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FIGURE 1 in New fossil mussels (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from Miocene hydrocarbon seep deposits, North Island, New Zealand, with general remarks on vent and seep mussels

FIGURE 1. Overview of relevant geology of the East Coast Basin, North Island, New Zealand, showing locations of the Miocene fossil hydrocarbon seep carbonates from which specimens of Bathymodiolus heretaunga sp. nov. and Gigantidas coseli sp. nov. were collected. 1–9. Sites of the northern region. 1. Bexhaven. 2. Karikarihuata. 3. Waipiro. 4. Tauwhareparae. 5. Puketawa. 6. Totaranui. 7. Moonlight North. 8. Rocky Knob. 9. Turihaua. 10, 11. Sites of the southern region. 10. Wanstead. 11. Ugly Hill. CP: Cape Palliser; HSZ: Hikurangi Subduction Zone; M: Marlborough; TVZ: Taupo Volcanic Zone. Also shown are some of the modern offshore hydrocarbon seep and hydrothermal vent sites on the Hikurangi Margin. Inset shows the Hikurangi subduction zone as part of the transpressive boundary between the Indo- Australian and Pacific Plates. Figure modified from Campbell et al. (2008).

Figure 12 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 12. Guard papillae of Vignadula (A–D) and Xenostrobus (E–G) species on the posterior region of the inner mantle margin attached to LV. All animals shown preserved in ethanol. A, Vignadula atrata, SL = 11.4 mm, Toishi-ko, Nagasaki, Japan. B, Vignadula mangle comb. nov., SL = 13.5 mm, Kampong Bako, Kuching, Sarawak. C, Vignadula kuraburiensis sp. nov., SL = 13.2 mm, Kuraburi, Phangnga, Thailand. D, V. kuraburiensis sp. nov., SL = 8.8 mm, Ban Baen, Ranong, Thailand. E, Xenostrobus inconstans, SL = 22.7 mm, Dunnalley Bay, Tasmania, Australia (TMAG E21829). F, Xenostrobus securis, SL = 24.8 mm, Swan River, Perth, WA, Australia. G, Xenostrobus pulex, SL = 13.1 mm, Cottesloe, Perth, WA, Australia. Scale bars: 1 mm in A–C, E–G; 500 µm in D.

Figure 14 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 14. Type material of species that are more aligned to Limnoperna than to Xenostrobus or Vignadula. A, B, holotype of Modiolus sambasensis Dautzenberg, 1904 from Sambas River, Kalimantan, north-west Borneo (IRSN); SL = 16.2 mm. C–H, syntypes of Modiolus taprobanensis Preston, 1915 from Ceylon (Sri Lanka) (BMNH). C, D, SL = 17.5 mm. E, F, SL = 18.6 mm. G, H, SL = 18.5 mm. Abbreviations: cam, ctenidial attachment muscle scar; pam, posterior adductor muscle; pbr1, first posterior byssal retractor muscle; pbr2, second posterior byssal retractor muscle.

Figure 13 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 13. Geographical distribution of Vignadula and Xenostrobus species in East Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Locations are based on examined museum material or material collected in the field for this study by the authors, and supplemented by information contained in papers by Colgan (2017: Xenostrobus securis); Colgan et al. (2020: Xenostrobus neozelanicus and X. securis); Horikoshi & Okamoto (2007: X. securis); Iwasaki (2013: X. securis); Iwasaki & Yamamoto (2014: X. securis); Kimura (1996: Vignadula atrata); Kimura et al. (1999: X. securis [?], as Xenostrobus sp.); Lee & Morton (1985: Vignadula mangle comb. nov., as Xenostrobus atratus); Lamarck (1819: X. securis [?], as Mytilus securis; MNHN-IM-2000-34894, three syntypes); Lutaenko et al. (2019: V. atrata); Morton (1999: Xenostrobus pulex); Morton (2004: Xenostrobus inconstans); Morton & Leung (2015: X. securis); Park et al. (2017: V. atrata); Wang et al. (2011: V. atrata); Wilson (1967: Xenostrobus spp.).

