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Fig. 2 in A new genus of lungfish from the Givetian (Middle Devonian) of central Australia

Fig. 2. Dipnoan fish Harajicadipterus youngi gen. et sp. nov. from the Harajica Sandstone Member (Givetian), central Australia. Holotype, NMV P228725, skull−roofing bones, operculum, tooth plates and pectoral girdle in opposing views (A, C); interpretive drawing of same (B, D). E. CPC 24697, skull roof in dorsal view. F. Interpretive drawing of same. All specimens are latex casts of impressions in rock and whitened with ammonium chloride. Dashed lines represent approximate extent of cleithrum in D and approximate position of orbit.

Fig. 5 in A new genus of lungfish from the Givetian (Middle Devonian) of central Australia

Fig. 5. Comparison between dorsal and right lateral views of skull roof pattern of Devonian dipnoans. A, B. Chirodipterus australis from the Gogo Formation (Frasnian), Australia, redrawn from Miles (1977:232−233); comparison between dorsal and right lateral views. C, D. Holodipterus (Asthenorhynchus) meemannae from the Gogo Formation (Frasnian), Australia, redrawn from Pridmore et al. (1994: 152). E. Dipterus valenciennesi from the Old Red Sandstone (Middle Devonian) of Scotland, redrawn from Campbell and Barwick (1990: 154). F. Dipterus valenciennesi from the Old Red Sandstone (Middle Devonian) of Scotland, redrawn from Jarvik (1980: 413). G, H. Howidipterus donnae from Mount Howitt (Givetian), Victoria, Australia, redrawn from Long (1992: 306). I. Amadeodipterus kencampbelli from the Amadeus Basin (Emsian–Eifelian), central Australia, redrawn from Young and Schultze (2005:20). J, K. Harajicadipterus youngi gen. et sp. nov. from the Harajica Sandstone Member (Givetian), central Australia, drawn from specimens NMV P228725 and CPC 24697. Abbreviation: Op, operculum.

Fig. 1 in A new genus of lungfish from the Givetian (Middle Devonian) of central Australia

Fig. 1. The Amadeus Basin in central Australia (for location see small map), showing Devonian vertebrate localities (re−drawn from Young 2005). Harajicadipterus youngi gen. et sp. nov. is known from locality 6.

Fig. 3 in A new genus of lungfish from the Givetian (Middle Devonian) of central Australia

Fig. 3. Dipnoan fish Harajicadipterus youngi gen. et sp. nov. from the Harajica Sandstone Member (Givetian), central Australia. A. Photograph of upper left pterygoid tooth plate, NMV P229314, latex cast impression whitened with ammonium chloride. B. Interpretive drawing of same. C. Articulated vertebral centra, CPC 24698. D. Drawing of same. E. Isolated scale in external view showing ornament CPC 24699. F. Drawing of same.

Fig. 9 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 9. Incomplete fin spine with compound chondrichthyan scales that are comparable to Type 1 sensu Liao et al. (2007) from the Givetian of the Aragonian Pyrenees, Spain, NYSM 17790. A. Specimen whitened with ammonium chloride. B. Close-up view of associated spine, associated to compound chondrichthyan scales Type 1 sensu Liao et al. (2007). C. Transversal section extracted from a reconstruction of the specimen from micro CT scan data (exposure time: 1650 ms; accelerating voltage: 65kV; current: 120 μA), showing the internal canals. D. Sections extracted from the reconstruction of the fin spine tip from micro-tomodensitometry data; lateral (D1) and dorsal (D2) views, showing the system of internal canals. E. 3D reconstructions of the fin spine tip from micro CT scan data (exposure time: 1650 ms; accelerating voltage: 65kV; current: 120 μA), in lateral (E1) and dorso-lateral (E2) views.

Fig. 6 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 6. Internal structure of the teeth of omalodontid shark Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York, for the adult (A–E) and the juvenile (F–H) morphotypes. A–C. NYSM 17718; images acquired by micro CT-scan (exposure time: 1300 ms; accelerating voltage: 75kV; current: 106 μA). A. Coronal planes angled through the crown and the base, near the lingual margin, with the base horizontal (A1) and along the plane of the cusps (A2), black arrow indicates a possible growth line in the orthodentine outer layer. B. Transverse planes through the right (B1) and the left (B2) cusps when looking from the labial side. C. Horizontal plane through the base. D–E. NYSM 17716; images acquired by SEM. D. Break facet of the right cusp when looking from the labial side. E. Close-up view of the margin of the left cusp (when looking from the labial side) (E1) and of the orthodentine external layer (E2); white arrow indicates the enamel outer layer, black arrow shows separation line between the two main orthodentine layers. F–H. NYSM 17699; images acquired by micro CT-scan (exposure time: 1000 ms; accelerating voltage: 70kV; current: 114 μA). F. Coronal plane angled through the crown and the base. G. Horizontal planes through the base, near the bottom of the base (G1), at about mid-base (G2), and at the bottom of the crown, underneath the forking of the cusps (G3). H. Planes along the labio-lingual axis through the left cusp (when looking from the labial side), near its median side (H1), and inbetween the two cusps (H2).

