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Figure 16. A in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 16. A strict consensus tree of 14 127 most parsimonious trees from analysis of 19 taxa for 19 parsimony-informative characters, including all valid Pseudonereis taxa; tree length 42 steps, CI = 0.6190 and RI = 0.8025. Numbers above lines show bootstrap support.

Figure 12 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 12. Pseudonereis pseudonoodti (Fauchald, 1977) paratype USNM 53091. A, parapodium 3rd chaetiger anterior view. B, parapodium 10th chaetiger anterior view. C, parapodium 30th chaetiger anterior view. D, parapodium 40th chaetiger posterior chaetiger. E, parapodium 50th chaetiger anterior view. F, heterogomph falciger neuropodial dorsal fascicle 50th chaetiger. G, heterogomph falciger neuropodial ventral fascicle 30th chaetiger. End-view drawings of parapodia in A– E are not to scale. Scale bar in A–E 0.1 mm, F and G 0.01 mm.

Figure 11 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 11. Pseudonereis pseudonoodti (Fauchald, 1977) paratype USNM 53091. A, anterior end dorsal view. B, anterior end ventral view. A and B are of the same specimen measuring 0.8 mm body width at chaetiger 10 excluding parapodia.

Figure 8 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 8. Pseudonereis multisetosa Hartmann-Schröder, 1992 holotype ZMH P-20706. A, parapodium 5th chaetiger anterior view. B, parapodium 12th chaetiger anterior view. C, parapodium 20th chaetiger posterior view. D, parapodium 56th chaetiger posterior view. E, homogomph falciger neuropodial dorsal fascicle 12th chaetiger. F. heterogomph falciger dorsal fascicle 12th chaetiger. G, heterogomph falciger ventral fascicle 56th chaetiger. H, notopodial homogomph spiniger 42nd chaetiger. Scale bar in A–D 0.1 mm, E–G 0.01 mm. H is taken from Hartmann-Schröder (1992).

Figure 9 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 9. Pseudonereis noodti (Hartmann-Schröder, 1962) holotype HZM P-14380. A, parapodium 3rd chaetiger anterior view. B, parapodium 10th chaetiger anterior view. C, parapodium 20th chaetiger anterior view. D, parapodium 58th chaetiger anterior view. E, parapodium 42nd chaetiger posterior view. F, heterogomph falciger neuropodial dorsal fascicle 10th chaetiger. G, heterogomph falciger neuropodial dorsal fascicle 58th chaetiger. H, homogomph spiniger neuropodial dorsal fascicle 58th chaetiger. End-view drawings of parapodia in A–C are not to scale. Scale bar in A–E 0.1 mm, F–H 0.01 mm.

Figure 7. Pseudonereis gallapagensis Kinberg, 1865 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 7. Pseudonereis gallapagensis Kinberg, 1865 syntype of Pseudonereis formosa Kinberg, 1865 SMNH Type-5908. A, parapodium 3rd chaetiger anterior view. B, parapodium 10th chaetiger anterior view. C, parapodium 30th chaetiger anterior view. D, parapodium 50th chaetiger anterior view. E, parapodium 70th chaetiger anterior view. F, heterogomph falciger neuropodial dorsal fascicle, 3rd chaetiger. End-view drawings of parapodia in A–E are not to scale. Scale bar in A–E 0.1 mm, F 0.01 mm.

Figure 6 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 6. Pseudonereis cortezi (Kudenov, 1979) paratype NHMLAC Poly 1344. A, parapodium 3rd chaetiger anterior view. B, parapodium 11th chaetiger anterior view. C, parapodium 30th chaetiger posterior view. D, parapodium 50th chaetiger anterior view. E, parapodium 65th chaetiger posterior view. F, parapodium 80th chaetiger posterior view. G, heterogomph falciger neuropodial dorsal fascicle. End-view drawings of parapodia in A–C are not to scale. Scale bar in A–F 0.1 mm, G 0.01 mm.

Figure 5 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 5. Pseudonereis cortezi (Kudenov, 1979) paratype NHMLAC Poly 1344. A, anterior end dorsal view. B, anterior end ventral view. A and B of the same specimen measuring 1 mm body width at chaetiger 10 excluding parapodia.

Figure 4. Pseudonereis atopodon Chamberlin, 1919 paratypes USNM 19468. A, parapodium 4 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 4. Pseudonereis atopodon Chamberlin, 1919 paratypes USNM 19468. A, parapodium 4th chaetiger anterior view. B, parapodium 10th chaetiger anterior view. C, parapodium 30th chaetiger anterior view. D, parapodium 70th chaetiger anterior view. E, heterogomph falciger neuropodial ventral fascicle 10th chaetiger. F, heterogomph falciger neuropodial ventral fascicle 60th chaetiger. End-view drawings of parapodia in A–D are not to scale. Scale bar in A–D 0.1 mm, E and F 0.01 mm.

