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Text-fig. 10. Progyrolepis heyleri POPLIN, 1999. a: dorsal lobe of the caudal fin with the fulcral scales along the dorsal edge of the lobe, GMC 55, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; b: basal fulcral scales from the dorsal edge of the caudal peduncle, G 123, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; c: fragment of the body of juvenile specimen with dorsal and anal fins, GMC 11, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scales from lateral side of the body, G 123, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; e: ridges on the scale surface, the frame delineates the area illustrated in (f) at higher magnification, G 123, scale bar 500 µm; f: details of the surface with microtubercles, scale bar 50 µm; g: isolated lepidotrichium of an adult specimen with very short and wide segments and with unsegmented basal part, GMC 101, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; h: large conical teeth from the internal row of the maxilla, G 123, scale bar 2 mm; i: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical tooth, G 123, scale bar 100 µm; j: large conical tooth from the internal row of the maxilla, G 123, scale bar 2 mm; k: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical tooth, G 123, scale bar 100 µm. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central

Text-fig. 10. Progyrolepis heyleri POPLIN, 1999. a: dorsal lobe of the caudal fin with the fulcral scales along the dorsal edge of the lobe, GMC 55, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; b: basal fulcral scales from the dorsal edge of the caudal peduncle, G 123, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; c: fragment of the body of juvenile specimen with dorsal and anal fins, GMC 11, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: isolated scales from lateral side of the body, G 123, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; e: ridges on the scale surface, the frame delineates the area illustrated in (f) at higher magnification, G 123, scale bar 500 µm; f: details of the surface with microtubercles, scale bar 50 µm; g: isolated lepidotrichium of an adult specimen with very short and wide segments and with unsegmented basal part, GMC 101, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; h: large conical teeth from the internal row of the maxilla, G 123, scale bar 2 mm; i: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical tooth, G 123, scale bar 100 µm; j: large conical tooth from the internal row of the maxilla, G 123, scale bar 2 mm; k: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical tooth, G 123, scale bar 100 µm.

Text-fig. 9. Progyrolepis heyleri POPLIN, 1999. a: right dentalosplenial of adult specimen in lateral view, GMC 1, scale bar 5 mm; b: left dentalospelenial and suboperculum in medial view, GMC 1, scale bar 5 mm; c: set of bones of the right side of the cheek displaying maxilla, preoperculum, hyomandibula, left and right ceratohyal, epibranchial and neural spine from the axial skeleton, G 123, scale bar 5 mm; d: drawing of the right frontal in dorsal view, GMC 81, scale bar 5 mm; e: right operculum in lateral view, GMC 10, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: Cbr – ceratobranchial, Cer – ceratohyal, Ds – dorsal spine, Hy – hyomandibula, Md – mandible, Mx – maxilla, Op – operculum, Pop – preoperculum. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central

Text-fig. 9. Progyrolepis heyleri POPLIN, 1999. a: right dentalosplenial of adult specimen in lateral view, GMC 1, scale bar 5 mm; b: left dentalospelenial and suboperculum in medial view, GMC 1, scale bar 5 mm; c: set of bones of the right side of the cheek displaying maxilla, preoperculum, hyomandibula, left and right ceratohyal, epibranchial and neural spine from the axial skeleton, G 123, scale bar 5 mm; d: drawing of the right frontal in dorsal view, GMC 81, scale bar 5 mm; e: right operculum in lateral view, GMC 10, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: Cbr – ceratobranchial, Cer – ceratohyal, Ds – dorsal spine, Hy – hyomandibula, Md – mandible, Mx – maxilla, Op – operculum, Pop – preoperculum.

