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Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a charalean oospore (a), and fragments of probable marchantialean liverwort thalli (b–d); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Apical view of oospore showing the pattern of spiral ridges and grooves resulting from the enclosing cells of the oogonium. b–d) Thallus fragments in probable ventral view showing two rows of imbricate scales and occasional branching of the thallus (d). Specimens, TV38-S174607 (a), TV43-S174655 (b), TV43-S174654 (c), TV43-S174661 (d). Scale bars 1 mm (b–d), 100 Μm (a). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 3. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a charalean oospore (a), and fragments of probable marchantialean liverwort thalli (b–d); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Apical view of oospore showing the pattern of spiral ridges and grooves resulting from the enclosing cells of the oogonium. b–d) Thallus fragments in probable ventral view showing two rows of imbricate scales and occasional branching of the thallus (d). Specimens, TV38-S174607 (a), TV43-S174655 (b), TV43-S174654 (c), TV43-S174661 (d). Scale bars 1 mm (b–d), 100 Μm (a).
Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Isoetales (a–d) and megaspores of uncertain affinity (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Paxillitriletes reticulatus megaspore in lateral view showing long appendages on the flanges of the laesurae and the reticulate-spiny distal surface; b) Dijkstraisporites sp. megaspore in oblique lateral view showing long, sometimes dichotomizing, appendages on the equatorial flanges and bordering the laesurae; c, d) Tenellisporites sp. megaspore in proximal view (c) showing equatorial flanges and laesurae with short, broad, flattened and unbranched appendages; note numerous, spiny microspores adhering to the proximal face of the megaspore (d); e) Megaspore type sp. 2 in lateral view showing apical gula and ornamentation of scattered spines; f, g) Megaspore type sp. 3 in lateral (f) and proximal (g) view showing broad, often dichotomously branched appendages covering the megaspore surface; h, i) aff. Flabellisporites sp. megaspores in proximal (h) and lateral (i) view showing long, narrow appendages covering the megaspore surface. Specimens, TV39-S174619 (a), TV38-S170220 (b), TV38-S170221 (c, d), TV44-S174574 (e), TV44-S174575 (f), TV44-S174577 (g), TV38-S170223 (h), TV38-S170222 (i). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c, e–i), 25 Μm (d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of megaspores with possible affinities to Isoetales (a–d) and megaspores of uncertain affinity (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Paxillitriletes reticulatus megaspore in lateral view showing long appendages on the flanges of the laesurae and the reticulate-spiny distal surface; b) Dijkstraisporites sp. megaspore in oblique lateral view showing long, sometimes dichotomizing, appendages on the equatorial flanges and bordering the laesurae; c, d) Tenellisporites sp. megaspore in proximal view (c) showing equatorial flanges and laesurae with short, broad, flattened and unbranched appendages; note numerous, spiny microspores adhering to the proximal face of the megaspore (d); e) Megaspore type sp. 2 in lateral view showing apical gula and ornamentation of scattered spines; f, g) Megaspore type sp. 3 in lateral (f) and proximal (g) view showing broad, often dichotomously branched appendages covering the megaspore surface; h, i) aff. Flabellisporites sp. megaspores in proximal (h) and lateral (i) view showing long, narrow appendages covering the megaspore surface. Specimens, TV39-S174619 (a), TV38-S170220 (b), TV38-S170221 (c, d), TV44-S174574 (e), TV44-S174575 (f), TV44-S174577 (g), TV38-S170223 (h), TV38-S170222 (i). Scale bars 100 Μm (a–c, e–i), 25 Μm (d).
Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen of Sergipea sp. from a group of probable fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Cluster of probable fragmentary pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b, c) Pollen grains showing the robust longitudinal ribs separated by prominent areas of granular exine; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads); d) Pollen grain showing the granular exine flanked by two robust ribs; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads). Specimen, TV44-S148012 (a–d). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 12. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen of Sergipea sp. from a group of probable fragmentary pollen sacs; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Cluster of probable fragmentary pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b, c) Pollen grains showing the robust longitudinal ribs separated by prominent areas of granular exine; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads); d) Pollen grain showing the granular exine flanked by two robust ribs; note the groove along the margins of the longitudinal ribs (arrowheads). Specimen, TV44-S148012 (a–d). Scale bars 150 Μm (a), 12 Μm (c), 6 Μm (b, d).