Fig. 3 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 3. Juvenile morphotype of the teeth of omalodontid shark Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York, USA. A. NYSM 17736, paratype, in labial (A1), lingual (A2), occlusal (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. NYSM 17756, in occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. NYSM 17752, in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views.

Fig. 2 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 2. Generalized stratigraphic section of the Plattekill Formation at Cairo quarry. Chondrichthyan specimens described herein originate from the 5-m level. The fish horizon at 7.35 m corresponds to the level of the fossilized forest mentioned by Cloutier et al. (2010).

Fig. 10 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 10. Scales of Elasmobranchii indet. fam., gen. et sp. B sensu Burrow et al. 2009 from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York, tentatively assigned to omalodontid shark Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. A. NYSM 17899. B. NYSM 17898. C. NYSM 17900. D. NYSM 17958. E. NYSM 17791. F. NYSM 17796. G. NYSM 17927. H. NYSM 17795. I. NYSM 17944. J. NYSM 17798. K. NYSM 17934, white arrows indicate the superposed internal layers in the crown. L. NYSM 17918 (L1), with magnification of framed section (L2); the close-up on the bundle of fibres (L3) corresponds to the section identified by the arrow in L2. In crown (A1–J1), lateral (A2–C2, E2–H2, J2, L), postero-lateral (D2), antero-lateral (I2), and anterior (K) views.

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Base width (latero-medial) (log10 (x + 1)) Fig. 5. Relationship between width and length of the tooth base for Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. Regression lines are represented for the juvenile (n = 32 teeth) and adult (n = 43 teeth) morphotypes as well as for the complete sample.

Fig. 1 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 1. Location of the Cairo quarry (star) (3.22 km northwest of Cairo, Greene County, 42.32° N and 74.04° W, NAD 83) in eastern New York State, USA (inset map); figure modified from Hernick et al. (2008: fig. 1).

Fig. 4 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 4. Adult morphotype of the teeth of omalodontid shark Portalodus mannoliniae sp. nov. from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York, USA. A. NYSM 17715, holotype, in labial (A1), lingual (A2), occlusal (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. NYSM 17714, in occlusal (B1) and lingual (B2) views. C. NYSM 17737, in occlusal (C1) and lingual (C2) views. D. NYSM 17710, in labial (D1) and lingual (D2) views. E. NYSM 17701, in labial (E1) and lingual (E2) views. F. NYSM 17718, in labial (F1) and lingual (F2) views. G. NYSM 17758, in labial (G1) and occlusal (G2) views. H. NYSM 17726, paratype, in labial (H1) and lingual (H2) views, with close-up of the vertically superposed lingual foramen (H3). I. NYSM 17719, in occlusal view (I1), with close-up of the crown (I2).

Fig. 11 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 11. Early Devonian (400 Ma) map in South Polar Mollweide projection with occurrence of remains currently assigned to the Antarctilamnidae and Portalodus. Locality numbers for the Antarctilamnidae refer to Table 1; when more than one locality are represented by the same symbol, the oldest one is depicted. Portalodus was reported in Antarctica (Young 1982; Long and Young 1995; localities 1.1–1.3 in Antarctilamnidae), South Africa (Anderson et al. 1999; locality 9 in Antarctilamnidae), and New York (this paper; locality 14 in Antarctilamnidae). Map modified from Blakey (2008: fig. 8B).

Fig. 8. Compound chondrichthyan scales Type 1 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 8. Compound chondrichthyan scales Type 1 sensu Liao et al. (2007), attributed to Wellerodus priscus, from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York. A. NYSM 17785 in dorsal view. B. NYSM 17782 in dorsal (under BES mode) (B1) and dorso-lateral (B2) views. C. NYSM 17787 in dorsal view. D. NYSM 17783 in dorsal view (under BES mode). E. NYSM 17786 in rostral (E1), caudal (E2), and basal (E3) views (under BES mode).