Text-fig. 7. Progyrolepis heyleri POPLIN, 1999. a, b: whitened photograph and drawing of the skull roof in dorsal view, GMC 56, scale bars 5 mm; c, d: drawing and whitened photograph of the parasphenoid in dorsal view, GMC 84, scale bars 5 mm. Abbreviations: Dsph – dermosphenotic, Dpt – dermopterotic, Fr – frontal, infs – interfrontal suture, ioc – infraorbital sensory canal, Pa – parietal, pl – parietal pit line, soc – supraorbital sensory canal. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central

Text-fig. 7. Progyrolepis heyleri POPLIN, 1999. a, b: whitened photograph and drawing of the skull roof in dorsal view, GMC 56, scale bars 5 mm; c, d: drawing and whitened photograph of the parasphenoid in dorsal view, GMC 84, scale bars 5 mm. Abbreviations: Dsph – dermosphenotic, Dpt – dermopterotic, Fr – frontal, infs – interfrontal suture, ioc – infraorbital sensory canal, Pa – parietal, pl – parietal pit line, soc – supraorbital sensory canal.

Text-fig. 3. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: drawing and photograph of the jaws, jugal, medial gular and first lepidotrichia of the pectoral fin, GMC 126, whitened, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: Aup – autopalatinum, De – dentalosplenial, ff – fringing fulcra, Gm – medial gular, gpl – gular pit line, ioc – infraorbital sensory canal, Ju – jugal, lep – lepidotrichia, mc – pores of the mandibular sensory canal, Mx – maxilla. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central

Text-fig. 3. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: drawing and photograph of the jaws, jugal, medial gular and first lepidotrichia of the pectoral fin, GMC 126, whitened, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: Aup – autopalatinum, De – dentalosplenial, ff – fringing fulcra, Gm – medial gular, gpl – gular pit line, ioc – infraorbital sensory canal, Ju – jugal, lep – lepidotrichia, mc – pores of the mandibular sensory canal, Mx – maxilla.

Text-fig. 13. Macrophotographs of the fossil stems from Mhengere. a: large (90 cm diameter) palm tree trunk in situ; b: external view of the outer roots at the base of the trunk; average diameter of single root is 7 mm; c, d: cross-sections of a fragment of trunk showing the random distribution of equal-sized fibre vascular bundles throughout the trunk, the so-called Coccos-type. in Stratigraphy, Chronology And Palaeontology Of The Tertiary Rocks Of The Cheringoma Plateau, Mozambique

Text-fig. 13. Macrophotographs of the fossil stems from Mhengere. a: large (90 cm diameter) palm tree trunk in situ; b: external view of the outer roots at the base of the trunk; average diameter of single root is 7 mm; c, d: cross-sections of a fragment of trunk showing the random distribution of equal-sized fibre vascular bundles throughout the trunk, the so-called Coccos-type.

Text-fig. 2. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: whitened photograph and drawing of the skull, GMC 15, scale bars 5 mm; c: anterior part of the left and right frontal in dorsal view, a conspicuous concave anterior edge of the bones is demonstrated, GMC 18, whitened, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: Clei – cleithrum, De – dentalosplenial, Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Ext? – extrascapular?, Fr – frontal, Gul – lateral gular, Hy – hyomandibula, Mx – maxilla, Na – nasal, Pa – parietal, Pop – preoperculum, ppl – parietal pit lines, Pt – posttemporal, Rbr – branchiostegal rays, Scl – supracleithrum, soc – supraorbital canal, Sop – suboperculum, sr – sclerotic ring. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central

Text-fig. 2. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: whitened photograph and drawing of the skull, GMC 15, scale bars 5 mm; c: anterior part of the left and right frontal in dorsal view, a conspicuous concave anterior edge of the bones is demonstrated, GMC 18, whitened, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: Clei – cleithrum, De – dentalosplenial, Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Ext? – extrascapular?, Fr – frontal, Gul – lateral gular, Hy – hyomandibula, Mx – maxilla, Na – nasal, Pa – parietal, Pop – preoperculum, ppl – parietal pit lines, Pt – posttemporal, Rbr – branchiostegal rays, Scl – supracleithrum, soc – supraorbital canal, Sop – suboperculum, sr – sclerotic ring.

Text-fig. 7. Fossil and living examples of leaves of Acer. a: Acer sp. (fossil), Pleistocene diatomaceous deposits near Faufouille, France (scale bar = 10 mm); National Museum Wales specimen 86.54G.1a; b: Leaf from living Acer growing near Machynlleth, mid-Wales, UK; photo by B. A. Thomas. in Naming Of Parts: The Use Of Fossil-Taxa In Palaeobotany

Text-fig. 7. Fossil and living examples of leaves of Acer. a: Acer sp. (fossil), Pleistocene diatomaceous deposits near Faufouille, France (scale bar = 10 mm); National Museum Wales specimen 86.54G.1a; b: Leaf from living Acer growing near Machynlleth, mid-Wales, UK; photo by B. A. Thomas.

