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121 results for “Monarch”
Data from: Relative selectivity of plant cardenolides for Na+/K+-ATPases from the monarch butterfly and non-resistant insects
A major prediction of coevolutionary theory is that plants may target particular herbivores with secondary compounds that are selectively defensive. The highly specialized monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) copes well with cardiac glycosides (inhibitors of animal Na+/K+-ATPases) from its milkweed host plants, but selective inhibition of its Na+/K+-ATPase by different compounds has not been previously tested. We applied 17 cardiac glycosides to the D. plexippus-Na+/K+-ATPase and to the more susceptible Na+/K+-ATPases of two non-adapted insects (Euploea core and Schistocerca gregaria). Structural features (e.g., sugar residues) predicted in vitro inhibitory activity and comparison of insect Na+/K+-ATPases revealed that the monarch has evolved a highly resistant enzyme overall. Nonetheless, we found evidence for relative selectivity of individual cardiac glycosides reaching from 4- to 94-fold differences of inhibition between non-adapted Na+/K+-ATPase and D. plexippus-Na+/K+-ATPase. This toxin receptor specificity suggests a mechanism how plants could target herbivores selectively and thus provides a strong basis for pairwise coevolutionary interactions between plants and herbivorous insects.
Figure 10 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida
Figure 10. The yearly decline in oviposition rate at Cross Creek from 1994 to 2017, recorded as average eggs/stem (500 plant minimum each year) for the four weeks from 22 March to 18 April. (F = 11.501, p = 0.003, R2 = 0.390). Excluding the extraordinary high value in 1995, the decline by 1,18 linear regression is about 78%. Based on a total of 3545 eggs.
Figure 2 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida
Figure 2. View across Hogan's pasture showing numerous flowering Asclepias humistrata plants. 28 April 2010. Photo by K. Sims Dunford.
Figure 6 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida
Figure 6. Appearance of adults at Cross Creek calculated as the number captured per hour, averaged for each week from 1994 through 2017 (excluding 1997, 2000–2001, 2003). The earliest arrival was 14 March (week of 8–14 March). Not all weeks were surveyed in each year. Means are shown with 95% CI. Based on observations of a total of 865 adults.
Figure 9 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida
Figure 9. Egg abundance through the spring, recorded as mean eggs/stem for each week from 1994 through 2017 (50 plants per sample, minimum of 500 plants examined each year; excludes 1997, 2001, and 2004). Means are shown with 95% CI calculated from 3545 eggs found during 44,753 surveys of stems.
Figure 5 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida
Figure 5. Variation in flowering phenology of Asclepias humistrata at Cross Creek across three years; 2002 was a typical year, 2008 was an early year, and 2010 was a late year.
Figure 11 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida
Figure 11. Phenology of immatures at Cross Creek, totalled for 1994–2017. Larvae are divided into 1st through 3rd and 4th and 5th instar. Based on totals of 3444 eggs and 1295 larvae.
Figure 1 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida
Figure 1. Satellite view of Hogan's pasture (X) and the roadsides in Cross Ck, Alachua Co., FL, where the density, health, stage and number of Asclepias humistrata plants and stems and the spring breeding populations of monarch butterflies were assessed.
Figure 7 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida
Figure 7. Wing wear of monarchs for each week through the spring flight period, from a total of 302 adults combined for 2005–2017 using a scale from 1 (very fresh with no scale loss) to 5 (worn, many scales missing). Two measures are shown for each week: the median determined from all butterflies and the proportion of adults with wing wear 1s and 2s. Individuals in early April were mostly fresh.
Figure 4 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida
Figure 4. Development of Asclepias humistrata at Cross Creek (data for 1997–2017; no counts for 2000 and 2003). Plants without any flower development are excluded. Maximum flowering occurred the week of 12–18 April. Based on 11,707 observations.
Figure 8. Adults captured per hour averaged for the four central weeks, 22 March–18 April, from 1994–2017. Data were not available for 1997, 1999–2001 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida
Figure 8. Adults captured per hour averaged for the four central weeks, 22 March–18 April, from 1994–2017. Data were not available for 1997, 1999–2001, and 2003–2004.
Figure 3 in A long-term survey of spring monarch butterflies in north-central Florida
Figure 3. Stages of development of Asclepius humistrata. (a) Indeterminate (without reproductive organs, 24 April 2010); (b) early bud (immature flower buds visible outside terminal leaves, 3 April 2012); (c) bud (mature flower buds, 26 March 2009); (d) flowering (8 May 2010); (e) pod (fully mature seed pods, 19 May 2010); (f) post-pod (senesced pods that have released their seeds, 26 May 2010); (g) frost damaged plant (9 April 2009); (h) fifth instar Danaus plexippus on a flowering plant (24 April 1996). Photos by L.P. Brower, K. Sims Dunford, and M. Standridge.
Milkweed plants bought at nurseries may expose monarch caterpillars to harmful pesticide residues
<p>The decline of monarch butterflies in both the eastern and western United States has garnered widespread public interest. Planting milkweeds, their larval host plants, has been promoted as one action individuals can take, but little is known with respect to potential pesticide contamination of store-bought milkweeds. In this study, we collected leaf samples from 235 milkweed plants purchased at 33 retail nurseries across the US to screen for pesticides. Across all samples, we detected 61 different pesticides with an average of 12.2 (±5.0) compounds per plant. While only 9 of these compounds have been experimentally tested on monarch caterpillars, 38 % of samples contained a pesticide above a concentration shown to have a sub-lethal effect for monarchs. We detected only a modest predictive ability of retailer size and milkweed species, and plants with labels advertising their value for wildlife did not have fewer pesticides at concentrations known to have a negative effect on monarchs. These results demonstrate the extensiveness of pesticide exposure within nursery milkweeds and the potential impacts on monarchs and other insects exposed to store-bought plants.</p>
Supplementary material 1 from: Palma L, Vasconcelos S, Palmeirim AF, Cancela JP (2023) History of colonisation and updated distribution of the Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) and its hostplants in mainland Portugal, Azores and Madeira. Nota Lepidopterologica 46: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.46.89665
Summary of occurrence and colonisation records of the monarch butterfly and its hostplants in the Iberian Peninsula
Supplementary material 3 from: Palma L, Vasconcelos S, Palmeirim AF, Cancela JP (2023) History of colonisation and updated distribution of the Monarch butterfly Danaus plexippus (Linnaeus, 1758) and its hostplants in mainland Portugal, Azores and Madeira. Nota Lepidopterologica 46: 83-101. https://doi.org/10.3897/nl.46.89665
Frequencies (%) of hostplant patch size classes arranged in geometric progression (2× ratio) (N patches = 78)
The MONARCH Case Series Study: SPRINT® Peripheral Nerve Stimulation for the Treatment of Head Pain
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT05491915. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 0.
Perspective piece: Comparison of eastern and western North American monarch butterflies
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Host plant adaptation during recent global range expansion in the monarch butterfly
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Eastern monarch larval performance may not be affected by shifts in phenological synchrony with milkweed
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Influence of habitat quality and resource density on breeding-season female monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) movement and space use in north-central USA agroecosystem landscapes
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