Figure 11 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 11. Relationship between shell size and number of folds observed on the labial palps of four Vignadula species from East and Southeast Asia. Data from Ockelmann (1983) for Vignadula atrata, Vignadula balani and Vignadula mangle are indicated separately. Apart from data points based on the study by Ockelmann (1983) and three individuals of Vignadula kuraburiensis sp. nov., all are referable to genetically sequenced individuals based on this study.

Figure 10 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 10. Vignadula mangle (Ockelmann, 1983) comb. nov. A, numerous individuals amongst barnacles (Amphibalanus amphitrite (Darwin, 1854)) on an intertidal rocky shore at Teluk Senangin, Perak, Malaysia. Scale bar: 1 cm. B, intact living individual seen from its left, with extended inhalant (inner mantle lobes bearing simple guard papillae, gp) and exhalant (es) siphons. Scale bar: 1 mm. C, surface of posterior half of left valve (SL = 8.0 mm; specimen collected from Sembawang, Singapore) with 'special byssus secretions' (sbs), or commarginal series of thickenings or blunt serrations, sensu Ockelmann (1983). Scale bar: 500 µm. D, outer plicate gland, after removal of ctenidium. Scale bar: 1 mm. E–G, detail of the posterior region of living individuals, showing simple and branched (yellow asterisks) guard papillae. Both types of papillae can occur in the same individual, as shown in E and F. Blue and green arrows depict the direction of inhalant and exhalant currents. Scale bars: 1 mm. D, Hat Yao jetty, Trang, Gulf of Thailand. E, Teluk Batik, Lumut, Perak. B, F, G, Bangsaen Beach, Chonburi, Gulf of Thailand.

Figure 9 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 9. Type material of Vignadula mangle comb. nov. and Vignadula balani. A–D, Xenostrobus mangle Ockelmann, 1983 paratypes NHMD 916051 Jeram, Selangor, peninsular Malaysia. A, B, SL = 8.2 mm. C, D, SL = 11.0 mm. E–H, Xenostrobus balani Ockelmann, 1983 paratypes NHMD 915909 Phuket, Thailand. E, F, SL = 6.4 mm. G, LV, SL = 7.2 mm. H, LV, SL = 8.5 mm.

Figure 7 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 7. Vignadula kuraburiensis sp. nov. Sequenced specimens from western Thailand: A–H, Ban Thung La Ong in Kuraburi District, Phang-nga Province; I, J, Bang Ben Bay, Laem Son National Park, Kapoe District, Ranong Province. A, B, XTSW1; LV, SL = 12.8 mm (holotype, PMBC 25290). C, D, XTSW2; LV, SL = 13.2 mm (paratype, PMBC 25291). E, F, XTSW3; LV, SL = 12.3 mm (paratype ZRC.MOL.24068). G, H, XTSW4; RV (anterior half of ventral edge partially broken), SL = 11.5 mm (ZRC.MOL.24069). I, J, XTSW5; LV, SL = 9.0 mm (ZRC.MOL.24070). See also Clade B in Figures 1–3.

Figure 8 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 8. Vignadula atrata (Lischke, 1871). A, posterior region of living juvenile with extended mantle margins (imm) devoid of guard papillae. Blue and green arrows depict the direction of inhalant and exhalant currents. Scale bar: 500 µm. B, posterior region of ethanol-preserved sequenced individual XNJ 0519B, with left valve removed to show posterior end of ctenidium (ct), mixture of simple (marked by yellow crosses) and branched (yellow asterisks) guard papillae (gp) along the inner mantle margin (imm) and posterior adductor muscle (pam). Scale bar: 1 mm. C, living individual with numerous simple and branched guard papillae. Scale bar: ~500 µm. D, living individual with mostly simple guard papillae. Note the well-formed exhalant siphon. Scale bar: ~1 mm. A, Kagoshima, Japan. B–D, Nagasaki, Japan.