Text-fig. 8. Progyrolepis heyleri POPLIN, 1999. a: maxilla and lower jaw of juvenile specimen in lateral view, GMC 43, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; b: maxilla and lower jaw of juvenile specimen, imprint of the maxillary medial face with a distinctive horizontal lamina, lower jaw in lateral view, GMC 83, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; c: haemal arch of the axial skeleton and fragment of a strong undivided lepidotrichium, GMC 25, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: drawing of the haemal arch, GMC 25, scale bar 5 mm; e: jugal in medial view with the infraorbital sensory canal and imprint of the sculpture on the lateral face of the bone, GMC 7, whitened, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: ha – haemal arch, hl – horizontal lamina, hs – haemal spine, ioc – infraorbital sensory canal, lep – lepidotrichium. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central

Text-fig. 8. Progyrolepis heyleri POPLIN, 1999. a: maxilla and lower jaw of juvenile specimen in lateral view, GMC 43, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; b: maxilla and lower jaw of juvenile specimen, imprint of the maxillary medial face with a distinctive horizontal lamina, lower jaw in lateral view, GMC 83, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; c: haemal arch of the axial skeleton and fragment of a strong undivided lepidotrichium, GMC 25, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: drawing of the haemal arch, GMC 25, scale bar 5 mm; e: jugal in medial view with the infraorbital sensory canal and imprint of the sculpture on the lateral face of the bone, GMC 7, whitened, scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: ha – haemal arch, hl – horizontal lamina, hs – haemal spine, ioc – infraorbital sensory canal, lep – lepidotrichium.

Text-fig. 6. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a: reconstruction of the skull roof and the nasal in dorsal view, scale bar 5 mm; b: reconstruction of the skull in lateral view (parts of the skull which are not clearly retained are in grey colour), scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: ana – anterior nasal opening, Aop – antoperculum, De – dentalosplenial, Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Fr – frontal, Gul – lateral gular, ioc – infraorbital canal, Ju – jugal, Mx – maxilla, Na – nasal, Op – operculum, Pa – parietal, pl – pit line, Pop – preoperculum, Pt – posttemporal, Rbr – branchiostegal ray, Scl – supracleithrum, soc – supraorbital canal, Sop – suboperculum, sr – sclerotical ring. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central

Text-fig. 6. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a: reconstruction of the skull roof and the nasal in dorsal view, scale bar 5 mm; b: reconstruction of the skull in lateral view (parts of the skull which are not clearly retained are in grey colour), scale bar 5 mm. Abbreviations: ana – anterior nasal opening, Aop – antoperculum, De – dentalosplenial, Dpt – dermopterotic, Dsph – dermosphenotic, Fr – frontal, Gul – lateral gular, ioc – infraorbital canal, Ju – jugal, Mx – maxilla, Na – nasal, Op – operculum, Pa – parietal, pl – pit line, Pop – preoperculum, Pt – posttemporal, Rbr – branchiostegal ray, Scl – supracleithrum, soc – supraorbital canal, Sop – suboperculum, sr – sclerotical ring.

Text-fig. 5. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: photograph and drawing of the left antoperculum and operculum in lateral view, GMC 90, whitened, scale bars 5 mm; c: left preoperculum in medial view, GMC 90, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: left lateral gular in dorsal view, GMC 15, scale bar 5 mm; e: drawing of the right suboperculm of Progyrolepis heyleri in lateral view (after Štamberg 2018: text-fig. 19f), scale bar 5 mm; f: left suboperculum of Progyrolepis heyleri in medial view, GMC 116, scale bar 5 mm; g: left suboperculum of Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. in medial view, GMC 15, scale bar 5 mm; h, j: photograph and drawing of the scale from the midline on the back, GMC 126, whitened, scale bars 2 mm; k: scales on the back of the body and ridge scale in front of the dorsal fin, GMC 126, whitened, scale bar 2 mm. Abbreviations: Aop – antoperculum, Op – operculum. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central

