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Fig. 12. Chaleponcus dabagaensis Kraus, 1958 in A mountain of millipedes I: An endemic species-group of the genus Chaleponcus Attems, 1914, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 12. Chaleponcus dabagaensis Kraus, 1958, left gonopod. — A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Mesal-ventral view. D. Mesal-dorsal view. al = anterior lamella of telomere, mf = metaplical flange, mp = mesal metaplical process, ms = metaplical shelf, mss = metaplical shelf-spine, pl = posterior lamella of telomere, ps = proximal spine of solenomere, st = main telomeral stem, th = thumblike process of telomere main stem. Scales 0.1 mm.

Fig. 11 in A mountain of millipedes IV: Species of Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. With notes on "P." fasciatum (Attems, 1896) and a revised species key (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 11. Prionopetalum spp., outlines of proximal telomere process (tpp). A. P. aculeatum (based on Attems 1914). B. P. ndelei (based on VandenSpiegel & Pierrard 2009). C. P. serratum (based on Attems 1909). D. P. dentigerum (based on Kraus 1960). E. P. tanganjikum (based on Kraus 1960). F. P. xerophilum (based on Kraus 1960). G. P. clarum (based on Kraus 1960). H. P. pulchellum (based on Kraus 1960). I. P. kraepelini (orig.). J. P. fryeri (based on Kraus 1960). K. P. asperginis sp. nov. (orig.). Not to scale.

Fig. 10 in A mountain of millipedes IV: Species of Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. With notes on "P." fasciatum (Attems, 1896) and a revised species key (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 10. Prionopetalum spp., outlines of distal telomere process (tdp). A. P. bifidum (based on VandenSpiegel & Pierrard 2009). B. P. tricuspis (based on VandenSpiegel & Pierrard 2009). C. P. aculeatum (based on Attems 1914). D. P. asperginis sp. nov. (orig.). Not to scale.

Fig. 4 in A mountain of millipedes IV: Species of Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. With notes on "P." fasciatum (Attems, 1896) and a revised species key (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 4. Prionopetalum asperginis sp. nov., paratype from Kihansi, "forest site", right gonopod telopodite. A. Anterior and slightly mesal view. B. Posterior view. C. Basal view. D. Apical view. E. Apical-mesal view. F. Mesal and slightly posterior view. Abbreviations: ba = basomere; pts = post-torsal spine (broken); pxl = proximal lobe of telomere; ra = rough area of telomere; slm = solenomere; tdp = distal process of telomere; tpp = proximal process of telomere. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 2 in A mountain of millipedes IV: Species of Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. With notes on "P." fasciatum (Attems, 1896) and a revised species key (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 2. Body size (body diameter / number of podous rings) of ♂♂ of Prionopetalum spp. Based on original measurements and data from the literature (see Table 1). For "other spp." the entries are median values of the intervals in Table 1.The report of "93 (1) Rumpfringen" (corresponding to 92 podous rings) for P. tanganjikum by Verhoeff (1941) has been omitted, as has Chamberlin's (1927) "nearly fourtythree" segments for P. clarum; both are regarded as quite unlikely and are probably erroneous.

Fig. 9 in A mountain of millipedes IV: Species of Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. With notes on "P." fasciatum (Attems, 1896) and a revised species key (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 9. Prionopetalum spp., outlines of distal part of gonopod coxa. The species appear in the sequence in which they key out in the identification key. A. P. megalacanthum (after a specimen in NHMW). B. P. frundsbergi (based on Kraus 1960). C. P. bifidum (based on VandenSpiegel & Pierrard 2009). D. P. tricuspis (based on Brolemann 1920). E. P. aculeatum (based on Kraus 1960). F. P. ndelei (based on VandenSpiegel & Pierrard 2009). G. P. serratum (based on Kraus 1960). H. P. dentigerum (based on Kraus 1960). I. P. tanganjikum (based on Kraus 1960). J. P. xerophilum (based on Kraus 1960). K. P. clarum (based on Kraus 1960). L. P. pulchellum (based on Kraus 1960). M. P. etiennei (based on Demange 1982). N. P. lindi (based on VandenSpiegel & Pierrard 2009). O. P. coronatum (based on Kraus 1958). P. P. exaratum (based on Kraus 1960). Q. P. cornutum (based on Kraus 1960). R. P. kraepelini (orig.). S. P. glomeratum (based on Attems 1935). T. P. urbicolum (based on Kraus 1960). U. P. suave (based on Kraus 1960). V. P. fryeri (based on Kraus 1960). W. P. asperginis sp. nov. (orig). Not to scale.

