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109 results for “Middle Permian”
Figure 6. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 6. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. Reconstruction of skull in ventral view. Dark grey areas represent openings or fenestrae. Light grey areas represent recessed areas of bone, areas of articulation (mandibular and occipital), and denticles on palate. Abbreviations: apv, anterior palatal vacuity; bo, basioccipital; cm, crista muscularis; co, choana; cp, cultriform process; ec, ectopterygoid; iv, interpterygoid vacuity; mx, maxilla; occ, occipital condyle; pl, palatine; pmx, premaxilla; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qd, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sf, subtemporal fenestra; tub, medial tubercle of the premaxilla; vo, vomer; vpj, ventral process of the jugal. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 9. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 9. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. Posterior region of the palate of UFRGS-PV-0229-P. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B). Dark grey areas represent openings or fenestrae. Light grey areas represent recessed areas of bone (tympanic cavity), areas of articulation (occipital) or insertion (pockets for insertion of vertebro-occipital musculature), and denticles on the palate. The black areas represent areas of the dorsal surface. Abbreviations: asd, denticles on the parasphenoid with arch-shaped distribution; bo, basioccipital; cm, crista muscularis; gm, groove possibly for the insertion of a mucous membrane or dentigerous ossicles on the interpterygoid vacuity; iv, interpterygoid vacuity; occ, occipital condyle; poc, 'pockets' for the insertion of the occipital musculature; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 5. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 5. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. Reconstruction of the skull in dorsal view. Dark grey areas represent openings or fenestrae. Light grey areas represent recessed areas of bone (tympanic cavity). Abbreviations: en, external naris; fr, frontal; jug, jugal; la, lacrimal; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; orb, orbit; pa, parietal; pf, postfrontal; po, postorbital; ppa, postparietal; prf, prefrontal; pmx, premaxilla; qd, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; tab, tabular. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 4. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 4. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. UFRGS-PV-0224-P, photographs (above) and interpretative drawing (below) in dorsal (A), posterior (B), and ventral (C) views. Dark grey areas represent openings or sediment-infilled fenestrae. Light grey areas represent recessed areas of bone (tympanic cavity), articulation (mandibular and occipital), or denticles on palate. Areas filled with parallel lines are broken surfaces. Abbreviations: afm, articular facet of mandible; an, angular; ar, articular; arg, arcadian groove; arp, arcadian process; bo, basioccipital; cm, crista muscularis; co, choana; cp, cultriform process; ctf, chorda tympanica foramen; de, dentary; ec, ectopterygoid; ex, exoccipital; fcr, falciform crest; fm, foramen magnum; fopq, foramen paraquadratum accessorium; foq, foramen quadratum; fr, frontal; iv, interpterygoid vacuity; jug, jugal; jvp, ventral process of the jugal; la, lacrimal; memb., ridge corresponding to the basal attachment of the medial membrane of the tympanic cavity (sensu Watson, 1962); ms, mandibular sulcus; mx, maxilla; na, nasal; occ, occipital condyle; orb, orbit; pa, parietal; par, prearticular; pf, postfrontal; pfe, post-temporal fenestra; pgp, postglenoid process; pl, palatine; pmf, posterior Meckelian fenestra; po, postorbital; ppa, postparietal; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; psp, postsplenial; pt, pterygoid; qd, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; rap, retroarticular process; san, surangular; sf, subtemporal fenestra; sp, splenial; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; tab, tabular; tabh, tabular horn; tcr, tympanic crest; vo, vomer. Scale bars = 5 cm.
Figure 12 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 12. Parasphenoids of Eryopiformes in ventral view, including Stereospondyli (see characters 27, 76, 82, 199, 209 in Supporting information Appendix S2). A, Eryops megacephalus (AMNH 4673). B, Platyoposaurus watsoni (PIN 161/ 20). C, Australerpeton cosgriffi (UFRGS-PV-0224-P). D, Uranocentrodon senekalensis (TM 185). E, Lydekkerina huxleyi (CAMZM T.238). F, Benthosuchus sushkini (PIN 219/2257). Scale bars: A, D = 5 cm, B, C, F = 3 cm, E = 1 cm.
