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FIGURE 3. A–F, Putaoa seediq n in The discovery of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) in Taiwan with the description of a new species, including its web architecture

FIGURE 3. A–F, Putaoa seediq n. sp., male pedipalp. A, Ectal. B, Ventral (left arrow points to ectal apophysis of the pimoid embolic process, right arrow to conductor). C, Mesal. D, Mesoventral (arrow points to conductor). Abbreviations: C, conductor; E, embolus; PEP, pimoid embolic process; P, paracymbium; ST, subtegulum; T, tegulum. Scale bars, 0.2 mm, except D (schematic, free hand).

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FIGURE 5. A–F in The discovery of the spider genus Putaoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) in Taiwan with the description of a new species, including its web architecture

FIGURE 5. A–F, Foraging webs of Putaoa seediq n. sp., dusted with cornstarch. A, Sheet web, from above. B, Same web as in A, from below, showing retreat entrance funnel. C, Lampshade web, slightly from below. D, Same as in C, from the side. E, Sheet web, from above. F, Same web as in E, from below, showing retreat entrance funnel.

FIGURE 4. A in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 4. A, Biogeographic hypothesis obtained from the Dispersal-Extinction-Cladogenesis (DEC) model of RASP analysis on a dated phylogeny reconstructed with fossil calibrations using treePL. B, Biogeographic areas used as input in RASP (see Table 4 for details). Note that this is not a distribution map of pimoids, the range of any given pimoid species does not occupy all of the shaded biogeographic area (e.g., in North America pimoids are exclusively found in the west). C, Dispersal and vicariance rates optimized by the DEC model of RASP.

FIGURE 2. A in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 2. A maximum likelihood phylogeny of linyphioid families (Linyphiidae and Pimoidae) using five molecular markers (matrix M1). Support metrics at nodes indicate Shimodaira-Hasegawa-like approximate likelihood ratio test (SH-aLRT)/ultrafast bootstrap (UFBoot).

FIGURE 7 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 7. Putaoa male genitalic morphology: Putaoa huaping Hormiga & Tu, 2008 (A-B), P. seediq Hormiga & Dimitrov, 2017 (C-F). A, Palp, ectal. B, Palp, mesal (arrow points to conductor). C, Palp, ectal. D, palp, dorsomesal (modified from Hormiga 2003, 2008). E, Palp, mesal (schematic). F, Palp, mesal (arrow points to embolic process). Modified from Hormiga & Tu (2008), Hormiga & Dimitrov (2017). Scale bars: A-B, 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor; CP = cymbial process; DSA = distal suprategular apophysis; E = embolus; EP = embolic process; P = paracymbium; SPT= suprategulum; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum.

FIGURE 6 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 6. Weintrauboa male genitalic morphology: Weintrauboa yele Hormiga, 2008 (A-B), W. contortipes (Karsch, 1881)(C- E). A, Palp, ectal. B, Palp, mesal. C, Palp, mesal (arrow points to suprategulum). D, E, Tegulum, suprategulum and embolus base. Modified from Hormiga (2003, 2008). Scale bars: A-B, 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor; CP = cymbial process; E = embolus; EF = embolic flap; EP = embolic process; MA= median apophysis; P = paracymbium; SPT= suprategulum; T = tegulum.

FIGURE 1. Pimoid and stemonyphantine habitus photographs. A in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 1. Pimoid and stemonyphantine habitus photographs. A, Pimoa breviata Chamberlin & Ivie, 1943, female from Oregon (DSC_5028). B, Pimoa cthulhu Hormiga, 1994, female from California (DSC_5065). C, Nanoa enana Hormiga, Buckle & Scharff, 2005, female from California (DSC_4865, GH0896). D, Pimoa edenticulata Hormiga, 1994, male from California (DSC_5023). E, Putaoa seediq Hormiga & Dimitrov, 2017, male from Taiwan. F, Weintrauboa contortipes (Karsch, 1881), female from Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan (DSC_0472). G, Stemonyphantes lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758), male from Zealand, Denmark. H, S. lineatus, female from Zealand, Denmark. Photos by GH.

FIGURE 5 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 5. Pimoid male genitalic morphology: Pimoa graphitica Mammola, Hormiga & Isaia, 2016 (A-B), Nanoa enana Hormiga, Buckle & Scharff, 2005 (C-D). A, Palp ventral (arrow up points to embolus; arrow down points to pimoid embolic process; arrow right points to alveolar sclerite). B, Palp, ectal. C, Palp ventral (the embolus is in a slightly displaced position; normally its distal end rests tightly against the tegulum, next to the conductor). D, Palp dorsoectal. Scale bars: A-B, 0.5 mm; C-D, 0.1 mm. Modified from Hormiga et al. (2005). Abbreviations: C= conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA= median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum.

FIGURE 9 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 9. Stemonyphantine male genitalic morphology: Stemonyphantes abantensis Wunderlich, 1978, paratype (A-C), Pecado impudicus (Denis, 1945) (D-G). A, Palp, ectal. B, C, Palp, embolic division partially expanded (schematic). D, Palp, ectal. E, Meso ventral (schematic view of cleared palp with embolus rendered only in its basal region). F, Palp, dorsoectal, embolic division and suprategulum, schematic view of cleared palp with embolus rendered only in its basal region; the column and inter-sclerite membranes are not rendered and the radix has been displaced to right for clarity. Modified in part from Hormiga & Scharff (2005). Scale bars: A, D, G, 0.2 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor; CP = cymbial process; DSA = distal suprategular apophysis; E = embolus; EP = embolic process; LC = lamella characteristica; P = paracymbium; R = radix; SPT= suprategulum; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TP = tegular processes.