Fig. 1 in A mountain of millipedes IV: Species of Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. With notes on "P." fasciatum (Attems, 1896) and a revised species key (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 1. Map of the Udzungwa Mountains, showing the collecting localities for Prionopetalum asperginis sp. nov. (yellow dot) at the southern extremity of the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve and for P. kraepelini (Attems, 1896) (red diamond) at the eastern edge of the Mwanihana Forest Reserve. Based on fig. 1 in Marshall et al. (2010).

Fig. 7 in A mountain of millipedes IV: Species of Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. With notes on "P." fasciatum (Attems, 1896) and a revised species key (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 7. Aquattuor fasciatus (Attems, 1896) comb. nov., specimen from Zanzibar, Kirimkazi. A. Limbus. B–C. Left gonopod. B. Anterior view. C. Posterior view. D–F. Left telomere. D. Tip, basal-anterior view. E. Subdistal part, posterior view (bold arrow points to a microserrate lobe on the margin). F. Tip, apical-posterior view. Abbreviations: mbl = mesobasal lobe of coxal palette; pa = apical palette of coxa. Scale bars: A–C = 0.1 mm; D–F = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 3 in A mountain of millipedes IV: Species of Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. With notes on "P." fasciatum (Attems, 1896) and a revised species key (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 3. Prionopetalum asperginis sp. nov., paratype from Kihansi, "forest site". A–B. Hind end. A. Lateral view. B. Posterior view. C. Limbus. D–F. Right gonopod coxa. D. Anterior view (light blue: mounting tape). E. Mesal view. F. Posterior view. G. Transverse section of right gonopod basomere (circle: bundle of tracheae). H. Cluster of tracheae next to internal canal. Abbreviations: amp = anterior metaplical process; eg = efferent groove; ic = internal canal; mlf = metaplical longitudinal flange; mml = metaplical mesad lobe; mmp = distomesal metaplical process; mof = metaplical oblique/horizontal flange; prl = proplical lobe. Scale bars: A, B, D–F = 0.1 mm; C, H = 0.001 mm; G = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 8 in A mountain of millipedes IV: Species of Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. With notes on "P." fasciatum (Attems, 1896) and a revised species key (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 8. Aquattuor fasciatus (Attems, 1896) comb. nov., syntype of Odontopyge fasciata (NHMW 2672). A. Gonopods, anterior view. B. Left gonopod, posterior view. Scale bars = 0.5 mm. Photographs: N. Akkari.

Fig. 6 in A mountain of millipedes IV: Species of Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. With notes on "P." fasciatum (Attems, 1896) and a revised species key (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 6. Prionopetalum kraepelini (Attems, 1896), specimen from Mang'ula, 339 m asl. Gonopod telopodite. A, C–D, F. Right gonopod telopodite. A. Posterior view. C. Apical (ventral) view. D. Anterior view. F. Telomere distal process. B. Tip of left solenomere. E. Left gonopod, (posterior-) mesal view. Abbreviations: pts = post-torsal spine; pxl = proximal lobe of telomere; slm = solenomere; tdp = telomeral distal process; tpp = telomeral proximal process. Scale bars: A, C–D, E = 0.1 mm; B, F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 5 in A mountain of millipedes IV: Species of Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, from the Udzungwa Mountains, Tanzania. With notes on "P." fasciatum (Attems, 1896) and a revised species key (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida, Odontopygidae)

Fig. 5. Prionopetalum kraepelini (Attems, 1896), specimen from Mang'ula, 339 m asl. A–C. Right gonopod coxa. A. Anterior view. B. Anterior-mesal view. C. Mesal view. D–E. Left gonopod. D. Posterior view. E. Anterior-mesal view. F. Midbody-dorsal limbus. G. Row of intercalary microscutes with knobs, from midbody metazona. Abbreviations: amp = anterior metaplical process; lt = lateral coxal tubercle; mlf = metaplical longitudinal flange; mmp = distomesal metaplical process; mof = metaplical oblique/horizontal flange; prl = proplical lobe. Scale bars: A–E = 0.1 mm; F–G = 0.001 mm.

Fig. 62 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 62. Xystopyge bentemarieae sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621766). A. Gonopod sternum (sternum 8). B. Sternum 9. C. Midbody dorsal limbus. D–F. First pair of legs. D. Anterior view. E. Lateral view. F. Ventral view. Abbreviations: APS = mesapical prefemoral sensilla; CXS = coxosternal setae; LPS = lateral prefemoral sensilla. Scale bars: A = 0.05 mm; B, E = 0.1 mm; C = 0.01 mm; D, F = 0.2 mm.