Text-fig. 5. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: photograph and drawing of the left antoperculum and operculum in lateral view, GMC 90, whitened, scale bars 5 mm; c: left preoperculum in medial view, GMC 90, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: left lateral gular in dorsal view, GMC 15, scale bar 5 mm; e: drawing of the right suboperculm of Progyrolepis heyleri in lateral view (after Štamberg 2018: text-fig. 19f), scale bar 5 mm; f: left suboperculum of Progyrolepis heyleri in medial view, GMC 116, scale bar 5 mm; g: left suboperculum of Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. in medial view, GMC 15, scale bar 5 mm; h, j: photograph and drawing of the scale from the midline on the back, GMC 126, whitened, scale bars 2 mm; k: scales on the back of the body and ridge scale in front of the dorsal fin, GMC 126, whitened, scale bar 2 mm. Abbreviations: Aop – antoperculum, Op – operculum.

Text-fig. 4. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: photograph and drawing of the parasphenoid in dorsal view, GMC 15, whitened, scale bars 5 mm; c: maxillary plate in medial view with horizontal lamina along the ventral edge of the bone, segment of the lower jaw with assembly of large slender teeth of the inner row and coronoids with small teeth, GMC 15, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: detail of the sculpture on the maxilla and dentalosplenial, GMC 126, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; e: detail of the teeth of the inner and outer row and coronoids on the lower jaw, the frame delineates the area illustrated in (f) at higher magnification, GMC 15, scale bar 2 mm; f: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical teeth, GMC 15, scale bar 100 µm; g: small fringing fulcra tightly attached to the anterior edge of a lepidotrichium, individual fulcral scales are indicated by arrows, GMC 18, scale bar 2 mm. Abbreviation: bhf – bucco-hypophysial foramen, Cor – coronoids, cp – corpus parasphenoidis, De – dentalosplenial, hl – horizontal lamina, mc – pores of the mandibular sensory canal, Mx – maxilla, paa – processus ascendens anterior, pap – processus ascendens posterior. in New Actinopterygians From The Permian Of The Brive Basin, And The Ichthyofaunas Of The French Massif Central

Text-fig. 4. Briveichthys chantepieorum gen. et sp. nov. a, b: photograph and drawing of the parasphenoid in dorsal view, GMC 15, whitened, scale bars 5 mm; c: maxillary plate in medial view with horizontal lamina along the ventral edge of the bone, segment of the lower jaw with assembly of large slender teeth of the inner row and coronoids with small teeth, GMC 15, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; d: detail of the sculpture on the maxilla and dentalosplenial, GMC 126, whitened, scale bar 5 mm; e: detail of the teeth of the inner and outer row and coronoids on the lower jaw, the frame delineates the area illustrated in (f) at higher magnification, GMC 15, scale bar 2 mm; f: microsculpture formed by elliptical proximo-distally elongated protuberances on the large conical teeth, GMC 15, scale bar 100 µm; g: small fringing fulcra tightly attached to the anterior edge of a lepidotrichium, individual fulcral scales are indicated by arrows, GMC 18, scale bar 2 mm. Abbreviation: bhf – bucco-hypophysial foramen, Cor – coronoids, cp – corpus parasphenoidis, De – dentalosplenial, hl – horizontal lamina, mc – pores of the mandibular sensory canal, Mx – maxilla, paa – processus ascendens anterior, pap – processus ascendens posterior.

