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FIGURE 8 in A systematic revision of Neotropical lizards in the clade Hoplocercinae (Squamata: Iguania)

FIGURE 8. Skulls of Enyalioides palpebralis (left) and E. laticeps (right) in lateral view. dt = dorsal tubercle of parietal bone; po = postorbital; sq = squamosal.

FIGURE 7 in A systematic revision of Neotropical lizards in the clade Hoplocercinae (Squamata: Iguania)

FIGURE 7. Distribution of Enyalioides microlepis (dots) and E. oshaughnessyi (triangles). A, Alto Tambo; B, Bilsa Ecological Reserve (see Remarks under E. oshaughnessyi).

FIGURE 3 in A systematic revision of Neotropical lizards in the clade Hoplocercinae (Squamata: Iguania)

FIGURE 3. Caudal segments from the anterior third of the tail of ten species of Hoplocercinae in lateral view. (A) Enyalioides cofanorum, (B) E. heterolepis, (C) E. laticeps, (D) E. microlepis, (E) E. oshaughnessyi, (F) E. palpebralis, (G) E. praestabilis, (H) E. rubrigularis, (I) E. touzeti, and (J) Morunasaurus annularis. Scale bars = 5 mm. Illustration by D. Paucar.

FIGURE 2 in A systematic revision of Neotropical lizards in the clade Hoplocercinae (Squamata: Iguania)

FIGURE 2. Six hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships among hoplocercine lizards. (A) Etheridge & de Queiroz (1988); (B– D) Between-state, between-character, and mixed scaling, respectively (Wiens & Etheridge, 2003); (E) Torres-Carvajal & de Queiroz (2009). H., Hoplocercus; M., Morunasaurus; E., Enyalioides.

FIGURE 11 in A systematic revision of Neotropical lizards in the clade Hoplocercinae (Squamata: Iguania)

FIGURE 11. Distribution of Morunasaurus annularis (triangles), M. groi (squares), and M. peruvianus (dots).

FIGURE 9 in A review of the Polystira clade—the Neotropic's largest marine gastropod radiation (Neogastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae sensu stricto)

FIGURE 9. Species abundance (log scale) plotted against rank for 85 living Western Atlantic morphospecies of Polystira. Only five species are represented by more than 100 specimens in the major museum collections examined (see text). The most numerous species is P. starretti Petuch (1685 specimens), the next two most numerous are P. albida (Perry) (770) and an undescribed species, Polystira R-GUY-1 (743 specimens). In contrast, 28 are known from just a single specimen (=singleton).

FIGURE 7 in A review of the Polystira clade—the Neotropic's largest marine gastropod radiation (Neogastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae sensu stricto)

FIGURE 7. Polystira vibex (Dall, 1889); syntype, USNM 87385 (largest of three specimens); off Havana, Cuba, 28°N; 82.5°W, 80–127 fathoms (146–232 m), showing characteristic stripes of brown periostracum present within and between principal spiral cords.

FIGURE 5 in A review of the Polystira clade—the Neotropic's largest marine gastropod radiation (Neogastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae sensu stricto)

FIGURE 5. Diameter of protoconch I plotted against total number of protoconch whorls for 55 living morphospecies of Western Atlantic Polystira showing paucispiral (green circles, + indicates multiple species with same measurement) and multispiral clusters (red triangles, x indicates multiple species with same measurement).

FIGURE 4 in A review of the Polystira clade—the Neotropic's largest marine gastropod radiation (Neogastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae sensu stricto)

FIGURE 4. Outer lip and anal sinus morphology in adult shells of six extant Polystira species. Note variability in depth and shape of anal sinus, and of the shapes of the upper (posterior) and lower (anterior) limbs of the outer lip. Not to scale.

FIGURE 2 in A review of the Polystira clade—the Neotropic's largest marine gastropod radiation (Neogastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae sensu stricto)

FIGURE 2. Pleuroliria cochlearis (Conrad, 1848); lectotype, ANSP 13420, Byram Formation, Late Oligocene, Vicksburg, Mississippi, USA. Herein designated the neotype of Pleurotoma (Pleuroliria) supramirifica de Gregorio, 1890, which is the type species of Pleurotoma (Pleuroliria) de Gregorio, 1890.

FIGURE 1 in A review of the Polystira clade—the Neotropic's largest marine gastropod radiation (Neogastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae sensu stricto)

FIGURE 1. Homology of seven primary (or principal) spiral cords (A–G—notation introduced herein) in four morphologically disparate species of Polystira. Penultimate and final whorls of (left to right) two undescribed species, P. coltrorum Petuch and P. tellea (Dall) showing variation in outline shape, strength, spacing and intercalary cord development and, also rostrum length. Not to scale.