Figure 15 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 15. Pseudonereis variegata (Grube, 1857) syntypes of Nereis ferox Hansen, 1882 ZMUB 2130. A, parapodium 3rd chaetiger anterior view. B, parapodium 11th chaetiger anterior view. C, parapodium 30th chaetiger anterior view. D, parapodium 40th chaetiger posterior view. E, parapodium 56th chaetiger anterior view. F, parapodium 78th chaetiger anterior view. G, homogomph spiniger neuropodial dorsal fascicle 11th chaetiger. H, heterogomph falciger neuropodial ventral fascicle 11th chaetiger. End-view drawings of parapodia in A–F are not to scale. Scale bar in A 0.01 mm, B–F 0.5 mm, G and H 0.01 mm.

Figure 10 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 10. Pseudonereis palpata (Treadwell, 1923) paratype USNM 19031. A, parapodium 10th chaetiger anterior view. B, parapodium 65th chaetiger anterior view. C. Heterogomph falciger neuropodial dorsal fascicle 41st chaetiger. Scale bar in A and B 0.5 mm, C 0.01 mm. End-view drawings of parapodia in A and B are not to scale.

Figure 2. Pseudonereis anomala Gravier, 1901 syntypes NMHN POLY TYPE 423. A, heterogomph falcigers neuropodium ventral fascicle from chaetiger 37. B, notopodial homogomph falciger from chaetiger 37 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 2. Pseudonereis anomala Gravier, 1901 syntypes NMHN POLY TYPE 423. A, heterogomph falcigers neuropodium ventral fascicle from chaetiger 37. B, notopodial homogomph falciger from chaetiger 37.

Figure 1 in Revision of Pseudonereis (Polychaeta, Nereididae)

Figure 1. Two new paragnath characters are described as diagnostic characters for Pseudonereis spp., p-bars and shieldshaped bars. Additionally, regular comb-like rows are compared with a more common pattern. A–C, paragnaths in typical regular comb-like rows from Area II–IV in Pseudonereis spp., observed here are regular rows in Area III and IV for three taxa. D, conical paragnaths are common in all areas in most nereidid taxa with paragnaths, here visualized for Area III and IV, and Area VII–VIII. E, bar-shaped paragnaths (p-bars – pointed bars) interspersed with conical paragnaths in Area VII– VIII. F, bar-shaped paragnath with a point skewed over to one end of the bar (p-bar) from Area VII–VIII. G, a high flattened shield-shaped bar in Area VI protruding from the tissue is different from the smooth bar observed in Perinereis spp. H, close up of a shield-shaped bar in Area VI, right side (conical paragnath in Area V to the left). I, a low, smooth bar-shaped paragnath in Area VI typical for Perinereis spp. (faded conical paragnaths in Area V to the left). J, smooth bar-shaped paragnath in area VI is low in Perinereis spp.; note also the conical paragnaths in Area II, IV, VII–VIII. A, E, F, G and H from a specimen in the syntype series of Nereis ferox (= P. variegata) ZMUB 2130; B, Pseudonereis pseudonoodti (Fauchald, 1977) paratype USNM 53091; C, Pseudonereis anomala Gravier, 1901 syntypes MNHN Poly Type-421; D, Nereis pelagica Linnaeus, 1758 TB collection; I, J Perinereis helleri (Grube, 1878) CG0403 (Chris Glasby).

Figure 43 in A review of Asian Hediste species complex (Nereididae, Polychaeta) with descriptions of two new species and a redescription of Hediste japonica (Izuka, 1908)

Figure 43. Hypothesis of the phylogenetic relationships in three Asian Hediste species. Stars indicate reproductive characteristics; () reproductive swarming of epitokous adults with (A) or without (B) addition of epitoke-specific sesquigomph spinigers; () reproduction without swarming and any epitokous metamorphosis. Circular symbols indicate developmental characteristics; () pelagic development probably lecithotrophic from middle-sized eggs (180– 210 Mm in diameter) (A), or probably planktotrophic from small eggs (130–170 Mm) (B); () direct development from large eggs (200–250 Mm). (&) indicate the contrasting character combinations in immature specimens.1. Neuropodial homogomph falcigers present (A) or absent (B). 2. Neuropodial heterogomph spinigers present (A) or absent (B). 3. Neuropodial postsetal ligule tapering to digitate lobe throughout (A) or only in anterior setigers (B).