Text-fig. 10. Langtonia bisulcata REID et CHANDLER. a, b, e–g: Holotype, V. 22984, from micro-CT data. a: Dorsiventral view surface rendering. b: Dorsiventral view translucent volume rendering showing outline of locule cast. c: Equatorial transverse fracture showing paired dorsal infolds and locules with shape of a ε in cross section, reflected light, V. 22993. d: Digital transverse section from micro-CT data, of fruit with two well developed ε-shaped locules, V. 22985. e–g: Successive digital transverse sections with one well developed ε-shaped locule and infolds of the abortive locule visible in (g) (arrows). h–j: Physical transverse thin sections of specimen from middle Eocene Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA with well-preserved mesocarp including longitudinal canals in (j) (arrows), USNM 424875; Scale bars 0.5 cm in (a, b), 2.5 mm in (c–g), 5 mm in (h), 2 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j); (a, b) share same scale bar; (c, d) share same scale bar; (e, f, g) share same scale bar. in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 10. Langtonia bisulcata REID et CHANDLER. a, b, e–g: Holotype, V. 22984, from micro-CT data. a: Dorsiventral view surface rendering. b: Dorsiventral view translucent volume rendering showing outline of locule cast. c: Equatorial transverse fracture showing paired dorsal infolds and locules with shape of a ε in cross section, reflected light, V. 22993. d: Digital transverse section from micro-CT data, of fruit with two well developed ε-shaped locules, V. 22985. e–g: Successive digital transverse sections with one well developed ε-shaped locule and infolds of the abortive locule visible in (g) (arrows). h–j: Physical transverse thin sections of specimen from middle Eocene Clarno Formation, Oregon, USA with well-preserved mesocarp including longitudinal canals in (j) (arrows), USNM 424875; Scale bars 0.5 cm in (a, b), 2.5 mm in (c–g), 5 mm in (h), 2 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j); (a, b) share same scale bar; (c, d) share same scale bar; (e, f, g) share same scale bar.

Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 9. Portnallia. a–j: P. bognorensis M.CHANDLER. a–g: Holotype, V. 30421. a: Oblique lateral view with dorsal surface of locule cast facing towards right side. b: Basal view (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 40 of Chandler 1961). c–g: Micro CT data. c–f: Surface renderings. c: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. d: lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. e: Basal view. f: Apical view. g: Digital transverse section near equatorial position showing (c) to u-shaped locules. h: Apical view of tetralocular fruit, V. 30423 (original illustration from pl. 28, fig. 42 of Chandler 1961). i: Transverse section of specimen in (h), reflected light. j–o: P. sheppeyensis M.CHANDLER, Holotype V. 30428, here synomomized with P. bognorensis, from micro-CT data. j–m: Surface renderings. j: Lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. k: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. l: Basal view. m: Apical view. n: Digital equatorial transverse section showing the three preserved locules and extensive cracking due to pyrite decomposition. o: Translucent volume rendering, apical view showing (c) to u-shaped locules. Scale bars 2 mm, bar in (a) applies also to (b), bar in (e) applies to also to (c, d), bar in (g) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to applies also to (k–m).

Text-fig. 7. Exbeckettia mastixioides (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. nov. Details of anatomy in transverse section on cut surfaces from bilocular fruit shown in Text-fig. 6i, V. 23013(3). a: Details of seed (S), locule (L), distinct endocarp planes of separation (arrows). b: Detail of endocarp adjacent to the locule, and surrounding mesocarp. Blue lines indicate thickness of sclerenchyma lining the locule. Note layer of horizontally oriented periclinal fibres a few cells thick, lining the locule (arrow). c: Enlargement showing parenchyma cells of the mesocarp decreasing in diameter toward the periphery. d: Enlargement showing fibres and sclereids of the endocarp. e: Sharp contact between endocarp and mesocarp. f, g: Detailed anatomy of endocarp including locule lining, and contact with mesocarp. Scale bars 2 mm in (a), (b), 1 mm in (c–g). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 7. Exbeckettia mastixioides (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. nov. Details of anatomy in transverse section on cut surfaces from bilocular fruit shown in Text-fig. 6i, V. 23013(3). a: Details of seed (S), locule (L), distinct endocarp planes of separation (arrows). b: Detail of endocarp adjacent to the locule, and surrounding mesocarp. Blue lines indicate thickness of sclerenchyma lining the locule. Note layer of horizontally oriented periclinal fibres a few cells thick, lining the locule (arrow). c: Enlargement showing parenchyma cells of the mesocarp decreasing in diameter toward the periphery. d: Enlargement showing fibres and sclereids of the endocarp. e: Sharp contact between endocarp and mesocarp. f, g: Detailed anatomy of endocarp including locule lining, and contact with mesocarp. Scale bars 2 mm in (a), (b), 1 mm in (c–g).

