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TABLE 1 in Description of the complete larval development of Lysmata amboinensis (De Man) (Decapoda: Lysmatidae) reared under laboratory conditions

TABLE 1. Comparison of selected morphological zoeal stages characters of Lysmata sp. Z—Zoea. Decap.—Decapodite. ZI, ZII, etc.—First zoea, second zoea, etc. Pl—Plumose seta. Si—Simple setae. NA —Not Available. a In ZV it wasn’t yet; b In ZIV it had almost reached it.<table><tbody><tr><th>Morphological feature</th><th>L. amboinensis</th><th>L. amboinensis</th><th>L. ensirostris</th><th>L. vittata</th><th>L. galapagensis</th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td>Present study</td><td>Wunsch 1996</td><td>Bensam&Kartha 1967; Pillai 1974</td><td>Yang&Kim 1999</td><td>Bartilotti et al. 2012</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>10 Z +1 decap.</td><td>11 Z</td><td>9 Z+1 decap.</td><td>9 Z</td><td>7 Z</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacific, South Pacific Ocean, Mozambique Channel</td><td>Indo-Pacific, Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean</td><td>Indo-Pacific</td><td>Indo-Pacific</td><td>E Pacific</td></tr><tr><th>ZI, Total length, mm</th><td>2.8–2.98</td><td>2.70–2.80</td><td>1.89–2.23</td><td>NA</td><td>2.46–2.89</td></tr><tr><th>ZI, carapace length, mm</th><td>0.9–1</td><td>NA</td><td>NA</td><td>0.33–0.37</td><td>0.92–1.00</td></tr><tr><th>ZIV, carapace length, mm</th><td>0.64–1</td><td>NA</td><td>1.01</td><td>0.44</td><td>1.61–2.15</td></tr><tr><th>ZVII, carapace length, mm</th><td>0.84–1.42</td><td>NA</td><td>1.40–1.41</td><td>0.62–0.68</td><td>4.08–4.32</td></tr><tr><th>Last Z, carapace length, mm</th><td>ZX: 2.81–4.35</td><td>ZXI: NA</td><td>ZIX: 3.5</td><td>ZIX: 0.784–0.832</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>First Zoea:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Carapace: Pterigostomian spine</th><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td></tr><tr><th>Number of marginal denticles</th><td>3–5</td><td>3–4</td><td>3</td><td>3</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>Eyes sessile</th><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td></tr><tr><th>Antennule: peduncle and exopod</th><td>Entire</td><td>Entire</td><td>Entire</td><td>Entire</td><td>Entire</td></tr><tr><th>Antennal exopod: 5–6 articles</th><td>11Pl + 1Si</td><td>12Pl + 1Si</td><td>9Pl</td><td>10Pl + 1Si</td><td>11Pl + 1Si</td></tr><tr><th>Pair of dorsal spines on 5th pleomere</th><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td><td>Present</td></tr><tr><th>Pleopods</th><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td></tr><tr><th>Uropods</th><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td></tr><tr><th>Older Zoeas:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Eyes stalked and pedunculate</th><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td></tr><tr><th>Carapace without marginal denticles</th><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVII</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIX</td><td>ZV</td></tr><tr><th>Carapace with cervical carinae</th><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td></tr><tr><th>Rostrum first dorsal spine</th><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVI</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZII</td></tr><tr><th>Antennal exopod entire</th><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV</td></tr><tr><th>First pereiopod:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Biramous bud</th><td>ZII (small bud: ZI)</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZII</td><td>ZI</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Present study</td><td>Wunsch 1996</td><td>Bensam&Kartha 1967; Pillai 1974</td><td>Yang&Kim 1999</td><td>Bartilotti et al. 2012</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>10 Z +1 decap.</td><td>11 Z</td><td>9 Z+1 decap.</td><td>9 Z</td><td>7 Z</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>Indian Ocean, Indo-Pacific, South Pacific Ocean, Mozambique Channel</td><td>Indo-Pacific, Red Sea, Atlantic Ocean</td><td>Indo-Pacific</td><td>Indo-Pacific</td><td>E Pacific</td></tr><tr><th>Functional</th><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZII</td></tr><tr><th>Second pereiopod:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Biramous bud</th><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td></tr><tr><th>Functional</th><td>ZV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIV</td></tr><tr><th>Third pereiopod:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Biramous bud</th><td>ZV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV (unir. rud)</td><td>ZV</td></tr><tr><th>Functional</th><td>ZVI</td><td>ZVI</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVI</td></tr><tr><th>Fourth pereiopod:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Biramous bud</th><td>ZVI</td><td>ZVI</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZIV (unir. rud)</td><td>ZV</td></tr><tr><th>Functional</th><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVI</td><td>ZVIII</td><td>ZVI</td></tr><tr><th>Fifth pereiopod:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Uniramous bud</th><td>ZIII (small bud: ZII)</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>ZI</td></tr><tr><th>Functional</th><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZIV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZII</td></tr><tr><th>Pereiopods with paddled-like propodus</th><td>3 rd, 4 th and 5 th</td><td>3 rd, 4 th and 5 th</td><td>5th</td><td>5th</td><td>5th</td></tr><tr><th>5th pleomere without dorso-lat spines</th><td>ZVIII</td><td>ZIII</td><td>NA</td><td>ZV</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><th>3rd pleomere with curved spine</th><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Absent</td><td>Present</td></tr><tr><th>Pleopods:</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Small buds</th><td>ZVIII</td><td>NA</td><td>-</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZVI</td></tr><tr><th>Biramous buds</th><td>ZIX</td><td>ZIX (day 40)</td><td>ZVII</td><td>ZVII</td><td>-</td></tr><tr><th>Differentiated protopod</th><td>ZX</td><td>ZX (day 80)</td><td>ZVIII</td><td>ZIX</td><td>ZVII</td></tr><tr><th>With appendix interna</th><td>-</td><td>ZXI (day 120)</td><td>ZIX</td><td>-</td><td>NA</td></tr><tr><th>Telson margins laterally parallel</th><td>ZV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZV</td><td>ZVII</td><td>ZV</td></tr></tbody></table>......continued on the next pageTABLE 1. (Continued)......continued on the next page