Figure 31 in A review of Asian Hediste species complex (Nereididae, Polychaeta) with descriptions of two new species and a redescription of Hediste japonica (Izuka, 1908)

Figure 31. Number of simple chaetae and falcigers in each parapodium throughout body of a mature male () and a mature female () of Hediste atoka sp. nov. (same specimens as those shown in Fig. 30). (a) Simple chaetae in neuropodial supra-acicular fascicle. (b) Heterogomph falcigers in neuropodial supra-acicular fascicle. (c) Heterogomph falcigers in neuropodial infra-acicular fascicle.

Figure 22 in A review of Asian Hediste species complex (Nereididae, Polychaeta) with descriptions of two new species and a redescription of Hediste japonica (Izuka, 1908)

Figure 22. Number of epitoke-specific sesquigomph spinigers in (a) notopodial, (b) neuropodial supra-acicular and (c) neuropodial infra-acicular fascicles of each parapodium throughout body of a mature male () and a mature female () of Hediste diadroma sp. nov. (specimens same as Fig. 18).

Figure 18 in A review of Asian Hediste species complex (Nereididae, Polychaeta) with descriptions of two new species and a redescription of Hediste japonica (Izuka, 1908)

Figure 18. Number of spinigers in each parapodium throughout body of a mature male (, BL 37 mm with 85 setigers, paratype, ZIHU-2093) and a mature female (, BL 50 mm with 80 setigers, paratype, ZIHU-2092) of Hediste diadroma sp. nov. Homogomph spinigers in (a) notopodial fascicle, (b) neuropodial supra-acicular fascicle and (c) neuropodial infra-acicular fascicle. (d) Heterogomph spinigers in neuropodial infra-acicular fascicle.

Figure 16 in A review of Asian Hediste species complex (Nereididae, Polychaeta) with descriptions of two new species and a redescription of Hediste japonica (Izuka, 1908)

Figure 16. Epitokous female of Hediste diadroma sp. nov. (holotype, NSMT-Pol-H456). (a) Dorsal view of anterior end; everted proboscis not shown here. (b & c) Dorsal and ventral views of the everted proboscis. (d) Dorsal view of Posterior end. (e-l) Parapodia of the left side (chaetae not shown in f, i, l). (e & f) Anterior and posterior views of parapodium 2. (g) Anterior view of parapodium 10. (h & i) Anterior and posterior views of parapodium 32. (j) Anterior view of parapodium 41. (k & l) Anterior and posterior views of parapodium 72. Scale bar = 1 mm.

Figure 44 in A review of Asian Hediste species complex (Nereididae, Polychaeta) with descriptions of two new species and a redescription of Hediste japonica (Izuka, 1908)

Figure 44. Mean tidal range (vertical distance between mean low and high tide marks) in spring tides in Japan and neighbouring countries. After Sato & Takita (2000).

Figure 40 in A review of Asian Hediste species complex (Nereididae, Polychaeta) with descriptions of two new species and a redescription of Hediste japonica (Izuka, 1908)

Figure 40. Number of paragnaths on groups II (a), IV (b) and VII-VIII (c) in proboscis of immature specimens of three Hediste species collected from 19 localities in Korea and Kyushu, Japan. Total numbers in right and left sides are shown for groups II and IV. Average and SD bar are shown in each locality, based on data shown in Tables 2, 4 and 5 and additional data for three localities (3–5). Body sizes of all specimens are comparable to those of mature adults (see Tables 2, 4 and 5). The locality numbers are arranged from north to south. The number on each datum indicates sample size. Significance of difference of mean numbers between the sympatric populations of H. diadroma sp. nov. and H. atoka sp. nov. in four localities (3, 13, 16, 18), and H. diadroma sp. nov. and H. japonica in a single locality (10), was tested by the Mann–Whitney U-test. Differences: not significant (NS, P> 0.05); significant (*P <0.05, **P <0.001, ***P <0.0001). 1. Inchon. 2. Kunsan. 3. Kusamigawa River. 4. Tsuyazaki. 5. Wajirogawa River. 6. Daijugarami. 7. Rokkakugawa River. 8. Honmyogawa River. 9. Kobe. 10. Omutagawa River. 11. Domengawa River. 12. Kikuchigawa River. 13. Maekawa River. 14. Minamatagawa River. 15. Manosegawa River. 16. Omoigawa River. 17. Nagatagawa River. 18. Atagogawa River. 19. Honjogawa River.