Text-fig. 8. Lanfrancia subglobosa E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–c, e–g: Holotype V. 23014. a: reflected light. b, c: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a, b: Lateral views with dorsal surface of locule facing forward and locule casts protruding in upper part. c: Apical view. d: Fruit showing two locule casts the dorsal surfaces of which face to the left and the right, V. 30417(1). e–g: Successive digital transverse sections showing four u to v to c-shaped locules from micro-CT data. h: Physical transverse section of specimen in (d). i–k: Physical transverse section, V. 30419 from Herne Bay, blue lines in K indicating limits of fibre layer lining the locule. l: Detail from (h), showing sclerenchyma composing the septa and central axis. m: Transverse section, enlargement from (i), showing anatomy of tissues adjacent to the dorsal infold. Blue lines indicate limits of the fibre layer lining the locule. n: Part of (m) recut, tangential section transecting the dorsal infold (central), both limbs of the locule cast, and peripheral parts of the pericarp on either side. o: Detail from (n), showing anatomy of the infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h) (a–g share the same bar), 3 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j–m), 0.5 mm in (n), 0.2 mm in (o). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 8. Lanfrancia subglobosa E.REID et M.CHANDLER. a–c, e–g: Holotype V. 23014. a: reflected light. b, c: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a, b: Lateral views with dorsal surface of locule facing forward and locule casts protruding in upper part. c: Apical view. d: Fruit showing two locule casts the dorsal surfaces of which face to the left and the right, V. 30417(1). e–g: Successive digital transverse sections showing four u to v to c-shaped locules from micro-CT data. h: Physical transverse section of specimen in (d). i–k: Physical transverse section, V. 30419 from Herne Bay, blue lines in K indicating limits of fibre layer lining the locule. l: Detail from (h), showing sclerenchyma composing the septa and central axis. m: Transverse section, enlargement from (i), showing anatomy of tissues adjacent to the dorsal infold. Blue lines indicate limits of the fibre layer lining the locule. n: Part of (m) recut, tangential section transecting the dorsal infold (central), both limbs of the locule cast, and peripheral parts of the pericarp on either side. o: Detail from (n), showing anatomy of the infold. Scale bars 5 mm in (a–h) (a–g share the same bar), 3 mm in (i), 1 mm in (j–m), 0.5 mm in (n), 0.2 mm in (o).

Text-fig. 6. Exbeckettia mastixioides (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. nov. from the London Clay. a–f: Holotype, V. 23002, bilocular fruit. a–d: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a: Apical view. b: Basal view. c: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. d: lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. e, f: Digital sections from micro-CT data. e: transverse equatorial showing U-shaped locules and distinct dark endocarp (arrows). f: Median longitudinal intercepting both locules. g: lateral view of bilocular fruit with interlocular septum facing forward. V. 23013(3). h: Apical view of bilocular fruit with two exposed locule casts, V. 23013(1). i–l: Fruits in physical transverse section showing U-shaped locules and distinct locule lining. i: Bilocular fruit shown in (g). j: Bilocular fruit, V. 23007. k: Fruit with one locule larger than the other, V. 23006. l: Tetralocular fruit, V. 22993. Scale bar 5 mm in (a–l), bar in (a) applies also to (b–d), bar in (e) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to (i–l). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 6. Exbeckettia mastixioides (E.REID et M.CHANDLER) comb. nov. from the London Clay. a–f: Holotype, V. 23002, bilocular fruit. a–d: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. a: Apical view. b: Basal view. c: Lateral view with dorsal surface of locule facing forward. d: lateral view with interlocular septum facing forward. e, f: Digital sections from micro-CT data. e: transverse equatorial showing U-shaped locules and distinct dark endocarp (arrows). f: Median longitudinal intercepting both locules. g: lateral view of bilocular fruit with interlocular septum facing forward. V. 23013(3). h: Apical view of bilocular fruit with two exposed locule casts, V. 23013(1). i–l: Fruits in physical transverse section showing U-shaped locules and distinct locule lining. i: Bilocular fruit shown in (g). j: Bilocular fruit, V. 23007. k: Fruit with one locule larger than the other, V. 23006. l: Tetralocular fruit, V. 22993. Scale bar 5 mm in (a–l), bar in (a) applies also to (b–d), bar in (e) applies also to (f), bar in (j) applies to (i–l).