Figure 5 in Exploring phylogenetic informativeness and nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts) in three commonly used mitochondrial genes: mitochondrial phylogeny of peppermint, cleaner, and semi-terrestrial shrimps (Caridea: Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia)

Figure 5. Phylogenetic informativeness of three mtDNA gene fragments (16S, 12S, and COI) in peppermint, cleaner, and semi-terrestrial shrimps. (A) Phylogenetic informativeness (PI) profiles of the three different mtDNA gene fragments studied through relative time in shrimps from the genera Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia. The sum of the instantaneous asymptotic informativeness of all sites in each gene is plotted. The arrows and numbers above or below them indicate the relative time (arrow) and magnitude (numbers) at which PI reaches its maximum value. (B) Tree topology resulting from the maximum-likelihood analysis of the sequences studied with a relative time-enforced branch length. This phylogeny was used to calculate the PI profiles in panel (A). Species pertaining to the different monophyletic clades previously revealed by the combined analyses of the three mtDNA gene fragments are highlighted with different colours, as in Figure 3.

Figure 7. Neighbour-nets generated using SplitsTree4 in Exploring phylogenetic informativeness and nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts) in three commonly used mitochondrial genes: mitochondrial phylogeny of peppermint, cleaner, and semi-terrestrial shrimps (Caridea: Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia)

Figure 7. Neighbour-nets generated using SplitsTree4 from the three mtDNA gene fragments studied (16S, 12S, and COI) in shrimps from the genera Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia. Species pertaining to the different monophyletic clades previously revealed by the combined analyses of the three mtDNA gene fragments are highlighted with different colours, as in Figure 3. Abbreviations: LA, Lysmata ankeri; LABP, Lysmata cf. vittata; LAM, Lysmata amboinensis; LARG, Lysmata argentopuctata; LBA, Lysmata bahia; LBO, Lysmata boggessi; LCA, Lysmata californica; LD, Lysmata debelius; LGA, Lysmata galapagensis; LGB, Lysmata grabhami; LGR, Lysmata gracilirostris; LH, Lysmata hochi; LHO, Lysmata holthuisi; LI, Lysmata intermedia; LIM2, Lysmata cf. intermedia; LK, Lysmata kuekenthali; LM, Lysmata moorei; LN, Lysmata nayaritensis; LNI, Lysmata nilita; LO, Lysmata olavoi; LP, Lysmata pederseni; LRA, Lysmata rafa; LSET, Lysmata seticaudata; LT, Lysmata cf. ternatensis; LV, Lysmata vittata; LU, Lysmata udoi; LWEF, Lysmata wurdemanni EFL; LWG, Lysmata wurdemanni TX; LWWF, Lysmata wurdemanni WFL; EXO, Exhippolysmata oplophoroides; EXE, Exhippolysmata ensirostris; MO, Merguia oligodon; MR, Merguia rhizophorae; and NSP, Nikoides sp.

