famennian–Tournaisian, late Devonian–early Carboniferous. All specimens are temporarily housed in the collections of Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (SU). A. Knoxites cf. argulata Zaspelova, 1959, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 02 (P6M 3876). B. Paraparchites longmenshanensis Wei, 1983, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 43 (P6M 3877). C. Paraparchites sp. 1, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 39 (P6M 3878). D. Paraparchites sp. 2, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 67 (P6M 3879). E. Shishaella hastierensis Crasquin-Soleau, 1988, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 39 (P6M 3880). F. Shishaella porrecta (Zanina, 1956), left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 55 (P6M 3881). G–N. Sansabella gelaohensis Guillam & Forel sp. nov. G. Holotype, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 74 (P6M 3882). H. Paratype 1, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 74 (P6M 3883). I. Paratype 2, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 74 (P6M 3884). J. A-1, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 74 (P6M 3884). K. A-2, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 74 (P6M 3885). L. A-3, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 74 (P6M 3886). M. A-4, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 63 (P6M 3887). N. A-5, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 63 (P6M 3888). O. Cavellina cf. dushanensis Shi, 1964, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 63 (P6M 3889). P. Cavellina cf. recta (Jones, Kirby & Brady, 1884), left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 67 (P6M 3890). Q–U. Sulcella baisuzhena Guillam & Forel sp. nov. Q. Holotype, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 74 (P6M 3991). R. Paratype 1, A-1, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3992). S. A-1, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3893). T. A-2, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3894). U. A-3, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3895). Scale bars = 100 µm.

Fig. 6 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 6. SEM pictures of ostracods from Blue Snake section, Dushan County, South China, late Famennian–Tournaisian, late Devonian–early Carboniferous. All specimens are temporarily housed in the collections of Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (SU). A. Kloedenellitina sincera Tschigova, 1960, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 69 (P6M 3856). B–C. Kloedenellitina spinosa Gurevitch, 1972. B. ♀, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 60 (P6M 3857). C. ♂, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 69 (P6M 3858). D. Kloedenellitina sygmaeformis Egorov, 1950, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 80 (P6M 3859). E. Blessites feluyensis Tschigova, 1977, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 39 (P6M 3860). F–I. Hypotetragona angulata (Posner, 1951). F. Adult, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 44 (P6M 3861). G. A-1, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 02 (P6M 3862). H. A-2, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 02 (P6M 3863). I. A-3, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3864). J–M. Hypotetragona sp. J. Adult, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 39 (P6M 3865). K. A-1, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 05 (P6M 3866). L. A-2, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 60 (P6M 3867). M. A-3, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 69 (P6M 3868). N. Knoxiella archedensis Tschigova, 1960, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 03 (P6M 3869). O. Knoxiella complanata (Kummerow, 1939), left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 80 (P6M 3870). P. Knoxiella subcompressa, Wang & Ma, 2007, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3871). Q–R. Knoxiella cf. subcompressa, Wang & Ma, 2007. Q. Adult, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3871). R. A-1, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3872). S–T. Knoxina sp. S. Left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 80 (P6M 3873). T. Left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 74 (P6M 3874). U. Knoxites cf. argulata Zaspelova, 1959, adult, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 02 (P6M 3875). Scale bars = 100 µm.

Fig. 5 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 5. SEM pictures of ostracods from Blue Snake section, Dushan County, South China, late Famennian–Tournaisian, late Devonian–early Carboniferous. All specimens are temporarily housed in the collections of Sorbonne Université, Paris, France (numbers P6M****). A. Aparchites sp., left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 08 (P6M 3837). B. Fellerites sp. 1, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 67 (P6M 3838). C. Fellerites sp. 2, right lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 80 (P6M 3839). D. Parabolbinella sp., right lateral view of an anteriorly broken carapace, sample 19BAI 74 (P6M 3840). E. Amphissites sp., right lateral view of a steinkern, sample 19BAI 74 (P6M 3841). F–L. Clavofabella? lanshella Guillam & Forel sp. nov. F. Holotype, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3842). G. Same specimen, dorsal view. H. Paratype, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3843). I. A-1, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3844). J. Same specimen, dorsal view. K. A-2, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3845). L. A-3, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3846). M–R. Clavofabella? sp. M. Adult, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3847). N. A-1, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 69 (P6M 3848). O. A-2, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3849). P. A-3, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3850). Q. A-4, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3851). R. A-5, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 68 (P6M 3852). S. Coryellina grammi Olempska, 1999, left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 41 (P6M 3853). T. Selebratina sp., left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 41 (P6M 3854). U. Beyrichiopsis sp., left lateral view of a carapace, sample 19BAI 41 (P6M 3855). Scale bars = 100 µm.