FIGURE 8 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 8. Stemonyphantes male genitalic morphology: Stemonyphantes lineatus Linnaeus, 1758 (A-E), S. agnatus Tanasevitch, 1990 (F). A, Palp, ectal. B, Palp, ventral (arrow points to median apophysis). C, Palp, mesoventral (embolic division removed; arrow up points to median apophysis, arrow down points to suprategular ring). D, Embolic division (arrow points to the membranous area connecting to the column). E, Palp, dorsoectal (schematic; the paracymbium is partially connected to the cymbium by a membrane). F, Palp, dorsoectal (schematic; the paracymbium is integral, an extension of the cymbium lacking a membranous attachment). Scale bars: A-D, 0.5 mm. Abbreviations: C= conductor;; CP = cymbial process; DSA = distal suprategular apophysis; E = embolus; P = paracymbium; R1 = radix (proximal region); R2 = radix (distal region); SPT= suprategulum; ST = subtegulum; T = tegulum; TP = tegular processes.

FIGURE 11 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 11. Optimization of 38 male palpal characters (matrix M3) on the optimal tree resulting from the maximum likelihood analysis of the molecular dataset M1. Ambiguous character changes are resolved under "Farris optimization" (ACCTRAN or Fast Optimization). Closed circles represent non-homoplasious character changes. The tree is 125 steps long and the consistency and retention indices are 0.38 and 0.72, respectively.

FIGURE 10 in Molecular phylogeny of pimoid spiders and the limits of Linyphiidae, with a reassessment of male palpal homologies (Araneae, Pimoidae)

FIGURE 10. Graphic representation of some of the hypotheses of homology of the male palpal sclerites (indicated by circles) in pimoids (Pimoa, Nanoa) and stemonyphantines (Weintrauboa, Putaoa, Pecado, Stemonyphantes); homologous structures are connected by lines of the same color and blurred connecting lines denote that alternative primary hypotheses of homology are considered in the discussion. A, Embolic process (EP, in blue) homologous across all taxa (absent in S. lineatus); radix (R, red) present only in Pecado and Stemonyphantes. The cymbial process with cuspules (CDP, green) and the pimoid cymbial sclerite (PCS, purple) are unique to pimoids although a homologous cymbial process (without cuspules) is found in stemonyphantines and other linyphiids. B, Embolic process (EP, in blue) homologous across all taxa, including S. lineatus (the distal area of the embolic division, while the proximal is a homolog of the radix, in red). The Embolic process of S. abantensis (SEP, orange) is autapomorphic. See text for details.

Figure 6 from: Zhang X, Lan T, Nie L, Li S (2020) Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China. ZooKeys 940: 79-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793

Figure 6 Left palp of Pimoa mainling sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A–C.

Figure 12 from: Zhang X, Lan T, Nie L, Li S (2020) Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China. ZooKeys 940: 79-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793

Figure 12 Left palp of Pimoa samyai sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A–C.

Figure 1 from: Zhang X, Lan T, Nie L, Li S (2020) Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China. ZooKeys 940: 79-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793

Figure 1 Left palp of Pimoa cona sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A–C.

Figure 5 from: Zhang X, Lan T, Nie L, Li S (2020) Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China. ZooKeys 940: 79-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793

Figure 5 Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa lemenba sp. nov., female holotype A epigyne, ventral view B schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view C vulva, dorsal view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E female habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, ventral view G female habitus, lateral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for E–G.

Figure 16 from: Zhang X, Lan T, Nie L, Li S (2020) Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China. ZooKeys 940: 79-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793

Figure 16 Distribution of Pimoa species from Asia. Red dots represent new species, green dots represent previously described species. 1P. anatolica2P. binchuanensis3P. clavata4P. cona sp. nov. 5P. crispa6P. duiba sp. nov. 7P. gandhii8P. indiscreta9P. lata10P. lemenba sp. nov. 11P. lihengae12P. mainling sp. nov. 13P. nematoides14P. nyingchi sp. nov. 15P. reniformis16P. rongxar sp. nov. 17P. samyai sp. nov. 18P. sinuosa19P. thaleri20P. trifurcata21P. wanglangensis22P. xinjianensis23P. yadong sp. nov.

Figure 13 from: Zhang X, Lan T, Nie L, Li S (2020) Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China. ZooKeys 940: 79-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793

Figure 13 Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa samyai sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view C vulva, dorsal view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F and G.

Figure 3 from: Zhang X, Lan T, Nie L, Li S (2020) Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China. ZooKeys 940: 79-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793

Figure 3 Left palp of Pimoa duiba sp. nov., holotype A prolateral view B ventral view C retrolateral view. Abbreviations: AS = alveolar sclerite; C = conductor; CDP = cymbial denticulate process; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; P = paracymbium; PCS = pimoid cymbial sclerite; PEP = pimoid embolic process; T = tegulum. Scale bar: equal for A–C.

Figure 4 from: Zhang X, Lan T, Nie L, Li S (2020) Eight new species of the spider genus Pimoa (Araneae, Pimoidae) from Tibet, China. ZooKeys 940: 79-104. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.940.49793

Figure 4 Epigyne and habitus of Pimoa duiba sp. nov., female paratype and male holotype A epigyne, ventral view B schematic course of internal duct system, ventral view C vulva, dorsal view D schematic course of internal duct system, dorsal view E male habitus, dorsal view F female habitus, dorsal view G female habitus, ventral view. Abbreviations: CO = copulatory opening; DP = dorsal plate of the epigyne; FD = fertilization duct; S = spermatheca; VP = ventral plate of epigyne. Scale bars: equal for F and G.