Figure 6 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 6. Vignadula mangle (Ockelmann, 1983) comb. nov. Selected sequenced specimens from Malaysia (A, B), Thailand (C–H) and Taiwan (I–L). A, B, XA MYPK 0419C, Lumut, Perak (Malacca Strait); RV, SL = 6.2 mm (ZRC.MOL.24041). C, D, XBT3, Pak Meng, Trang Province, Thailand (Andaman Sea); LV, SL = 11.9 mm (ZRC.MOL.24067). E, F, XTE6, Hua Hin, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province (Gulf of Thailand); LV, SL = 10.1 mm (ZRC.MOL.24004). G, H, XM TBB 0719C, Bangsaen Beach, Chonburi Province (Gulf of Thailand); LV, SL = 9.7 mm (ZRC.MOL.24007). I, J, XTW1, Kinmen, Taiwan; LV, SL = 9.2 mm (ZRC.MOL.24033). K, L, XTW6, Kinmen, Taiwan; LV, SL = 9.5 mm (ZRC.MOL.24038). See also Clade D in Figures 1–3.

Figure 5 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 5. Vignadula mangle (Ockelmann, 1983) comb. nov. Selected sequenced specimens from Indonesia (A, B), Malaysia (C, D, I–L) and Singapore (E–H). A, B, X4I, Surabaya, E. Java; LV, SL = 9.9 mm (ZRC.MOL.24045). C, D, XA MYKS 1219A, Kampong Bako, Sarawak (Borneo); LV, SL = 12.8 mm (ZRC.MOL.24021). E, F, X8, Punggol Point; LV, SL = 10.1 mm (ZRC. MOL.24054). G, H, MX2, Sembawang Park; LV, SL = 14.8 mm (ZRC.MOL.24046). I, J, XAJ 12, Sungei Punggur, Johor (Malacca Strait); LV, SL = 6.8 mm (ZRC.MOL.24015). K, L, XMJ 3, Sungei Punggur, Johor (Malacca Strait); LV, SL = 10.9 mm (ZRC.MOL.24019). See also Clade D in Figures 1–3.

Figure 4 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 4. Vignadula atrata (Lischke, 1871). Sequenced specimens from Kyushu, Japan: A–H, Nagasaki; I–L, Kagoshima. A, B, XM NJ 0519; LV, SL = 11.2 mm (ZRC.MOL.24028). C, D, XNJ 0519A; LV, SL = 12.4 mm (ZRC.MOL.24029). E, F, XNJ 0519B; LV, SL = 10.6 mm (ZRC.MOL.24030). G, H, XNJ 0519C; LV, SL = 9.6 mm (ZRC.MOL.24031). I, J, XKJ 0519B; LV, SL = 8.0 mm (ZRC.MOL.24025). K, L, XKJ 0519C, SL = 6.6 mm (ZRC.MOL.24026). See also Clade C in Figures 1–3.

Figure 3 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 3. Concatenated two-gene Bayesian inference/maximum likelihood tree based on COI and H3 sequences of mussels. For readability, some nodes on the branch tips have been omitted and the lengths of some branches truncated (marked by a double slash). Sequence codes with asterisks were obtained from specimens shown in Figures 4–7. Line and text colours correspond to the colour scheme used to differentiate the geographical distributions of the species represented in the clades A, B, C and D. For an explanation of sequence code abbreviations, see legend to Figure 1.

Figure 2 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 2. Concatenated three-gene Bayesian inference/maximum likelihood tree based on COI, 28S D1R and H3 sequences of mussels from East Asia and Australasia, including additional sequences from GenBank. For readability, some nodes on the branch tips have been omitted and the lengths of some branches truncated (marked by a double slash). Sequence codes with asterisks were obtained from specimens shown in Figures 4–7. Line and text colours correspond to the colour scheme used to differentiate the geographical distributions of the species represented in the clades A, B, C and D. For an explanation of sequence code abbreviations, see legend to Figure 1.