Fig. 3 in Late Devonian-early Carboniferous ostracods (Crustacea) from South China: taxonomy, diversity and implications

Fig. 3. Stratigraphic log of the Blue Snake Section and sampling points. Colours on stages and conodont zones correspond to the stratigraphic repartition of the 3 ostracod associations recognized in the present work. Orange: Association A. Grey: Association B. Green: Association C.

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Text-fig. 6. a: Reconstruction of the fertile shoot Archaeopteris from the Late Devonian; b: Reconstruction of tree that bore Archaeopteris shoots; c: Juvenile form ("sapling") of Archaeopteris-bearing tree. Redrawn from Cleal and Thomas (2019). in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany

Text-fig. 6. a: Reconstruction of the fertile shoot Archaeopteris from the Late Devonian; b: Reconstruction of tree that bore Archaeopteris shoots; c: Juvenile form ("sapling") of Archaeopteris-bearing tree. Redrawn from Cleal and Thomas (2019).

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→ Fig. 9. Antiarchan fish Bothriolepis leptocheira jeremejevi (Rohon, 1900), Sosnogorsk locality, Sosnogorsk Formation, lowermost Famennian, anterior median dorsal (A–G) and posterior median dorsal (H–M) plates of the trunk armour. A. IG KSC 155/5 in dorsal (A1) and visceral (A2) views. B. IG KSC 155/108 in dorsal (B1) and visceral (B2) views. C. IG KSC 155/97 in dorsal view. D. IG KSC 155/113 in dorsal (D1) and visceral (D2) views. E. IG KSC 155/140 in dorsal (E1) and visceral (E2) views. F. Impression of the dorsal surface of IG KSC 155/42. G. IG KSC 155/44 in dorsal view. H. Fragment of IG KSC 155/7 in dorsal view. I. IG KSC 155/1 in dorsal (I1) and visceral (I2) views. J. IG KSC 155/71 in dorsal view. K. Slightly deformed IG KSC 155/70 in dorsal (K1) and visceral (K2) views. L. IG KSC 155/158 in dorsal view. M. IG KSC 155/157 in dorsal (M1) and visceral (M2) views. Abbreviations: ADL, anterior dorso-lateral plate; alr, postlevator thickening; AMD, anterior median dorsal plate; cf.ADL, cf.AMD, and cf.MxL, area overlapping ADL, AMD or MxL respectively; cr.tp, posterior transversal internal crest; dlg1 and dlg2, anterior and posterior oblique dorsal sensory line groove; dma, tergal angle; dmr, dorsal median ridge; f.retr, levator fossa; grm, ventral median groove; l, lateral corner; mvr, median ventral ridge; MxL, mixilateral plate; npn, postnuchal notch; oa.ADL, oa.MxL and oa.PMD, area overlapped by ADL, MxL or PMD respectively; pa, posterior corner; pma, posterior marginal area; PMD, posterior median dorsal plate; pr.p, posterior process of AMD; pr.pl, external postlevator process; prv2, posterior ventral process of dorsal wall of trunk armour; pt1 and pt2, anterior and posterior ventral pit; pua, posterior unornamented area of PMD; rf, "round fossula"; sna, supranuchal area; tb, ventral tuberosity. in A new assessment of the Late Devonian antiarchan fish Bothriolepis leptocheira from South Timan (Russia) and the biotic crisis near the Frasnian-Famennian boundary