Text-fig. 19. Scanning electron microscope (SEM; d, e) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM; a–c) images of a seed of Kvacekispermum costatum sp. nov. (a–c) and Kvacekispermum sp. (d, e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Isolated, abraded seeds showing densely spaced longitudinal ridges; c) Detail of abraded seed in (b) showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals; d) Isolated, abraded seed showing longitudinal ridges; e) Abraded seed surface showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals. Specimens, TV44-S174098 (holotype; a), TV38-S174099 (b, c), TV43-S174612 (d, e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d), 50 Μm (c, e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 19. Scanning electron microscope (SEM; d, e) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM; a–c) images of a seed of Kvacekispermum costatum sp. nov. (a–c) and Kvacekispermum sp. (d, e); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Isolated, abraded seeds showing densely spaced longitudinal ridges; c) Detail of abraded seed in (b) showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals; d) Isolated, abraded seed showing longitudinal ridges; e) Abraded seed surface showing surface of endotesta with imprints of crystals. Specimens, TV44-S174098 (holotype; a), TV38-S174099 (b, c), TV43-S174612 (d, e). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d), 50 Μm (c, e).
Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Appofructus gen. nov. and associated pollen grains; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., lateral views of fruits (holotype figured in a) showing the ribbed surface, the poorly defined apical stigmatic area and short stalk; c, d) Appofructus sp. lateral view of fruit showing the absence of hooked hairs, the apical stigmatic area, the short stalk and pollen grain from the fruit surface (d); e–g) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., individual monocolpate pollen grains (f, g) from the group of pollen grains on the stigmatic surface (e). Specimens, TV44-S148143 (holotype; a); TV44-S148007 (b), TV38-S174610 (c, d), TV44-S148141 (e, f), TV44-S136687 (g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 60 Μm (e), 6 Μm (d, f, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 26. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of fruits of Appofructus gen. nov. and associated pollen grains; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., lateral views of fruits (holotype figured in a) showing the ribbed surface, the poorly defined apical stigmatic area and short stalk; c, d) Appofructus sp. lateral view of fruit showing the absence of hooked hairs, the apical stigmatic area, the short stalk and pollen grain from the fruit surface (d); e–g) Appofructus nudus gen. et sp. nov., individual monocolpate pollen grains (f, g) from the group of pollen grains on the stigmatic surface (e). Specimens, TV44-S148143 (holotype; a); TV44-S148007 (b), TV38-S174610 (c, d), TV44-S148141 (e, f), TV44-S136687 (g). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 60 Μm (e), 6 Μm (d, f, g).
Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens (a–c) with in situ trichotomocolpate Asteropollis type pollen (d– h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamen; b) Group of tetrasporangiate stamens; c) Single pollen sac from stamen; d, f) Distal view of pollen grains showing trichotomocolpate aperture; e, g) Pollen wall showing dense reticulum with faint supratectal ornamentation; h) Detail of pollen wall showing numerous long columellae. Specimens, TV44-S105012 (a, d), TV44-105015 (b, e), TV44-S136763 (c, f, g), TV44- S136669 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 6 Μm (d, f), 1.5 Μm (e, g, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 21. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of stamens (a–c) with in situ trichotomocolpate Asteropollis type pollen (d– h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fragmentary tetrasporangiate stamen; b) Group of tetrasporangiate stamens; c) Single pollen sac from stamen; d, f) Distal view of pollen grains showing trichotomocolpate aperture; e, g) Pollen wall showing dense reticulum with faint supratectal ornamentation; h) Detail of pollen wall showing numerous long columellae. Specimens, TV44-S105012 (a, d), TV44-105015 (b, e), TV44-S136763 (c, f, g), TV44- S136669 (h). Scale bars 300 Μm (a–c), 6 Μm (d, f), 1.5 Μm (e, g, h).
Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores from clumps of spores and sporangia with affinities to polypodiopsids (a–c) and of uncertain affinity (d–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Folded Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from clump of spores; b) Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; c) Cyathidites australis spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; d–f) Linear group of spore masses (d; probable sporangial contents) composed of Taurocusporites segmentatus spores showing distal surface (e, middle) with concentric regions and proximal surface with segmented laesurae of elongated granules (e, right; f); in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 8. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores from clumps of spores and sporangia with affinities to polypodiopsids (a–c) and of uncertain affinity (d–k); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Folded Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from clump of spores; b) Cyathidites minor spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; c) Cyathidites australis spores in proximal view showing trilete mark, from group of sporangia; d–f) Linear group of spore masses (d; probable sporangial contents) composed of Taurocusporites segmentatus spores showing distal surface (e, middle) with concentric regions and proximal surface with segmented laesurae of elongated granules (e, right; f);
Text-fig. 23. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Clavatipollenites sp. 2 (a–c) from a fragmentary stamen, and stamen fragments with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 3 (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Distal (a) and proximal (b) view of pollen showing simple, elongate colpus on distal surface and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; c) Detail of pollen wall showing muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and long scattered columellae; d) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen; e, f) Distal views of pollen from stamen fragment showing poorly defined aperture, coarse reticulum and long scattered columellae; g) Fragment of stamen; h) Distal view of pollen showing poorly defined aperture covered by irregular verrucae; i, j) Pollen wall showing rounded orbicules (i) and fractured pollen wall showing long scattered columellae (j). Specimens, TV43-S136728 (a–c), TV44-S149201 (d–f), TV44-S149220 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (d, g), 6 Μm (a, b, e, f, h), 3 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (i, j). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 23. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of Clavatipollenites sp. 2 (a–c) from a fragmentary stamen, and stamen fragments with in situ pollen of Clavatipollenites sp. 3 (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Distal (a) and proximal (b) view of pollen showing simple, elongate colpus on distal surface and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; c) Detail of pollen wall showing muri with finely verrucate supratectal ornamentation and long scattered columellae; d) Fragment of tetrasporangiate stamen; e, f) Distal views of pollen from stamen fragment showing poorly defined aperture, coarse reticulum and long scattered columellae; g) Fragment of stamen; h) Distal view of pollen showing poorly defined aperture covered by irregular verrucae; i, j) Pollen wall showing rounded orbicules (i) and fractured pollen wall showing long scattered columellae (j). Specimens, TV43-S136728 (a–c), TV44-S149201 (d–f), TV44-S149220 (g–j). Scale bars 300 Μm (d, g), 6 Μm (a, b, e, f, h), 3 Μm (c), 1.5 Μm (i, j).
Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores with possible affinities to lycopodiopsids (a–c) and Schizaeaceae (d–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Densoisporites sp. from a clump of spores in proximal (left) and partial distal views (right) showing the narrow equatorial flange, long laesurae, and reticulum that is coarser on the distal surface than on the proximal surface; b, c) Unnamed microspores from clump of microspores in proximal (b) and distal (c) views showing finely reticulate surface; d, e) Cicatricosisporites ventusus fertile pinnules showing numerous attached sporangia (d) each with terminal annulus (arrowheads) and spores in situ (e); f) Cicatricosisporites sp. 1 spores from fertile pinnules bearing sporangia with a terminal in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 7. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of spores with possible affinities to lycopodiopsids (a–c) and Schizaeaceae (d–g); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Densoisporites sp. from a clump of spores in proximal (left) and partial distal views (right) showing the narrow equatorial flange, long laesurae, and reticulum that is coarser on the distal surface than on the proximal surface; b, c) Unnamed microspores from clump of microspores in proximal (b) and distal (c) views showing finely reticulate surface; d, e) Cicatricosisporites ventusus fertile pinnules showing numerous attached sporangia (d) each with terminal annulus (arrowheads) and spores in situ (e); f) Cicatricosisporites sp. 1 spores from fertile pinnules bearing sporangia with a terminal
Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 18. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of a fruit of Canrightia sp. with associated pollen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Fruit in lateral view showing prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by the scattered oil bodies and the broad hypanthium fused to the base of the fruit (arrowhead); b) Fruit surface showing epidermal cells and the scattered oil cells embedded in the fruit wall (arrowheads); c) Cluster of monocolpate pollen grains in the probable stigmatic region of the fruit; d) Pollen grains showing the long colpus and semitectate-reticulate pollen wall; e) Pollen wall showing the reticulum with large and small lumina, and scattered, compressed columellae supporting the smooth muri. Specimen, TV142-S170213. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 100 Μm (b), 30 Μm (c), 6 Μm (d), 1 Μm (e).
Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of Pazliopsis reyi (a–c) and Anaspermum operculatum gen. et sp. nov. (d–j). a) Seed in lateral view showing poorly preserved remains of fruit wall and rough surface of the exotesta; b) Section through the wall of a broken seed showing palisade cells of the exotesta; c) Seed surface showing sunken very deeply sinuous outlines of the exotesta cells; d–f, h, i) Seeds in lateral view (holotype figured in d) showing the pointed micropylar-hilar area, the rounded chalazal end, the smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines, and the distinct course of the raphe; g) Surface of the exotesta showing the distinctive cell outlines formed by the sinuous anticlinal walls of the palisade cells; j) Apical view of seed showing the prominent operculum. Specimens, TV43-S171534 (a), TV44-S136683 (b), TV43-S136745 (c), TV43-S136740 (holotype; d), TV43-S136746 (e), TV43-S136739 (f), TV43-S170083 (g), TV S136743 (h), TV43-S136742 (i), TV38-S174608 (j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d–f, h, i), 50 Μm (j), 30 Μm (c, g). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 15. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds of Pazliopsis reyi (a–c) and Anaspermum operculatum gen. et sp. nov. (d–j). a) Seed in lateral view showing poorly preserved remains of fruit wall and rough surface of the exotesta; b) Section through the wall of a broken seed showing palisade cells of the exotesta; c) Seed surface showing sunken very deeply sinuous outlines of the exotesta cells; d–f, h, i) Seeds in lateral view (holotype figured in d) showing the pointed micropylar-hilar area, the rounded chalazal end, the smooth surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines, and the distinct course of the raphe; g) Surface of the exotesta showing the distinctive cell outlines formed by the sinuous anticlinal walls of the palisade cells; j) Apical view of seed showing the prominent operculum. Specimens, TV43-S171534 (a), TV44-S136683 (b), TV43-S136745 (c), TV43-S136740 (holotype; d), TV43-S136746 (e), TV43-S136739 (f), TV43-S170083 (g), TV S136743 (h), TV43-S136742 (i), TV38-S174608 (j). Scale bars 300 Μm (a, b, d–f, h, i), 50 Μm (j), 30 Μm (c, g).
Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a fruit of Canrightia elongata sp. nov. (a–g) and isolated Canrightia-like seeds (h–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; fruit in lateral view showing four fused tepals at the base (c, upper arrowheads) and prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by scattered oil bodies and possible subtending bract (c, lower arrowhead); d) Transverse section (SRXTM orthoslice xy1510) through the fruit showing three locules, one with the remains of the endothelium (top left, 1), the other two (2, 3) with remains of presumed endosperm tissue; note that the locule to the right (3) is crushed; e, f) Radial longitudinal (e; SRXTM orthoslice xz1212) in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 17. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of a fruit of Canrightia elongata sp. nov. (a–g) and isolated Canrightia-like seeds (h–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Holotype; fruit in lateral view showing four fused tepals at the base (c, upper arrowheads) and prominent cavities in the fruit wall formed by scattered oil bodies and possible subtending bract (c, lower arrowhead); d) Transverse section (SRXTM orthoslice xy1510) through the fruit showing three locules, one with the remains of the endothelium (top left, 1), the other two (2, 3) with remains of presumed endosperm tissue; note that the locule to the right (3) is crushed; e, f) Radial longitudinal (e; SRXTM orthoslice xz1212)
Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds assigned to the BEG group (a–d) and associated pollen grains (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Seed of Tomcatia taylorii showing the four horns formed by extensions of the envelope and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds to the micropylar tube; b, c) Seeds of Quadrispermum parvum in lateral (b) and apical (c) views showing the transverse ribs and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds the micropylar tube; d–f) Seeds of Ephedrispermum lusitanicum showing the four-angled seed envelope (d), the micropylar tube surrounded by the tissues of the integument (e), and ephedroid pollen grains on the seed surface (f); g) Apex of seed of Quadrispermum parvum showing simple in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of seeds assigned to the BEG group (a–d) and associated pollen grains (e–i); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Seed of Tomcatia taylorii showing the four horns formed by extensions of the envelope and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds to the micropylar tube; b, c) Seeds of Quadrispermum parvum in lateral (b) and apical (c) views showing the transverse ribs and the central projection of the envelope that surrounds the micropylar tube; d–f) Seeds of Ephedrispermum lusitanicum showing the four-angled seed envelope (d), the micropylar tube surrounded by the tissues of the integument (e), and ephedroid pollen grains on the seed surface (f); g) Apex of seed of Quadrispermum parvum showing simple
Text-fig. 14. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Gastonispermum antiquum sp. nov. (a–e) and possible fruits (f–h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Lateral view of seeds (holotype figured in b) showing the hilar-micropylar area and the course of the raphe; note the close association of hilum (arrowhead) and micropyle; d) Detail of seed wall showing the undulating surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines; e) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xy0914) through the hilar-micropylar area showing the hilum (arrowhead), the thickening of the endotesta around the micropyle and the course of the raphe within the exotesta (arrow); f–h) Fruits containing in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 14. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) images of seeds of Gastonispermum antiquum sp. nov. (a–e) and possible fruits (f–h); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a–c) Lateral view of seeds (holotype figured in b) showing the hilar-micropylar area and the course of the raphe; note the close association of hilum (arrowhead) and micropyle; d) Detail of seed wall showing the undulating surface of the exotesta composed of cells with sinuous cell outlines; e) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xy0914) through the hilar-micropylar area showing the hilum (arrowhead), the thickening of the endotesta around the micropyle and the course of the raphe within the exotesta (arrow); f–h) Fruits containing
Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen or spore clump with pollen grains or spores of unknown affinity that occur separately or adhering together in dyads, triads and tetrads; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Clump of pollen or spores that yielded the pollen or spores in this Text-figure; b–f) Grains adhering together in twos, threes or fours (b–e) or occurring singly and apparently with a proximal trilete mark (f); note that the adhering grains are connected by a smooth bandlike covering, perhaps remains of the microspore mother cell; note also abundant orbicules of various sizes among and over the grains. Specimen, TV44-S148149. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b–f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 13. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of pollen or spore clump with pollen grains or spores of unknown affinity that occur separately or adhering together in dyads, triads and tetrads; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Clump of pollen or spores that yielded the pollen or spores in this Text-figure; b–f) Grains adhering together in twos, threes or fours (b–e) or occurring singly and apparently with a proximal trilete mark (f); note that the adhering grains are connected by a smooth bandlike covering, perhaps remains of the microspore mother cell; note also abundant orbicules of various sizes among and over the grains. Specimen, TV44-S148149. Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 30 Μm (b–f).
Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of conifer seeds (a, b) and pollen (c) and monoporate pollen of unknown affinity (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Unnamed conifer seeds (conifer seed sp. 1); c) Clump of bisaccate pollen grains; d) Fragment with microsporangia that yielded the pollen in (e–j); e, f, h) Monoporate pollen grains folded in various ways, exposing the tiny pore (e, h, arrowheads) or resembling a monocolpate grain (f); g) Detail of pollen grain showing pore (arrowhead) and finely rugulate exine surface that reflects the reticulate infratectal layer beneath the thin tectum; i) Detail of pore showing very slightly thickened margin; j) Spherical orbicules on the surface of two grains. Specimens, TV44-S174594 (a), TV44-S174595 (b), TV44-S174573 (c), TV44-S137904 (d–j). Scale bars 1 mm (a, b), 300 Μm (d), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g, j), 1.5 Μm (i). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 10. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of conifer seeds (a, b) and pollen (c) and monoporate pollen of unknown affinity (d–j); Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a, b) Unnamed conifer seeds (conifer seed sp. 1); c) Clump of bisaccate pollen grains; d) Fragment with microsporangia that yielded the pollen in (e–j); e, f, h) Monoporate pollen grains folded in various ways, exposing the tiny pore (e, h, arrowheads) or resembling a monocolpate grain (f); g) Detail of pollen grain showing pore (arrowhead) and finely rugulate exine surface that reflects the reticulate infratectal layer beneath the thin tectum; i) Detail of pore showing very slightly thickened margin; j) Spherical orbicules on the surface of two grains. Specimens, TV44-S174594 (a), TV44-S174595 (b), TV44-S174573 (c), TV44-S137904 (d–j). Scale bars 1 mm (a, b), 300 Μm (d), 100 Μm (c), 6 Μm (e, f, h), 3 Μm (g, j), 1.5 Μm (i).
IODP Expedition 350 Scanning electron microscope images
<p>Microscopic images of discrete samples were acquired using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and captured as image files. These files were uploaded along with a brief description and a record of the microscopic conditions when the image was taken.</p>
Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–f) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and apical (b) views of seed showing the coarsely foveolate surface; note the truncate apex and the slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices xz0740 and xz0840) through the middle of seed showing the truncate apex with slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region and basal rounded chalazal region; note thick outer integument (oi) composed of an exotesta of thickwalled palisade-like cells and a thin inner integument (ii); d, e, f) Transverse (d, orthoslice xy0800) and longitudinal sections (e, orthoslice xz1100, f, orthoslice yz0800) through seed hilar-micropylar region, showing the exotesta comprised of the thick-walled palisade-like cells of the outer integument (oi), small, thin-walled meso- endotestal cells of the outer integument (arrows) and thin inner integument (ii). Specimen, Catefica 153-S172332 (a–f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–f). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 50. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–f) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a, b) Lateral (a) and apical (b) views of seed showing the coarsely foveolate surface; note the truncate apex and the slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices xz0740 and xz0840) through the middle of seed showing the truncate apex with slightly depressed hilar-micropylar region and basal rounded chalazal region; note thick outer integument (oi) composed of an exotesta of thickwalled palisade-like cells and a thin inner integument (ii); d, e, f) Transverse (d, orthoslice xy0800) and longitudinal sections (e, orthoslice xz1100, f, orthoslice yz0800) through seed hilar-micropylar region, showing the exotesta comprised of the thick-walled palisade-like cells of the outer integument (oi), small, thin-walled meso- endotestal cells of the outer integument (arrows) and thin inner integument (ii). Specimen, Catefica 153-S172332 (a–f). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–f).
Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–e) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of seed showing foveolate surface; note the slightly pointed hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion (arrow) from the micropyle; b) Detail of seed surface showing shallow pitting and very faint outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices yz0450 and yz0460) through the middle of the seed showing the slightly pointed hilarmicropylar region and the rounded chalazal region; note the thick exotesta of the outer integument composed of thick-walled palisade-like cells (oi); note partial preservation of large cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and the smaller cells of the embryo (em) at the micropylar end of the seed; d, e) Longitudinal sections (d, orthoslice xz0750, e, orthoslice yz0485) through middle of the seed perpendicular to each other showing the hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion from micropyle (e, arrow), thick palisade-like cells of outer integument (oi), larger cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and remains of the smaller cells of the embryo (em). Specimen, Catefica 49-S172316 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 50 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 49. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c–e) images of "Foveolate seed sp. 1"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of seed showing foveolate surface; note the slightly pointed hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion (arrow) from the micropyle; b) Detail of seed surface showing shallow pitting and very faint outlines of the undulate anticlinal walls of the exotestal cells; c) Longitudinal section (volume rendering cut between orthoslices yz0450 and yz0460) through the middle of the seed showing the slightly pointed hilarmicropylar region and the rounded chalazal region; note the thick exotesta of the outer integument composed of thick-walled palisade-like cells (oi); note partial preservation of large cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and the smaller cells of the embryo (em) at the micropylar end of the seed; d, e) Longitudinal sections (d, orthoslice xz0750, e, orthoslice yz0485) through middle of the seed perpendicular to each other showing the hilar-micropylar region with the preservation of a presumed secretion from micropyle (e, arrow), thick palisade-like cells of outer integument (oi), larger cells of the nutritive tissue (nu) and remains of the smaller cells of the embryo (em). Specimen, Catefica 49-S172316 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c–e), 50 Μm (b).
Text-fig. 48. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, d–i) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c) images of "One-seeded fruit sp. 2" (a–c), "Unassigned, unnamed fruits" (d–f), Pazliopsis sp. (g, h) and "Follicular fruit with exotestal seeds" (i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of fruit showing remains of tepals (te) and a single stamen (st); b) Detail of fruit surface showing short, scale-like, peltate trichomes (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0475) of fruit containing a single seed showing tepals (te) and fruit surface with peltate trichomes (arrow); note partial preservation of internal nutritive tissue; d) Fruit in lateral view showing the almost smooth epidermis with scattered openings; e) Detail of fruit surface from (d) showing the scattered openings in the epidermis interpreted as burst secretory cells (arrows); f) Dorsi-ventral view of tiny fruit with an irregular surface; g) Lateral view of exotestal seed assigned to cf. Pazliopsis sp.; h) Detail of fruit surface of seed in (g) showing faint facets of outer palisade layer with fine jigsaw-puzzle outlines of the anticlinal walls; i) Lateral view of fragmentary follicular fruit showing two exposed exotestal seeds. Specimens, Catefica 153-S174314 (a–c), Catefica 50-S170420 (d, e), Catefica 152-S174300 (f), Catefica 49-S172319 (g, h), Catefica MM158-P0272 (i). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d, f, g, i), 100 Μm (e), 50 Μm (b, h). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 48. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b, d–i) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c) images of "One-seeded fruit sp. 2" (a–c), "Unassigned, unnamed fruits" (d–f), Pazliopsis sp. (g, h) and "Follicular fruit with exotestal seeds" (i); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of fruit showing remains of tepals (te) and a single stamen (st); b) Detail of fruit surface showing short, scale-like, peltate trichomes (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0475) of fruit containing a single seed showing tepals (te) and fruit surface with peltate trichomes (arrow); note partial preservation of internal nutritive tissue; d) Fruit in lateral view showing the almost smooth epidermis with scattered openings; e) Detail of fruit surface from (d) showing the scattered openings in the epidermis interpreted as burst secretory cells (arrows); f) Dorsi-ventral view of tiny fruit with an irregular surface; g) Lateral view of exotestal seed assigned to cf. Pazliopsis sp.; h) Detail of fruit surface of seed in (g) showing faint facets of outer palisade layer with fine jigsaw-puzzle outlines of the anticlinal walls; i) Lateral view of fragmentary follicular fruit showing two exposed exotestal seeds. Specimens, Catefica 153-S174314 (a–c), Catefica 50-S170420 (d, e), Catefica 152-S174300 (f), Catefica 49-S172319 (g, h), Catefica MM158-P0272 (i). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d, f, g, i), 100 Μm (e), 50 Μm (b, h).
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