Figure 3 in Exploring phylogenetic informativeness and nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts) in three commonly used mitochondrial genes: mitochondrial phylogeny of peppermint, cleaner, and semi-terrestrial shrimps (Caridea: Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia)

Figure 3. Tree topology resulting from the combined analysis of the three mtDNA gene fragments studied (16S, 12S, and COI) for shrimps from the genus Lysmata (29 taxa), Exhippolysmata (two taxa), Merguia (two taxa), and one out-group (Nikoides sp.), under maximum likelihood (ML). Numbers above or below the branches represent the bootstrap values obtained from the maximum likelihood (ML) analysis in TREEFINDER and posterior probabilities from the Bayesian inference (BI) analysis in MrBayes (ML/BI). The general topology of the trees obtained from ML and BI analyses was the same.

Figure 1 in Exploring phylogenetic informativeness and nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts) in three commonly used mitochondrial genes: mitochondrial phylogeny of peppermint, cleaner, and semi-terrestrial shrimps (Caridea: Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia)

Figure 1. Amino acid usage analysis (mean amino acid count per sequence) for COI reference sequences (from selected species of crustaceans: Macrobrachium rosenbergii, Exopalaemon caricaudinata, Halocaridina rubra, and Cherax destructor), for COI orthologous sequences obtained from shrimps from the genus Lysmata, and for COI-like cloned sequences from Lysmata seticaudata. The error bars in each graph represent the highest and lowest amino acid counts per sequence in the three data sets. Amino acid determination and naming follows the invertebrate mitochondrial translation code, and was performed in MEGA 5.

Figure 2 in Exploring phylogenetic informativeness and nuclear copies of mitochondrial DNA (numts) in three commonly used mitochondrial genes: mitochondrial phylogeny of peppermint, cleaner, and semi-terrestrial shrimps (Caridea: Lysmata, Exhippolysmata, and Merguia)

Figure 2. Tree topologies resulting from the analysis of COI-like cloned sequences from Lysmata seticaudata and mtDNA COI gene fragments for shrimps from the genus Lysmata (29 taxa), Exhippolysmata (two taxa), Merguia (two taxa), and one out-group (Nikoides sp.), under maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Numbers above or below the branches represent the bootstrap values obtained from the ML analysis in TREEFINDER, and posterior probabilities from the BI analysis in MrBayes.

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Figure 3 in Molecular systematics of peppermint and cleaner shrimps: phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera Lysmata and Exhippolysmata (Crustacea: Caridea: Hippolytidae)

Figure 3. The habitus and colour pattern (dorsal view) of the shrimps Lysmata amboinensis (left) and Lysmata grabhami (right).

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Figure 2 in Molecular systematics of peppermint and cleaner shrimps: phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera Lysmata and Exhippolysmata (Crustacea: Caridea: Hippolytidae)

Figure 2. Phylogenetic tree obtained from minimum evolution (ME) analysis of the partial 16S rRNA gene for shrimps from the genus Lysmata, and other selected taxa from the Caridea. Numbers above or below the branches represent the bootstrap values obtained from maximum parsimony (MP) and ME analyses in PAUP* and MEGA 4.4 (MP/ME). The white and black squares represent the presence or absence, respectively, of a developed accessory branch in each species. The images of the shrimps (from top to bottom) represent Lysmata wurdemanni, Lysmata debelius, Lysmata hochi, and Lysmata galapagensis.

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Figure 1 in Molecular systematics of peppermint and cleaner shrimps: phylogeny and taxonomy of the genera Lysmata and Exhippolysmata (Crustacea: Caridea: Hippolytidae)

Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree obtained from Bayesian inference (BI) analysis of the partial 16S rRNA gene for shrimps from the genus Lysmata, and other selected taxa from the Caridea. Numbers above or below the branches represent the posterior probabilities from the BI analysis and bootstrap values obtained from maximum likelihood (ML) in PAUP* (BI/ML). The white and black squares represent the presence or absence, respectively, of a developed accessory branch in each species. The images of the shrimps (from top to bottom) represent Lysmata wurdemanni, Lysmata grabhami, Lysmata intermedia, and Lysmata hochi.