Fig. 7 in Givetian (Middle Devonian) sharks from Cairo, New York (USA): Evidence of early cosmopolitanism

Fig. 7. Juvenile teeth of antarctilamnid shark Wellerodus priscus from the Givetian of the Cairo quarry, New York. A–D, SEM micrographs. A. NYSM 17775 in lingual (A1), occlusal (A2), labial (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. NYSM 17774 in lingual (B1), occlusal (B2), labial (B3), and lateral (B4) views. C. NYSM 17776 in lingual (C1), occlusal (C2), and lateral (C3) views. D. NYSM 17779 in lingual? (D1) and labial? (D2) views. E–G. NYSM 17776; images acquired by micro CT-scan (exposure time: 1000 ms; accelerating voltage: 70kV; current: 114 μA). E. Coronal planes angled through the crown and the base, near the labial (E1) and lingual (E2) margins. F. Horizontal planes through the base, underneath the articular button (F1) and through the depression underneath the base (F2). G. Planes along the labio-lingual axis through the complete right cusp (G1) and the broken median cusp (G2) (when looking from the lingual side).

FIGURE 34 in The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland

FIGURE 34. Rhadinacanthus longispinus squamation types on different body areas. 1–3, NHM OR.43276 from Tynet Burn, Moray; 1, surrounding scapula shaft; 2, anterior dorsal fin web; 3, mid-flank. 4, NMS G.1892.8.13 from Gamrie, Banffshire, mid-flank; 5, NMS G.2002.59.142pt from Cushnie Burn, Banffshire, mid-flank; 6–10, NHM P.11760 from Gamrie, Banffshire, 6, complete specimen with A, B, C areas magnified in the following images; 7, midflank with lateral line (area A); 8, below lateral line (area A); 9, tail (area B); 10, posterior dorsal fin web (area C). Scale bars equal 1 cm in 1–2, 6, 9–10; 1 mm in 3–5, 7, 8. Abbreviations: fw sc=fin web scales; ll sc=lateral line scales; sc=body scales; scap=scapula shaft, tess=head tesserae.

FIGURE 39 in The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland

FIGURE 39. Relationship tree generated in phylogenetic analysis of selected early gnathostomes (77 taxa, 262 characters; Tree 1, 641 steps)

FIGURE 27. Rhadinacanthus longispinus dorsal spine histology. 1, 2 in The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland

FIGURE 27. Rhadinacanthus longispinus dorsal spine histology. 1, 2, transverse section of anterior dorsal fin spine NMS G.2015.11.1 from Broad Taing, Orkney: 1, whole section indicated by white line; 2, magnified area; 3–5, transverse sections of posterior dorsal fin spine NMS G.2014.4.33 from the slates west of East Murkle Bay, Caithness (Mey subgroup): 3, section through insertion area; 4, 5, section through exserted part of spine; 6, transverse section of posterior dorsal spine NMS G.2014.33.2 from North Ronaldsay (Rousay Beds). Scale bars equal 1 mm in 1, 3, 4, 6; 0.1 mm in 2, 5.

FIGURE 29. Rhadinacanthus longispinus, from a in The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland

FIGURE 29. Rhadinacanthus longispinus, from a small bonebed (NMS G.2014.15.1 is a sample) at Clardon Haven, Caithness, spine histology. Drawings of Sollas serial sections of various spines from juvenile fish. Abbreviations: adm.s=admedian spine; ad.fs=anterior dorsal fin spine; a.fs=anal fin spine; pelv.fs=pelvic fin spine; p.fs=pectoral fin spine; prepelv.s=prepelvic spine.

FIGURE 25. Rhadinacanthus longispinus head morphology. 1, 2, NMS G.1891.92.338 in The diplacanthid fishes (Acanthodii, Diplacanthiformes, Diplacanthidae) from the Middle Devonian of Scotland

FIGURE 25. Rhadinacanthus longispinus head morphology. 1, 2, NMS G.1891.92.338 from Gamrie, Banffshire; 1, head region; 2, magnified image of sensory line scales; 3, NMS G.1892.8.15 from Gamrie, Banffshire, head region. 4, 5, NHM OR.43276 from Tynet Burn, Moray: 4, complete specimen, head to left; 5, internal surface of right cheek plate, long anterior circumorbital bone, polygonal tesserae on tectal region. 6, NMS G.1892.8.10 from Gamrie, head region. Scale bars equal 1 cm for 1, 3, 4, 5, 6; 1 mm for 2. Abbreviations: ck.p=cheek plate; co.p=circumorbital plate; e=eye stain; oc.p=occlusal plate; so.sl=supraorbital sensory line. Arrows indicates anterior direction.