Text-fig. 5. Mastixiopsis nyssoides KIRCHH. a, b, g–n: Organic preservation. a, b: Lignitic, unpermineralized, early Eocene Dorset Pipe clays at Arne, V. 40762. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 18, fig. 1 of Chandler 1962). b: Transverse fracture, somewhat distorted by compression. c–f: Pyrite permineralization. c: Ventral view, V. 22963(1) from Sheppey, originally listed as Mastixia cantiensis. d: Lateral view, V. 22969 from Sheppey (identified as Mastixia grandis by Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 8). e: Equatorial transverse physical section from (c). f: Equatorial transverse physical section from (d). g: Detail of pericarp from (e), showing endocarp formed of dense fibrous tissue, surrounded by mesocarp of anticlinally oriented larger cells. h: Detail of pericarp from (f). i–n: Type material from Eocene of Riestadt, Germany, MNB. i: Ventral view. j, k: Ventral and apical views of holotype. l: View of the transversely fractured surface from (j) showing horseshoe shaped locule. m: Equatorial transverse physical cut of the specimen in (i); note yellow resin cavity (arrow). n: Scanning electron microscopy of pericarp from (l) with locule lining at lower edge of image. Note dense endocarp tissue composed of small cells (fibres and sclereids), extending about 3/5 of distance to periphery, surrounded by mesocarp of larger, anticlinally oriented cells. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–f), (i–k), 1 mm in (g), 2 mm in (h), 3 mm in (l), m, 250 Μm in (n). Bar in (d) applies also to (c). Bar in (l) also applies to (m). Bar in (i) also applies to (j) and (k). in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 5. Mastixiopsis nyssoides KIRCHH. a, b, g–n: Organic preservation. a, b: Lignitic, unpermineralized, early Eocene Dorset Pipe clays at Arne, V. 40762. a: Ventral view (original illustration from pl. 18, fig. 1 of Chandler 1962). b: Transverse fracture, somewhat distorted by compression. c–f: Pyrite permineralization. c: Ventral view, V. 22963(1) from Sheppey, originally listed as Mastixia cantiensis. d: Lateral view, V. 22969 from Sheppey (identified as Mastixia grandis by Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 8). e: Equatorial transverse physical section from (c). f: Equatorial transverse physical section from (d). g: Detail of pericarp from (e), showing endocarp formed of dense fibrous tissue, surrounded by mesocarp of anticlinally oriented larger cells. h: Detail of pericarp from (f). i–n: Type material from Eocene of Riestadt, Germany, MNB. i: Ventral view. j, k: Ventral and apical views of holotype. l: View of the transversely fractured surface from (j) showing horseshoe shaped locule. m: Equatorial transverse physical cut of the specimen in (i); note yellow resin cavity (arrow). n: Scanning electron microscopy of pericarp from (l) with locule lining at lower edge of image. Note dense endocarp tissue composed of small cells (fibres and sclereids), extending about 3/5 of distance to periphery, surrounded by mesocarp of larger, anticlinally oriented cells. Scale bars 1 cm in (a–f), (i–k), 1 mm in (g), 2 mm in (h), 3 mm in (l), m, 250 Μm in (n). Bar in (d) applies also to (c). Bar in (l) also applies to (m). Bar in (i) also applies to (j) and (k).

Text-fig. 7. a–d: Zelkova zelkovifolia. a: Fruiting twig, Oriolo MSF 639. b: Oriolo MSF 685. c: Oriolo MSF 859. d: Oriolo MSF 947. e: Unknown leaf fragment resembling Lonicera nigra L., 1753, Oriolo MSF 859. f: Crataegus aff. monogyna Oriolo MSF 639-1. g: Fagus aff. sylvatica Oriolo MSF 648. Scale bars 10 mm (a–g). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 7. a–d: Zelkova zelkovifolia. a: Fruiting twig, Oriolo MSF 639. b: Oriolo MSF 685. c: Oriolo MSF 859. d: Oriolo MSF 947. e: Unknown leaf fragment resembling Lonicera nigra L., 1753, Oriolo MSF 859. f: Crataegus aff. monogyna Oriolo MSF 639-1. g: Fagus aff. sylvatica Oriolo MSF 648. Scale bars 10 mm (a–g).