Figure 1 in Xenostrobus or Vignadula (Bivalvia: Mytilidae)? A taxonomic re-evaluation of small black mussels inhabiting the upper intertidal zone of the estuaries of Southeast Asia

Figure 1. Concatenated four-gene Bayesian inference/maximum likelihood tree based on COI, ITS1, 28S D1R and H3 sequences of Xenostrobus mussels from East Asia and Australasia. Both 313 bp and full-length COI barcodes were used in the analysis. In several cases (e.g. SG X18 and SG X18-2; XTSW1 and XTSW1-2), two sequences from the same individual were incorporated into the analysis. For readability, some nodes on the branch tips have been omitted and the lengths of some branches truncated (marked by a double slash). Sequence codes with asterisks were obtained from specimens shown in Figures 4–7. Line and text colours correspond to the colour scheme used to differentiate the geographical distributions of the species represented in the clades A, B, C and D. Sequence code abbreviations: E Th, Gulf of Thailand; FJP, Fukuoka, Japan; GB, GenBank; HK, Hong Kong; Indon, Indonesia; J MY, Johor, Malaysia; JP, Japan; K EMY, Kuching, East Malaysia; K JP, Kagoshima, Japan; K TW, Kinmen, Taiwan; N JP, Nagasaki, Japan; P MY, Perak, Malaysia; SG, Singapore; S Indon, Surabaya, Indonesia; SW Th, south-west Thailand; Th, Thailand; Z Tan, Zanzibar, Tanzania.

FIGURE 4. Adipicola leticiae n in First record of the genus Adipicola (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae) and description of a new species from the Argentine SW Atlantic Ocean

FIGURE 4. Adipicola leticiae n. sp. A̅D. Paratype, CNP-Inv 2230. A̅B. External view. C̅D. Internal view, showing outline of the various muscle scars; aa: anterior adductor muscle; l. ligament; pa: posterior adductor muscle; pbr: posterior byssal retractor muscle; ppr: posterior pedal retractor muscle.

FIGURE 3. A–K. Adipicola leticiae n in First record of the genus Adipicola (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae) and description of a new species from the Argentine SW Atlantic Ocean

FIGURE 3. A–K. Adipicola leticiae n. sp. A̅C. Paratype CNP-Inv 2230. D̅F. Paratype, CNP-Inv 2231. G̅I. Paratype, CNP- Inv 2232. J̅K. Paratype CNP-Inv 2233. Scale bars: A–I= 1cm; J–K = 500 µm.

FIGURE 2. A in First record of the genus Adipicola (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae) and description of a new species from the Argentine SW Atlantic Ocean

FIGURE 2. A̅J. Adipicola leticiae new species. A–D. Holotype, CNP-Inv 2229. E̅J. Paratype CNP-Inv 2233. E̅F. internal view of Paratype 2233. G–H. Prodissoconch 2 of paratype 2233. I–J. Detail of anterior end of ligament of Paratype 2233. Scale bars: A–F = 1cm; G–H = 400 µm; I–J = 1 mm.

FIGURE 6. A in First record of the genus Adipicola (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae) and description of a new species from the Argentine SW Atlantic Ocean

FIGURE 6. A̅D. "Adipicola" simpsoni, Syntypes NHMUK 1900.10.16.19̅21. E–F. Terua arcuatilis, Holotype NMNZ M. 089788 (copyright Te Papa CC-BY-N-ND license). G̅H. Terua pacifica, Holotype USNM 173020 (copyright National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution). Scale bars: A̅H = 1 cm.

FIGURE 5. A–B. Adipicola osseocola, Holotype NMNZ M. 75026 in First record of the genus Adipicola (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Mytilidae) and description of a new species from the Argentine SW Atlantic Ocean

FIGURE 5. A–B. Adipicola osseocola, Holotype NMNZ M. 75026 (copyright Te Papa CC-BY-N-ND license). C̅F. Adipicola pelagica, Syntypes NHMUK 1849.12.10.67̅68. G̅H. Idas dubius, Holotype ZMA.MOLL 135265, right valve. I̅J. "Adipicola" longissima, Syntype ZMB 77803. Scale bars: A–B, I–J = 5 mm; C–F = 1 cm; G–H = 2 mm.