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72 results for “Nepenthes”
Figure 6 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 6. Average nectar production per day for five Nepenthes species (n = 9 pitchers for N. gracilis and n = 8 for all other species). Values represent lid nectar for N. gracilis and peristome nectar for all other species. Bars denote medians, boxes represent the inner quartiles and whiskers include 1.5 times interquartile range. Circles represent outliers. Significant differences are marked with asterisks (Kruskal–Wallis test with post hoc Dunn comparisons; Bonferroni correction applied; ***: P <0.001; *: P <0.05).
Figure 5 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 5. (a, b) lesser tree shrew (Tupaia minor) collecting nectar from the lower lid surface of Nepenthes gracilis pitchers in Tutong site II.
Figure 4 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 4. Sunbirds foraging on Nepenthes nectar in Tutong site II. (a) Female olive-backed sunbird (Cinnyris jugularis) and (b) male brown-throated sunbird (Anthreptes malacensis) drinking nectar from the peristomes of N. rafflesiana pitchers. (c, d) Male brown-throated sunbird (A. malacensis) harvesting nectar from the underside of the pitcher lid of N. gracilis.
Figure 3 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 3. Experimental setup to measure nectar production. Pitchers were enclosed in gauze bags to exclude visitors, and roofed with custom-made plastic umbrellas to prevent the nectar from being washed off by rain.
Figure 2 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 2. (a) Typical habitat (Tutong site I) where we observed sunbirds and a tree shrew foraging on nectar of Nepenthes rafflesiana and N. gracilis pitchers. (b) Temperature and humidity measurements from the same site. The peak foraging times coincided with the times of high relative humidity from sunrise to about 10:30, and from about 17:00 until sunset. (c) The Belait site was less open, and surrounded by mature forest. We never observed vertebrates foraging on pitcher nectar in this site.
Figure 1 in Carnivorous Nepenthes pitcher plants are a rich food source for a diverse vertebrate community
Figure 1. (a) A typical Nepenthes trap (here N. rafflesiana) consists of a fluid-filled pitcher body (B), a collar-shaped peristome (P) and a roof-like lid (L). Insects are attracted by nectar secreted onto the peristome, and fall into the trap where they drown and are digested by the plant. This 'standard' trap design has been considerably modified in species that engage in mutualistic relationships with mammals: the pitchers of N. hemsleyana (b) are elongated and contain only very little fluid, making them a preferred daytime roost for woolly bats. (c) N. lowii attracts tree shrews (Tupaia montana) that harvest nectar from the inside of the pitcher lid. The lid is bent backwards to allow the tree shrew to access the nectar while sitting on top of the large and sturdy pitcher. The wide-open funnel shape of the pitcher ensures that the shrew droppings end up in the trap. (d) N. rajah pitchers show similar adaptations and have been shown to be visited by tree shrews and nocturnal rats.
Data from: Dipteran larvae and microbes facilitate nutrient sequestration in the Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plant host
The fluid-containing traps of Nepenthes carnivorous pitcher plants (Nepenthaceae) are often inhabited by organisms known as inquilines. Dipteran larvae are key components of such communities and are thought to facilitate pitcher nitrogen sequestration by converting prey protein into inorganic nitrogen, although this has never been demonstrated in Nepenthes. Pitcher fluids are also inhabited by microbes, although the relationship(s) between these and the plant is still unclear. In this study, we examined the hypothesis of digestive mutualism between N. gracilis pitchers and both dipteran larvae and fluid microbes. Using dipteran larvae, prey and fluid volumes mimicking in situ pitcher conditions, we conducted in vitro experiments and measured changes in available fluid nitrogen in response to dipteran larvae and microbe presence. We showed that the presence of dipteran larvae resulted in significantly higher and faster releases of ammonium and soluble protein into fluids in artificial pitchers, and that the presence of fluid microbes did likewise for ammonium. We showed also that niche segregation occurs between phorid and culicid larvae, with the former fragmenting prey carcasses and the latter suppressing fluid microbe levels. These results clarify the relationships between several key pitcher-dwelling organisms, and show that pitcher communities facilitate nutrient sequestration in their host.
Supplementary material 1 from: Dančák M, Majeský Ľ, Čermák V, Golos MR, Płachno BJ, Tjiasmanto W (2022) First record of functional underground traps in a pitcher plant: Nepenthes pudica (Nepenthaceae), a new species from North Kalimantan, Borneo. PhytoKeys 201: 77-97. https://doi.org/10.3897/phytokeys.201.82872
List of examined specimens
FIGURE 4 in Nepenthes kampalili (Nepenthaceae), a new species of pitcher plant from the eastern mindanao biodiversity corridor, Philippines
FIGURE 4. Map showing the species distribution in Mindanao.
Fig. 8 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore
Fig. 8. First and second (a) and second and third (b) dimensions of the three-dimensional NMDS of pitcher prey assemblages. Points represent prey assemblages of individual pitchers, being coloured according to pitcher type (with green points representing lower pitchers and beige ones representing upper ones) and are filled for pitchers found within the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) and unfilled for those outside of it. Texts denote prey taxon centroids and are sized proportionally with the frequency of occurrence of the taxa they denote. Points found close to species centroids are more likely to contain the corresponding prey taxon. Stress = 0.174.
Data from: Dipteran larvae and microbes facilitate nutrient sequestration in the Nepenthes gracilis pitcher plant host
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FIGURE 8. Nepenthes candalaga prey item. A—N in Three New Mimetic Weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Entiminae) from Mt. Candalaga, Davao de Oro, Mindanao Island, Philippines
FIGURE 8. Nepenthes candalaga prey item. A—N. candalaga in its natural habitat, B—prey items, C, D—Metapocyrtus (Trachycyrtus) uphagpula and other beetles trapped in the pitcher-fluid of N. candalaga, E—remnants of Metapocyrtus (Trachycyrtus) rubiginosus. F—longhorn (Cerambycidae) trapped in the pitcher-fluid of N. candalaga.
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