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Figure 8 in Biology and ecology of a deep cave nesting spider wasp, Ageniella evansi Townes, (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), in Arizona
Figure 8. Monthly average total of Ageniella evansi Townes, 1957 hunting females at Arkenstone Cave (1992–2020 and 1997–2020). Trend lines are cubic polynomials.
Figure 14. Female Ageniella evansi Townes, 1957 in Biology and ecology of a deep cave nesting spider wasp, Ageniella evansi Townes, (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), in Arizona
Figure 14. Female Ageniella evansi Townes, 1957 interacting with leaves on Lycium berlandieri Dunal at the top of Arkenstone Cave hill on 10 March 1993. The yellow dot on the dorsum of the wasp's thorax is the colour-coding method used for tracking individuals.
Figure 12 in Biology and ecology of a deep cave nesting spider wasp, Ageniella evansi Townes, (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), in Arizona
Figure 12. Coupled pair of Ageniella evansi Townes, 1957, female (left) and male (right), in the sinkhole at the entrance to Arkenstone Cave on 27 February 1993.
Figure 10 in Biology and ecology of a deep cave nesting spider wasp, Ageniella evansi Townes, (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), in Arizona
Figure 10. Percentage of male Ageniella evansi Townes, 1957 by month (1992–2020). The annual average percentage of males in the population is 20%. The observed mating range is bracketed by long, parallel vertical lines. The average peak of the hunting season (5 March) is shown as a short vertical line. The thin line is a quartic polynomial trend; R2 =.93.
Table 2. Monthly average values for Ageniella evansi Townes, 1957 in Biology and ecology of a deep cave nesting spider wasp, Ageniella evansi Townes, (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), in Arizona
<p><b>Table 2.</b> Monthly average values for <i>Ageniella evansi</i> Townes, 1957 female hunting population, percent hunt success and monthly and total annual spider hunt potential. a Number of complete daily data sets by month (1993–2020). *Projected, unadjusted annual active season spider total.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th>Average number</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>Month</th><td>n a</td><td>of hunting females</td><td>Average % hunt success</td><td>Average number of spiders/day</td><td>Potential number of hunt days</td><td>Average monthly spider potential</td></tr><tr><th>November</th><td>6</td><td>4.33</td><td>31.3</td><td>1.356</td><td>16</td><td>21.7</td></tr><tr><th>December</th><td>8</td><td>9.88</td><td>17.5</td><td>1.729</td><td>31</td><td>53.6</td></tr><tr><th>January</th><td>9</td><td>5.33</td><td>32.0</td><td>1.706</td><td>31</td><td>52.9</td></tr><tr><th>February</th><td>13</td><td>15.62</td><td>20.5</td><td>3.202</td><td>28</td><td>89.7</td></tr><tr><th>March</th><td>19</td><td>31.89</td><td>34.0</td><td>10.843</td><td>31</td><td>336.1</td></tr><tr><th>April</th><td>8</td><td>25.00</td><td>16.5</td><td>4.125</td><td>30</td><td>123.8</td></tr><tr><th>May</th><td>3</td><td>4.00</td><td>25.0</td><td>1.000</td><td>11</td><td>11.0</td></tr><tr><th>Totals</th><td>66</td><td>–</td><td>Avg. 25.3</td><td>–</td><td>178</td><td>688.8*</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table 3 in Biology and ecology of a deep cave nesting spider wasp, Ageniella evansi Townes, (Hymenoptera: Pompilidae), in Arizona
<p><b>Table 3.</b> Data for in-cave nesting trials of <i>Ageniella evansi</i> Townes, 1957 in Arkenstone Cave.</p><table><tbody><tr><th></th><th></th><th>Wasp</th><th>Host</th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th></th><td></td><td>length</td><td>length</td><td></td><td>Date host placed in</td><td># of open surface</td><td>Emergence</td><td>Total</td><td>Emerged wasp sex/</td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Trial</th><td>Date/time set</td><td>(mm)</td><td>(mm)</td><td>Host type nest by wasp</td><td>excavations†</td><td>date</td><td>days</td><td>length (mm)</td><td>Notes‡</td></tr><tr><th>HB1</th><td>20 March 1994/1252</td><td>11</td><td>11</td><td><i>Selenops</i></td><td>20/21 March 1994</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>15*</td><td>N/A</td><td>1</td></tr><tr><th>HB2</th><td>21 March 1994/1253</td><td>11</td><td>8</td><td>Lycosidae 21/22 March 1994</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>14*</td><td>N/A</td><td>2</td></tr><tr><th>S1</th><td>14 March 1995/1606</td><td>11</td><td>9</td><td><i>Selenops</i></td><td>14/15 March 1995</td><td>4</td><td>None</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>3</td></tr><tr><th>S2</th><td>14 