FIGURE 8 in A review of the Polystira clade—the Neotropic's largest marine gastropod radiation (Neogastropoda: Conoidea: Turridae sensu stricto)

FIGURE 8. Linear geographic range (longest distance between sampled localities) plotted against rank for 85 living Western Atlantic morphospecies of Polystira. This hollow curve shows that very few species have large geographic ranges. In contrast, 50 are currently known from just a single site ("spot" occurrence).

opennotspecifiedDec 2017View details →

FIGURE 1. Maximum clade credibility tree after a partitioned Bayesian analysis using 8945 in Phylogenetic analysis of the Neotropical Pristimantis leptolophus species group (Anura: Craugastoridae): molecular approach and description of a new polymorphic species

FIGURE 1. Maximum clade credibility tree after a partitioned Bayesian analysis using 8945 sites depicting the phylogenetic relationships among Pristimantis including the Pristimantis leptolophus species group. Numbers on nodes represent posterior probabilities and ultrafast bootstrap (as obtained in the ML analysis) support respectively. Asterisks represent nodal support larger than 95% in both ML and Bayesian analyses. Two dashes in ultrafast bootstrap indicate the node was not recovered in the ML analysis (see Appendix 2 for the ML tree).

opennotspecifiedDec 2020View details →

Figure 1. Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree obtained for 32 in Revision of the higher taxonomy of Neotropical freshwater crabs of the family Pseudothelphusidae, based on multigene and morphological analyses

Figure 1. Bayesian maximum clade credibility tree obtained for 32 genera of the superfamily Pseudothelphusoidea. Values at nodes represent bootstrap values for the Maximum Likelihood analysis (above branches) and posterior probabilities (below branches).

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Systematic revision of the arboreal Neotropical 'Thorellii' clade of Centruroides Marx, 1890 bark scorpions (Buthidae c.l. Koch, 1837) with descriptions of six new species

The arboreal Neotropical 'thorellii' clade of Centruroides Marx, 1890 bark scorpions (Buthidae C.L. Koch, 1837) is revised, using a novel approach to species delimitation. A phylogenetic analysis, based on 112 morphological characters and 1078 aligned DNA nucleotides from the mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase Subunit I (COI) gene, provided the framework for placing singletons from geographically disparate localities (and often with suboptimal preservation) using COI minibarcodes, thereby enlarging the taxon sample for diagnosis and delimitation of morphological species. Six new species are described, tripling the known diversity in the clade to nine: Centruroides berstoni, sp. nov.; Centruroides catemacoensis, sp. nov.; Centruroides chanae, sp. nov.; Centruroides cuauhmapan, sp. nov.; Centruroides hamadryas, sp. nov.; Centruroides yucatanensis, sp. nov. Revised diagnoses are presented for Centruroides hoffmanni Armas, 1996, Centruroides rileyi Sissom, 1995, and Centruroides schmidti Sissom, 1995. Comparative images, a key and distribution maps for all species of the clade are provided, along with a summary of available data for their ecology.

opencc-zeroDec 2020View details →

FIGURE 12 in Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics

FIGURE 12. Gymnotus omarorum with the position of first ventral lateral-line ramus illustrated. A. Gymnotus omarorum holotype, ZVC-P 6480 (254 mm). B. Gymnotus cuia holotype, UFRGS 23700 (193 mm). Note the posterior position of first ventral lateral-line ramus relative to G. omarorum. C. Gymnotus carapo australis (MLP 11222, 289 mm). Note, again, the posterior position of first ventral lateral-line ramus relative to G. omarorum.

FIGURE 7 in Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics

FIGURE 7. Variation within the type series of Gymnotus cuia. A. The holotype, UFRGS 23700 (193 mm). B. Four specimens of the paratype series, UFRGS 9794 (171–217 mm).

FIGURE 15 in Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics

FIGURE 15. Guide to the differentiation of the Gymnotus tigre and G. carapo clades on the basis of readily-apparent morphological traits (ventral lateral line ramus shape, shape of scales on anterior portion of the body and coloration of anal fin). A. Gymnotus inaequilabiatus, MCP 6956 (683 mm). B. Posterior body region of G. inaequilabiatus and G. c. australis. Note shorter, straight VLRs in G. inaequilabiatus and longer, curved VLRs in G. c. australis. C. Scales removed from posterior body regions (at about two-thirds TL, first scale row above lateral line) of G. inaequilabiatus and G. c. australis. Note the smaller and axially-elongate scales of G. inaequilabiatus. and larger, ovoid scales of G. c. australis. D. Caudal body regions of G. inaequilabiatus and G. c. australis. Note pigment speckles arranged in broken stripes on the anal-fin membrane of G. inaequilabiatus, and darkly pigmented anal-fin membrane of G. c. australis.

FIGURE 2 in Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics

FIGURE 2. Geographic distributions of the materials examined from two species of the G. tigre clade of the southern Neotropics. Specimens from all localities were personally examined and identified by the authors.

FIGURE 10 in Revision of Banded Knifefishes of the Gymnotus carapo and G. tigre clades (Gymnotidae Gymnotiformes) from the Southern Neotropics

FIGURE 10. Characterization of the electric organ discharges of Gymnotus carapo australis and Gymnotus cuia. A. Head-totail recorded EOD waveforms for Gymnotus carapo australis (black) and Gymnotus cuia (red) from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Note the invariable presence of the P-1 and P3 phases in the waveform in G. carapo australis but not G. cuia. B. Power spectral density (PSD) plots for Gymnotus carapo australis (black) and Gymnotus cuia (red) from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Note the higher peak power frequency in G. carapo australis.