FIGURE 8. Zoea V in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages

FIGURE 8. Zoea V of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod; L) second pereiopod; M) fifth pereiopod; N) third and fourth pereiopods as buds; and O) uropods and telson. (Scale: A, B = 0.5 mm; C, D, I–K, M, O = 0.2 mm; H, L, N = 0.1 mm; E–G = 0.05 mm).

FIGURE 9 in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages

FIGURE 9. Morphological characters of larval shrimp of the genus Lysmata Risso, 1816. Phylogeny adapted from Baeza et al. (2009), Baeza (2010), and Alves et al. (2018). Character 1: present in all zoeae; Characters 2–8: only in zoea I; Characters 9–11: only in zoea II; Characters 12–14: only in zoea III. Legend: Character 1, Pterygostomial spine: ● presence Q absence; Character 2, Pereiopod buds: ● in the 1st Q in the 1st–5th ● in the 1st and 2nd; Character 3, Setae in the outer flagellum of the antenulle: ● two Q one; Character 4, Segments in the antenna exopod: ● six Q five; Character 5, Terminal setae on the exopod of the first maxilliped: ● four Q three; Character 6, Base of the second maxilleped with setae distributed in: ● 1+2 Q 2+2 ● 1+2+3; Character 7, Segments in the endopod of the third maxilliped: ● five Q four; Character 8, A pair of simple seta on the third pleonal somite: ● presence Q absence; Character 9, Antenna endopod: ● small and conical shape Q long plumose seta; Character 10, Setae in the antenna scaphocerite: ● eight Q six ● five; Character 11, Pereiopods 1st and 5th: ● developed and functional Q buds or absence; Character 12, Setae in the inner flagellum of the antenulle: ● two Q one; Character 13, Setae in the inner margem of the antenna: ● ten Q eleven ● ≥ twelve; Character 14, Setae in the uropod exopod: ● ≤ nine Q ten ● ≥ eleven.

FIGURE 7. Zoea IV in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages

FIGURE 7. Zoea IV of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod; L) second pereiopod; M) fifth pereiopod; N) third pereiopod as bud; and O) uropods and telson. (Scale: A, B = 0.5 mm; C, D, I–K, M, O = 0.2 mm; H, L = 0.1 mm; E–G, N = 0.05 mm).

FIGURE 6 in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages

FIGURE 6. Zoea III of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod; L) second pereiopod as bud; M) fifth pereiopod as bud; and N) uropods and telson. (Scale: A = 0.5 mm; B–D, I–K, N = 0.2 mm; H, L, M = 0.1 mm)

FIGURE 5. Zoea II in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages

FIGURE 5. Zoea II of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod as bud; L) fifth pereiopod as bud; and M) uropods and telson. (Scale: A–B, I, J, M = 0.2 mm; C, D, H, K, L = 0.1 mm; E–G = 0.05 mm).

FIGURE 4. Zoea I in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages

FIGURE 4. Zoea I of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod as bud; and L) telson. (Scale: A, B, I, J, L = 0.2 mm; C, D, H, K = 0.1 mm; E–G = 0.05 mm).

FIGURE 2. Zoea II in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages

FIGURE 2. Zoea II of Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod as bud; L) fifth pereiopod as bud; and M) uropods and telson. (Scale: A, B, I, J, M = 0.2 mm; C, D, H = 0.1 mm; E–G, K, L = 0.05 mm).

FIGURE 3 in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages

FIGURE 3. Zoea III of Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod; L) second pereiopod as bud; M) fifth pereiopod as bud; and N) uropods and telson. (Scale: A = 0.5 mm; B–D, I–K, N = 0.2 mm; H, L, M = 0.01 mm; E–G = 0.05 mm).

FIGURE 1. Zoea I in Morphology of the early larval stages of Lysmata ankeri Rhyne & Lin, 2006 and Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006 (Caridea: Lysmatidae) and a review of the larval morphology of the early Lysmata stages

FIGURE 1. Zoea I of Lysmata bahia Rhyne & Lin, 2006. A) dorsal view; B) lateral view; C) antennule; D) antenna; E) mandibles; F) maxillule; G) maxilla; H) first maxilliped; I) second maxilliped; J) third maxilliped; K) first pereiopod as bud; and L) telson. (Scale: A, B, I, J, L = 0.2 mm; C, D, H = 0.1 mm; E, F, G, K = 0.05 mm).