March 1995/1602</td><td>12</td><td>8</td><td><i>Selenops</i></td><td>14/15 March 1995</td><td>7</td><td>None</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>4</td></tr><tr><th>S3</th><td>16 March 1995/1406</td><td>11</td><td>9</td><td><i>Selenops</i></td><td>Unknown</td><td>N/A</td><td>None</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>5</td></tr><tr><th>S4</th><td>16 March 1995/1410</td><td>11</td><td>9.5</td><td><i>Selenops</i></td><td>Unknown</td><td>N/A</td><td>None</td><td>N/A</td><td>N/A</td><td>6</td></tr><tr><th>S5</th><td>14 March 1995/1422</td><td>11</td><td>10</td><td><i>Selenops</i></td><td>14/15 March 1995</td><td>5</td><td>3/4 February</td><td>325</td><td>Male/10</td><td>7</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1996</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>S6</th><td>14 March 1995/1420</td><td>11</td><td>8</td><td><i>Selenops</i></td><td>14/15 March 1995</td><td>4</td><td>3/4 February</td><td>325</td><td>Male/7</td><td>8</td></tr><tr><th></th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td>1996</td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr></tbody></table><p>†Number of open surface exploratory burrow excavations; occupied burrows are always closed.</p><p>*Larval age at excavation.</p><p>‡See notes after table:</p><p>1. Excavated 4-2-1994; monitored; larva dead by 4–30-1994.</p><p>2. Excavated 4-2-1994; monitored; larva dead by 4–30-1994.</p><p>3. Died in pupal stage; excavated 3–23-1996.</p><p>4. Cell excavated on 4-3-1996; <i>Selenops</i> head capsule present; no remains of larva, pupa or wasp.</p><p>5. Excavated 4-3-1996; no trace of spider, larva, pupa or wasp.</p><p>6. Excavated 4-3-1996; no trace of spider, larva, pupa or wasp.</p><p>7. Pupal case length 12 mm.</p><p>8. Pupal case length 9.5 mm.</p>
Figure 3 in Nesting biology and behavioural ecology of the solitary bee Monoeca haemorrhoidalis (Smith) and its cleptoparasite Protosiris gigas Melo (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tapinotaspidini; Osirini)
Figure 3. Percentage of pollen grains found in samples collected from females and males of Monoeca haemorrhoidalis.
Figure 2 in Nesting biology and behavioural ecology of the solitary bee Monoeca haemorrhoidalis (Smith) and its cleptoparasite Protosiris gigas Melo (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tapinotaspidini; Osirini)
Figure 2. (A) Female Monoeca haemorrhoidalis building a tumulus around the nest entrance; (B) female entering its nest with a mixture of pollen and oil on its scopae; (C) a "nesting female" inside its nest and an "invader female" in the surroundings; (D) an "invader female" entering the nest after the "nesting female" left; (E) a female with exuvial remains entering a nest when the "nesting female" was away; (F) males trying to copulate with a newly emerged female; (G) a cluster of males trying to copulate with a female; (H) M. haemorrhoidalis copulation; (I) a copulation attempt between a M. haemorrhoidalis male and a Protosiris gigas male; (J) a female M. haemorrhoidalis on flowers of Niedenzuella acutifolia; (K) a female with a pollinarium of Grandiphyllum divaricatum on its front; (L) a male M. haemorrhoidalis on flowers of Coccocypselum condalia.
Figure 4 in Nesting biology and behavioural ecology of the solitary bee Monoeca haemorrhoidalis (Smith) and its cleptoparasite Protosiris gigas Melo (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tapinotaspidini; Osirini)
Figure 4. (A) Female Heterostylum maculipennis hovering over a nest of M. haemorrhoidalis; (B) an individual of Tetraolytta gerardi eating pollen on flowers of Niedenzuella acutifolia; (C) an individual of Pyrogaster moestus preying on a male Monoeca haemorrhoidalis; (D) a female Pseudomethoca melanocephala excavating a closed nest of M. haemorrhoidalis; (E) Protosiris gigas copulation; (F) a female P. gigas leaving a nest after parasitizing it; (G) a female P. gigas removing earth pellets from a nest entrance; (H) a specimen P. gigas visiting flowers of Coccocypselum condalia; (I) a female P. gigas perching on leaves of Coccocypselum condalia.
Figure 1 in Nesting biology and behavioural ecology of the solitary bee Monoeca haemorrhoidalis (Smith) and its cleptoparasite Protosiris gigas Melo (Hymenoptera: Apidae: Tapinotaspidini; Osirini)
Figure 1. Monthly variation in relative air humidity, annual rainfall and temperature, measured from March 2005 to February 2007 in the Meteorological Station of Pinhais, southern Brazil.
Nonideal nest box selection by tree swallows breeding in farmlands: evidence for an ecological trap?
