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232 results for “Predator Response”

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dryad36/100

Sex and background risk influence responses to acute predation risk in Trinidadian guppies

Intraspecific sex differences in morphology, physiology, and behaviour are widespread among taxa. However, despite their fundamental importance, they have been relatively understudied in the context of risk assessment. For instance, with Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata), there has been a bias towards the exclusive use of females, as males are thought to be less responsive to acute predation threats. However, there is little empirical evidence supporting this assumption. Moreover, the antipredator behaviour of male guppies has been unexplored, perhaps resulting in the over-generalization of female behaviour to both sexes in previous studies. Here, we conducted laboratory experiments involving wild-caught and laboratory-reared guppies. In Experiment 1, shoals of either male or female guppies from a high predation population were tested for their response to alarm cues, novel odour, or a water control. We found that while female shoals exhibited strong antipredator responses to alarm cues and neophobic responses to novel odour, male shoals exhibited only a weak response to alarm cues and no evidence of neophobia. In Experiment 2, we exposed male and female guppies to high or low predation risk and then tested individuals for their responses to alarm cues, novel odour, or a water control. Regardless of background risk, males did not respond to any stimulus. In contrast, low-risk females exhibited antipredator responses toward alarm cues and those from high background risk displayed neophobia. Our results suggest that females are more cautious when encountering an acute predation risk, highlighting the importance of accounting for both sexes in studies on predation.

opencc-zeroJun 2023View details →

dryad36/100

Snake-like bird hisses induce anti-predator responses in a frog

Mimicry is a fascinating natural phenomenon, yet the ecological role of vocal mimicry receives limited attention. Some snakes emit hissing calls and many birds perform such acoustic mimicry in order to deter potential predators. Here we hypothesize that snake-like hisses may evoke anti-predator responses in anuran species. We conducted sound playbacks to test how little torrent frogs (Amolops torrentis) varied their behaviors in response to white noise, snake hisses, and snake-like bird hisses. We found that snake hiss from sympatric king cobras (Ophiophagus hannah) could change calling behavior of little torrent frogs, while white noise and snake hiss from allopatric Gaboon vipers (Bitis gabonica) showed no influence. Calling frogs also had no response to white noise and great tit (Parus major) hisses, which had low acoustic similarity with snakes, while they decreased calling activity when exposed to zitting cisticola (Cisticola juncidis) hisses which had high acoustic similarity with snakes. In addition, more individuals cease calling during the playback of zitting cisticola hisses. These results suggest that both snake and snake-like hiss calls may evoke anti-predator responses in frog species. To our knowledge, this is the first study that attempts to reveal the effect of snake calls and avian vocal mimicry on anurans.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

dryad36/100

White-tailed deer responses to predator cues depend upon past land use and contemporary fire regime

Prey can assess immediate risk of predation by detecting cues of predator presence, and it is expected that prey should invest in costly antipredator behaviors when a cue of predator presence is detected. Features of the habitat in which the cue is detected, such as vegetative concealment, serve as indirect cues of risk and can mediate how prey respond to direct cues of predator presence. Past agricultural land use and contemporary fire regime are common disturbances that may modify prey perceptions of risk and could therefore alter prey responses to direct cues of predator presence. We examined whether the overlap of these two disturbances affected white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) responses to cues of predator presence by measuring deer vigilance and foraging bout duration in response to coyote (Canis latrans) vocalizations across 20 woodlands that varied in past land use and contemporary fire regime. Frequent fire regimes consistently increased deer visibility to predators across both land-use history contexts. Deer exhibited no behavioral response to the predator cue in habitats containing infrequent fire regimes or agricultural legacies. Deer responded to the cue in frequently burned woodlands without agricultural legacies through increased vigilance and duration spent at a foraging location. These findings reveal that land-use legacies and contemporary fire regimes can mediate how prey respond to direct cues of risk. They also suggest that prey may balance the uncertainty associated with cues of predation risk with the urgency of responding to a potential attack by being vigilant and remaining in place.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

dryad36/100