→ Fig. 9. Antiarchan fish Bothriolepis leptocheira jeremejevi (Rohon, 1900), Sosnogorsk locality, Sosnogorsk Formation, lowermost Famennian, anterior median dorsal (A–G) and posterior median dorsal (H–M) plates of the trunk armour. A. IG KSC 155/5 in dorsal (A1) and visceral (A2) views. B. IG KSC 155/108 in dorsal (B1) and visceral (B2) views. C. IG KSC 155/97 in dorsal view. D. IG KSC 155/113 in dorsal (D1) and visceral (D2) views. E. IG KSC 155/140 in dorsal (E1) and visceral (E2) views. F. Impression of the dorsal surface of IG KSC 155/42. G. IG KSC 155/44 in dorsal view. H. Fragment of IG KSC 155/7 in dorsal view. I. IG KSC 155/1 in dorsal (I1) and visceral (I2) views. J. IG KSC 155/71 in dorsal view. K. Slightly deformed IG KSC 155/70 in dorsal (K1) and visceral (K2) views. L. IG KSC 155/158 in dorsal view. M. IG KSC 155/157 in dorsal (M1) and visceral (M2) views. Abbreviations: ADL, anterior dorso-lateral plate; alr, postlevator thickening; AMD, anterior median dorsal plate; cf.ADL, cf.AMD, and cf.MxL, area overlapping ADL, AMD or MxL respectively; cr.tp, posterior transversal internal crest; dlg1 and dlg2, anterior and posterior oblique dorsal sensory line groove; dma, tergal angle; dmr, dorsal median ridge; f.retr, levator fossa; grm, ventral median groove; l, lateral corner; mvr, median ventral ridge; MxL, mixilateral plate; npn, postnuchal notch; oa.ADL, oa.MxL and oa.PMD, area overlapped by ADL, MxL or PMD respectively; pa, posterior corner; pma, posterior marginal area; PMD, posterior median dorsal plate; pr.p, posterior process of AMD; pr.pl, external postlevator process; prv2, posterior ventral process of dorsal wall of trunk armour; pt1 and pt2, anterior and posterior ventral pit; pua, posterior unornamented area of PMD; rf, "round fossula"; sna, supranuchal area; tb, ventral tuberosity.

FIG. 8 in The late Givetian (Middle Devonian) ammonoid Epitornoceras Frech, 1902 from Argentina (southwestern Gondwana)

FIG. 8. — Artistic reconstruction of the ammonoid Epitornoceras baldisi (Leanza, 1968) during the Middle Devonian. Paleoartist: H. Santiago Druetta (CICTERRA, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina).

FIG. 7 in The late Givetian (Middle Devonian) ammonoid Epitornoceras Frech, 1902 from Argentina (southwestern Gondwana)

FIG. 7. — New specimens of Epitornoceras baldisi (Leanza, 1968) from the type area of the Chigua Formation (San Juan Province, Argentina): A, B, specimen INGEO-PI-2011; C, specimen INGEO-PI-2007; D, suture line of specimen INGEO-PI- 2004 at wh c. 33 mm; E, reconstructed suture line based on specimen INGEO-PI-2007 at wh c. 18 mm; F, specimen INGEO-PI-2005 (counterpart showing the external mold of the conch); G, H, specimen INGEO-PI- 2002 (part and counterpart showing the external mold of the conch); I, specimen INGEO-PI-2004; J, specimen INGEO-PI-2006; K, L, specimen INGEO-PI-2003 (L corresponds to latex cast of internal whorl). Scale bars: 2 mm. The pictures of some specimens have been flipped (A, B, and K).

FIG. 1 in The late Givetian (Middle Devonian) ammonoid Epitornoceras Frech, 1902 from Argentina (southwestern Gondwana)

FIG. 1. — Early Devonian simplified paleogeographic reconstruction showing the Malvinoxhosan (Malvinokaffric) Realm (red circle) indicating the location of the Precordillera (modified from Cocks & Torsvik 2006). Old Red Sandstone continents in Laurussia and Gondwana indicated in light yellow; terrane names are labeled. The localities with Epitornoceras Frech, 1902 are indicated by a white star: Morocco, Germany (RH, Rheno-Hercynian Terrane), North America, Argentine Precordillera.

FIG. 6 in The late Givetian (Middle Devonian) ammonoid Epitornoceras Frech, 1902 from Argentina (southwestern Gondwana)

FIG. 6. — Historical material of Epitornoceras baldisi (Leanza, 1968), identified as Tornoceras baldisi Leanza, 1968 by Leanza (1968), from the Chavela Creek ("Quebrada de la Chavela"), Chavela Member, Chigua Formation (San Juan Province, Argentina): A, B, holotype CPUBA 8088 (part and counterpart showing the external mold of the conch); C, additional specimen CPUBA 8089. Scale bars: 2 mm.