<p>Animals are expected to select a breeding habitat using cues that should reflect, directly or not, the fitness outcome of the different habitat options. However, human-induced environmental changes can alter the relationships between habitat characteristics and their fitness consequences, leading to maladaptive habitat choices. The most severe case of such nonideal habitat selection is the ecological trap, which occurs when individuals prefer to settle in poor-quality habitats while better ones are available. Here we studied the adaptiveness of nest box selection in a tree swallow (<i>Tachycineta bicolor</i>) population breeding over a 10-year period in a network of 400 nest boxes distributed along a gradient of agricultural intensification in southern Québec, Canada. We first examined the effects of multiple environmental and social habitat characteristics on nest box preference to identify potential settlement cues. We then assessed the links between those cues and habitat quality as defined by the reproductive performance of individuals that settled early or late in nest boxes. We found that tree swallows preferred nesting in open habitats with high cover of perennial forage crops, high spring insect biomass, and high density of house sparrows (<i>Passer domesticus</i>), their main competitors for nest sites. They also preferred nesting where the density of breeders and their mean number of fledglings during the previous year were high. However, we detected mismatches between preference and habitat quality for several environmental variables. The density of competitors and conspecific social information showed severe mismatches, as their relationships to preference and breeding success went in opposite direction under certain circumstances. Spring food availability and agricultural landscape context, while related to preferences, were not related to breeding success. Overall, our study emphasizes the complexity of habitat selection behavior and provides evidence that multiple mechanisms may potentially lead to an ecological trap in farmlands. </p>
Nonideal nest box selection by tree swallows breeding in farmlands: evidence for an ecological trap?
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Data from: Islands in the desert for cavity-nesting bees and wasps: ecology, patterns of diversity, and conservation at oases of Baja California peninsula
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Data from: Buteo nesting ecology: evaluating nesting of Swainson's hawks in the northern Great Plains
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Figure 5 from: Coelho JR, Hastings JM, Holliday CW (2020) Nesting ecology of the Pacific cicada killer, Sphecius convallis Patton (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae), in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 177-191. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59206
Figure 5 Sphecius convallis feeding on sap at a willow tree, along with several flies. Note the foam in the wound in the tree's bark, probably made by yeast sugar fermentation.
Figure 2 from: Coelho JR, Hastings JM, Holliday CW (2020) Nesting ecology of the Pacific cicada killer, Sphecius convallis Patton (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae), in the Sonoran Desert. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 80: 177-191. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.80.59206
Figure 2 Screen tent used in estimating male cicada killer population size. Field of mine tailings in the background.
Data from: The evolution of eggshell cuticle in relation to nesting ecology
Avian eggs are at risk of microbial infection prior to and during incubation. A large number of defence mechanisms have evolved in response to the severe costs imposed by these infections. The eggshell's cuticle is an important component of antimicrobial defence, and its role in preventing contamination by microorganisms in domestic chickens is well known. Nanometer-scale cuticular spheres that reduce microbial attachment and penetration have recently been identified on eggs of several wild avian species. However, whether these spheres have evolved specifically for antimicrobial defence is unknown. Here, we use comparative data on eggshell cuticular structure and nesting ecology to test the hypothesis that birds nesting in habitats with higher risk of infection (e.g. wetter and warmer) are more likely to evolve cuticular nanospheres on their eggshells than those nesting in less risky habitats. We found that nanostructuring, present in 54 of 296 analysed species, is the ancestral condition of avian eggshells and has been retained more often in taxa that nest in humid infection-prone environments, suggesting that they serve critical roles in antimicrobial egg defence.
Figure 5 from: Bogusch P, van Achterberg C, Šilhán K, Astapenková A, Heneberg P (2018) Description of mature larvae and ecological notes on Gasteruption Latreille (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea, Gasteruptiidae) parasitizing hymenopterans nesting in reed galls. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.26645
Figure 5 Body parts of larvae of Gasteruption. Gasteruptionassectator. A head, frontal view B mandible, frontal view C spiracle. GasteruptionnigrescensD head, frontal view E mandible, frontal view F spiracle. GasteruptionphragmiticolaG head, frontal view H mandible, frontal view I spiracle.
Figure 1 from: Bogusch P, van Achterberg C, Šilhán K, Astapenková A, Heneberg P (2018) Description of mature larvae and ecological notes on Gasteruption Latreille (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea, Gasteruptiidae) parasitizing hymenopterans nesting in reed galls. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.26645
Figure 1 Map with occurrence of Gasteruptionassectator (yellow) and Gasteruptionnigrescens (red) in the localities studied. Empty circles represent the localities where these species have not been recorded.
Figure 2 from: Bogusch P, van Achterberg C, Šilhán K, Astapenková A, Heneberg P (2018) Description of mature larvae and ecological notes on Gasteruption Latreille (Hymenoptera, Evanioidea, Gasteruptiidae) parasitizing hymenopterans nesting in reed galls. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 65: 1-21. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.65.26645
Figure 2 Map with occurrence of Hylaeuspectoralis (yellow) and Gasteruptionphragmiticola together with Hylaeuspectoralis (red) in the localities studied. No localities of Gasteruptionphragmiticola without the presence of H.pectoralis were recorded. Empty circles represent the localities where these species have not been recorded.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.