Figure 8. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 8. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998, left otic notch of UFRGS-PV-0230-P. Photograph (A) and interpretative drawing (B), showing the crests of the tympanic cavity. Dark grey areas represent the area of the stapedial groove. Light grey areas represent the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity. Areas filled with parallel lines are broken or restored surfaces. Abbreviations: dpc, dorsal pterygoid crest; fcr, falciform crest; memb., ridge corresponding to the basal attachment of the medial membrane of the tympanic cavity (sensu Watson, 1962); obc; oblique crest; pt, pterygoid (ascending lamina); qd, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; stg, stapedial groove; tab, tabular; tcr, tympanic crest. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 3. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 3. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. UFRGS-PV-0227-P (holotype). Photographs (above) and interpretative drawing (below) in dorsal (A), posterior (B), and ventral (C) views. Dark grey areas represent openings or sedimentinfilled fenestrae. Light grey areas represent recessed areas of bone (tympanic cavity), areas of articulation (mandibular and occipital), and denticles on palate. Areas filled with parallel lines are broken surfaces. Abbreviations: cm, crista muscularis; co, choana; cp, cultriform process; ec, ectopterygoid; en, external naris; ex, exoccipital; fcr, falciform crest; fr, frontal; iv, interpterygoid vacuity; jug, jugal; la, lacrimal; memb., ridge corresponding to the basal attachment of the medial membrane of the tympanic cavity (sensu Watson, 1962); mx, maxilla; na, nasal; obc, oblique crest; occ, occipital condyle; orb, orbit; pa, parietal; pf, postfrontal; pfe, post-temporal fenestra; pl, palatine; po, postorbital; ppa, postparietal; prf, prefrontal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qd, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sf, subtemporal fenestra; sq, squamosal; st, supratemporal; tab, tabular; tabh, tabular horn; tcr, tympanic crest; tyc, tympanic cavity; vo, vomer; vpj, ventral process of the jugal. Scale bars = 5 cm.
Figure 11 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 11. Part of the most parsimonious tree, including only Stereospondylomorpha. The rectangles represent all supporting synapomorphies mapped onto each node; state 0 in white and states 1, 2 or 3 in black.
Figure 2. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 2. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. Photographs (above) and interpretative drawings (below) of cranial material in dorsal view. A, UFRGS-PV-0227-P (holotype; partial skull without rostrum and lacking the right side). B, UFRGS-PV-0224-P (partial skull without rostrum). C, UFRGS-PV-0225-P (partial skull without the anterior extremity, possibly a juvenile). D, UFRGS-PV-0228-P (rostrum). E, UFRGS-PV-0230-P (fragment of the left posterior part of skull). F, UFRGS-PV-0229-P (partial skull without rostrum). Scale bars = 5 cm.
Figure 1 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 1. Geographical position of Serra do Cadeado (white circle) in the context of the Paraná Basin (grey area); the black area corresponds to Permian outcrops.
Figure 7. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 7. Australerpeton cosgriffi Barberena, 1998. Reconstruction of the skull in posterior view. Dark grey areas represent openings or fenestrae. Light grey areas represent recessed areas of bone (tympanic cavity) and areas of articulation (mandibular and occipital). Abbreviations: bo, basioccipital; ex, exoccipital; fm, foramen magnum; memb, ridge corresponding to the basal attachment of the medial membrane of the tympanic cavity (sensu Watson, 1962); occ, occipital condyle; pfe, post-temporal fenestra; ppa, postparietal; ps, parasphenoid; pt, pterygoid; qd, quadrate; qj, quadratojugal; sq, squamosal; tab, tabular; tyc, tympanic cavity. Scale bar = 5 cm.
Figure 10. The most parsimonious tree that resulted from the phylogenetic analysis, with 509 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 10. The most parsimonious tree that resulted from the phylogenetic analysis, with 509 steps, depicting the position of Australerpeton cosgriffi. Decay indices (Bremer support) with values above 1 are given below the nodes. Bootstrap percentages are given after the Bremer support values (ins) for clades with values above 50%.