Fig. 70 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 70. Xystopyge hippocampus sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621770). A–G. Left gonopod telopodite. A. Anterior view. B. As A, close-up of tip. C. Posterior view. D. Ventral view. E. Dorsal view. F. Mesal view. G. Dorso-mesal view, close-up of tip. H. Right solenomere, tip. Abbreviations: BSS = basal solenomeral spine; dtl1, dtl2 =distal telomeral lobes; sdl = soloenomeral distal lobe; sdp = solenomeral distal process; SLM =solenomere; TM = telomere. Scale bars: A, C–F = 0.2 mm; B, G = 0.1 mm; H not to scale.

Fig. 69 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 69. Xystopyge hippocampus sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621770). A–C. First pair of legs. A. Sublateral view. B. Ventral view. C. Anterior view. D–G. Left gonopod coxa. D. Apical (ventral) view. E. Anterior view. F. Posterior view. G. Mesal view. H. Midbody dorsal limbus. I–J. Sternum 9. I. Posterior view. J. Subapical (subventral) view. Abbreviations: APS = mesapical prefemoral setae; BA = basomere of telopodite (broken); CU = cucullus; CXS = coxosternal setae; fb1, fb2 = fingerlike proplical bulges; LPS = lateral prefemoral setae; lr =longitudinal proplical ridge; mor = metaplical oblique ridge; MP =metaplica; PP = proplica; PPL = proplical lobe. Scale bars. A–G, I–J = 0.2 mm; H = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 73 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 73. Xystopyge proplicatus Frederiksen & Enghoff, 2012, specimen from Kasanga (NHMD 621774). A–C. First pair of legs. A. Sublateral view. B. Anterior view. C. Ventral view. D. Sternum 9. E. Midbody dorsal limbus. F–I. Left gonopod coxa. F. Anterior view. G. Mesal view. H. Posterior view. I. Lateral view. J. Gonopod sternum. Abbreviations: APS = mesapical prefemoral setae; CXS = coxosternal setae; LPS = lateral prefemoral sensilla; MP = metaplica; MPF = metaplical flange; mph = metaplical 'hump'; mps = metaplical 'snout'; PP = proplica; ppr1, ppr2 = proplical processes; pps = proplical spine. Scale bars: A–D, F–J = 0.2 mm; E = 0.01 mm.

Fig. 57 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 57. Syndesmogenus estelleae sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMO), right gonopod telopodite, broken through torsotope and missing basal part; distal part of solenomere also broken off. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Ventral view. D. Dorsal view. E. Transverse 'section' (break) through basal part of torsotope. F. Sublateral view. G–H. Distal part of solenomere. Abbreviations: BSS1, BSS2 = basal solenomeral spines; " d" = structure "d" sensu Ribaut (1907); SLM= solenomere; TM = telomere. Scale bars: A–D = 0.1 mm; E, H = 0.02 mm; F–G = 0.05 mm.

Fig. 65. Xystopyge robusta Attems, 1910 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 65. Xystopyge robusta Attems, 1910, ♂, from Morogoro (HU-HR-124), right gonopod. A–D. Coxa. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Mesal view. D. Lateral view. E–J. Telopodite. E. Anterior view. F. Posterior view. G. Mesal view. H. Ventral view. I. Lateral view. J. Tip of solenomere. Abbreviations: sx = slender metaplical process; th = telomeral hook;TM = telomere. Scale bars: A–I = 0.2 mm; J = 0.1 mm.

Fig. 61 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 61. Uncodrama coronata gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621765), left gonopod telopodite. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Tip of solenomere. D. Ventral view. E. Submesal view. F–G. Two views of terminal anterlike structure on telomere. Abbreviations: BSS = basal solenomeral spine; btf = basal telomeral flange; PN =post-torsal narrowing; SLM = solenomere; tml = telomeral lobe; TT = torsotope. Scale bars: A–B, D–E = 0.1 mm; C = 0.05 mm; F–G = 0.02 mm.

Fig. 54 in Mountains of millipedes. The family Odontopygidae in the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania (Diplopoda, Spirostreptida)

Fig. 54. Spinotarsus axeli sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (NHMD 621761). A–C. Left gonopod coxa. A. Anterior (-mesal) view. B. Posterior view. C. Mesal view. D. Midbody dorsal limbus. E–G. First pair of legs. E. Anterior view. F. Ventral view. G. Sublateral view. H. Sternum 9. Abbreviations: CXS = coxosternal seta; LCS = lateral coxal spine; MF = metaplical flange; ml = metaplical lobe; PPL = proplical lobe. Scale bars: A–C, E–F = 0.2 mm; G–H= 0.1 mm; D = 0.01 mm.