Text-fig. 4. a–e: Parrotia aff. persica. a: Oriolo MSF 991 capsule. b: Oriolo MSF 994 endocarp. c: Oriolo MSF 654. d: Oriolo MSF 743. e: Oriolo MSF 678. f: Vitis sp. Oriolo MSF 838. g–k: Gleditsia aff. caspica. g: Oriolo MSF 920. h: Oriolo MSF 939. i: Oriolo MSF 787. j: Oriolo MSF 917. k: Oriolo MSF 925. Scale bars 10 mm (a, h–k), 5 mm (b), 50 mm (c–f). in The Late Early Pleistocene Flora Of Oriolo, Faenza (Italy): Assembly Of The Modern Forest Biome

Text-fig. 4. a–e: Parrotia aff. persica. a: Oriolo MSF 991 capsule. b: Oriolo MSF 994 endocarp. c: Oriolo MSF 654. d: Oriolo MSF 743. e: Oriolo MSF 678. f: Vitis sp. Oriolo MSF 838. g–k: Gleditsia aff. caspica. g: Oriolo MSF 920. h: Oriolo MSF 939. i: Oriolo MSF 787. j: Oriolo MSF 917. k: Oriolo MSF 925. Scale bars 10 mm (a, h–k), 5 mm (b), 50 mm (c–f).

Text-fig. 1. Diplopanax cacaoides (ZENKER) comb. nov. a–d: [Holotype of Mastixia cantia E.REID et M.CHANDLER, V.22953]. a: Lateral view of longitudinally broken specimen, reflected light. b–d: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. b: Lateral view of longitudinal fracture surface. c: Same specimen rotated to show external surface. d: Enlargement of lower half from (a, b), reflected light. e, f: Specimen figured originally as a paratype of M. cantia, V.22954 (Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 3), reflected light. e: Ventral view with much of the endocarp wall fallen away exposing smooth convex ventral surface of locule cast. f: Transversely fractured surface, showing thick wall of the endocarp, and dehiscence plane leading to the left limb of the locule. g: Transversely sectioned, laterally compressed specimen from Miocene of Wiesa, Germany for comparison, Senckenberg Museum, SM.B. 21034/I. h–j: Digital transverse sections from micro-CT data of the Holotype V.22953. h: Transverse fracture surface from (b), showing curved locule and zone of weakness defining the germination valve (arrow), reflected light. i: Same orientation with clear demarcation of the separation plane of the germination valve (arrow), digital section from micro-CT scan. j: Enlargement from (h). Scale bars 5 mm. in Mastixioid Fruits (Cornales) From The Early Eocene London Clay Flora: Morphology, Anatomy And Nomenclatural Revision

Text-fig. 1. Diplopanax cacaoides (ZENKER) comb. nov. a–d: [Holotype of Mastixia cantia E.REID et M.CHANDLER, V.22953]. a: Lateral view of longitudinally broken specimen, reflected light. b–d: Surface renderings from micro-CT data. b: Lateral view of longitudinal fracture surface. c: Same specimen rotated to show external surface. d: Enlargement of lower half from (a, b), reflected light. e, f: Specimen figured originally as a paratype of M. cantia, V.22954 (Reid and Chandler 1933: pl. 25, fig. 3), reflected light. e: Ventral view with much of the endocarp wall fallen away exposing smooth convex ventral surface of locule cast. f: Transversely fractured surface, showing thick wall of the endocarp, and dehiscence plane leading to the left limb of the locule. g: Transversely sectioned, laterally compressed specimen from Miocene of Wiesa, Germany for comparison, Senckenberg Museum, SM.B. 21034/I. h–j: Digital transverse sections from micro-CT data of the Holotype V.22953. h: Transverse fracture surface from (b), showing curved locule and zone of weakness defining the germination valve (arrow), reflected light. i: Same orientation with clear demarcation of the separation plane of the germination valve (arrow), digital section from micro-CT scan. j: Enlargement from (h). Scale bars 5 mm.