Figure 14 in The cranial morphology of the temnospondyl Australerpeton cosgriffi (Tetrapoda: Stereospondyli) from the Middle-Late Permian of Paraná Basin and the phylogenetic relationships of Rhinesuchidae
Figure 14. Reconstruction of Australerpeton cosgriffi in its environment (Middle–Late Permian, Rio do Rasto Formation, Paraná Basin) by Rodolfo Nogueira.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of the ʻprotozygopteranʼ damselfly (Odonata: Permagrionidae) from the Lower-Middle Permian of Russia
FIGURE 3. Epilestes rasnitsyni sp. nov., holotype GGM-1844-02/BP-12885. Tracing of right forewing; Scale bar = 5 mm.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of the ʻprotozygopteranʼ damselfly (Odonata: Permagrionidae) from the Lower-Middle Permian of Russia
FIGURE 2. Epilestes rasnitsyni sp. nov., holotype GGM-1844-02/BP-12885. Tracing of impression; S1–S6 = segments of abdomen, msst = mesopleural suture, mtst = metapleural suture. Scale bar = 10 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of the ʻprotozygopteranʼ damselfly (Odonata: Permagrionidae) from the Lower-Middle Permian of Russia
FIGURE 1. Epilestes rasnitsyni sp. nov., holotype GGM-1844-02/BP-12885. Photograph of habitus. Scale bar = 10 mm.
FIGURE 1 in A new caddisfly species Kamopanorpa aristovi sp. nov. of the family Microptysmatidae (Insecta, Trichoptera) from the Middle Permian of Udmurtya, Russia
FIGURE 1. Kamopanorpa aristovi sp. nov., holotype PIN, no 3695/141, locality Kostovaty (Middle Ural, Udmurtya, Russia; Middle Permian, Lower Urzhum Formation, Urzhum Horizon). A, Photograph. B, Fore wing. Scale bars = 2.0 mm.
Data from: Early and Middle Triassic trends in diversity, evenness, and size of foraminifers on a carbonate platform in south China: Implications for tempo and mode of biotic recovery from the end-Permian mass extinction
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FIGURE 12 in Middle Permian (Roadian) gastropods from the Khao Khad Formation, Central Thailand: Implications for palaeogeography of the Indochina Terrane
FIGURE 12. Peruvispira sp., A–C, ESKU-19-LP 10. D, ESKU-19-LP 68. All scale bars represent 1 mm.
Towards an understanding of cosmopolitanism in deep time: a case study of ammonoids from the middle Permian to the Middle Triassic
<p>Cosmopolitanism occurred recurrently during the geological past, especially after mass extinctions, but the underlying mechanisms remain poorly known. Three theoretical models, not mutually exclusive, can lead to cosmopolitanism: (1) selective extinction in endemic taxa, (2) endemic taxa becoming cosmopolitan after the extinction and (3) an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan taxa after extinction. We analyzed an updated occurrence dataset including 831 middle Permian to Middle Triassic ammonoid genera and used two network methods to distinguish major episodes of ammonoid cosmopolitanism during this time interval. Then, we tested the three proposed models in these case studies. Our results confirm that at least two remarkable cosmopolitanism events after the Permian–Triassic and late Smithian (Early Triassic) extinctions, respectively. Partitioned analyses of survivors and newcomers revealed that the immediate cosmopolitanism event (Griesbachian) after the Permian–Triassic event can be attributed to endemic genera becoming cosmopolitan (Model 2) and an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan genera after the extinction (Model 3). Late Smithian cosmopolitanism is caused by selective extinction in endemic taxa (Model 1) and an increase in the number of newly originated cosmopolitan genera (Model 3). We found that the survivors of Permian–Triassic mass extinction did not show a wider geographic range, suggesting that this mass extinction is nonselective among the biogeographic range, while late Smithian survivors exhibit a wide geographic range, indicating selective survivorship among cosmopolitan genera. These successive cosmopolitanism events during severe extinctions are associated with marked environmental upheavals such as rapid climate changes and oceanic anoxic events, suggesting that environmental fluctuations play a significant role in cosmopolitanism.</p>
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