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Fig. 7 in Corbiculate Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Exploring the Limits of Morphological Data to Solve a Hard Phylogenetic Problem

Fig. 7. Micrographs of the propleuron of female representatives of apine bees, lateral view, anterior to the left. (a) Centris analis (Fabricius, 1804). (b) Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758). (c) Bombus pauloensis Friese, 1913. (d) Tetragonula carbonaria (Smith, 1854). (e) Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758. (f) Schematic representation depicting the general anatomy and relative positions of the elements of the complex of the propectus. Solid arrow indicates the propleuron in lateral view. Arrowheads indicate morphological conditions coded as character states. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 8 in Corbiculate Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Exploring the Limits of Morphological Data to Solve a Hard Phylogenetic Problem

Fig. 8. Micrographs of the propleuron of female representatives of apine bees, ventral view, anterior to the top. (a) Centris analis (Fabricius, 1804). (b) Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758). (c) Bombus pauloensis Friese, 1913. (d) Tetragonula carbonaria (Smith, 1854). (e) Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758. (f) Schematic representation depicting the general anatomy and relative positions of the elements of the complex of the propectus. Solid arrow indicates the propleuron in ventral view. Arrowheads indicate morphological conditions coded as character states. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 10 in Corbiculate Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Exploring the Limits of Morphological Data to Solve a Hard Phylogenetic Problem

Fig. 10. Micrographs of the meso/metafurca complex of female representatives of apine bees, anterior view, dorsal to the top. (a) Centris analis (Fabricius, 1804). (b) Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758). (c) Bombus pauloensis Friese, 1913. (d) Tetragonula carbonaria (Smith, 1854). (e) Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758. (f) Schematic representation depicting the general anatomy and relative positions of the elements of the internal morphology of mesosoma. Solid arrow indicates the meso/metafurca complex in anterior view. Arrowheads indicate morphological conditions coded as character states. Scale bars: 0.2mm.

Fig. 2 in Corbiculate Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Exploring the Limits of Morphological Data to Solve a Hard Phylogenetic Problem

Fig. 2. Trees obtained from the equal weights parsimony analyses with some characters deactivated; only the corbiculate bees are shown. (a) Strict consensus of six most parsimonious trees from the analysis with all mouthpart characters deactivated (53 chars deactivated; strict consensus: L = 954, CI = 0.36, RI = 0.79). (b) Strict consensus of 32 most parsimonious trees from the analysis with all genitalia/sting characters deactivated (57 chars deactivated; strict consensus: L = 961, CI = 0.34, RI = 0.79). (c) Strict consensus of 17 most parsimonious trees from the analysis with all mouthpart and genitalia/sting characters deactivated (110 chars deactivated; strict consensus: L = 795, CI = 0.32, RI = 0.78). (d) Strict consensus of 98 most parsimonious trees from the analysis with all characters possibly under some morpho-functional constraint and/or potential selective pressures deactivated (138 chars deactivated, see the Methods section for details; strict consensus: L = 690, CI = 0.30, RI = 0.75). Photographs of A. dorsata, B. pauloensis, C. collaris, and M. quadrifasciata taken from Porto et al. (2021).

Fig. 5 in Corbiculate Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Exploring the Limits of Morphological Data to Solve a Hard Phylogenetic Problem

Fig. 5. Micrographs of the prosternum of female representatives of apine bees, ventral view, anterior to the top. (a) Centris analis (Fabricius, 1804). (b) Euglossa cordata (Linnaeus, 1758). (c) Bombus pauloensis Friese, 1913. (d) Melipona scutellaris Latreille, 1811. (e) Apis mellifera Linnaeus, 1758. (f) Schematic representation depicting the general anatomy and relative positions of the elements of the complex of the propectus. Solid arrow indicates the prosternum in ventral view. Arrowheads indicate morphological conditions coded as character states. Scale bars: 0.1 mm.

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic hypotheses for 24 corbiculate bee species and 29 in Corbiculate Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Exploring the Limits of Morphological Data to Solve a Hard Phylogenetic Problem

Fig. 1. Phylogenetic hypotheses for 24 corbiculate bee species and 29 closely related apid taxa based on 289 morphological characters. (a) Single most parsimonious tree obtained from the extended implied weights parsimony analysis with characters organized into seven anatomy-based partitions (F = 121.827457, L = 1094, CI = 0.38, RI = 0.81). (b) Strict consensus between the Bayesian trees obtained from the analyses with characters organized into seven anatomy-based or eight homoplasy-based partitions. Filled circles indicate species (or congeneric taxa) illustrated in the boxes below. Squares, numbers and dotted lines indicate taxa with alternative positions in the mirrored tree topologies.Tree branch lengths are depicted not to scale. Species represented in the photographs (from the left to the right): Melipona quadrifasciata Lepeletier, 1836; Apis dorsata Fabricius, 1793; Bombus pauloensis Friese, 1913; Exaerete smaragdina (Guérin-Méneville, 1845); Centris collaris Lepeletier, 1841; Anthophora montana Cresson, 1869; Caenonomada bruneri Ashmead, 1899; Xylocopa ciliata Burmeister, 1876. Photographs of A. dorsata, B. pauloensis, C. collaris, and M. quadrifasciata taken from Porto et al. (2021).

Fig. 4 in Corbiculate Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae): Exploring the Limits of Morphological Data to Solve a Hard Phylogenetic Problem

Fig. 4. Alternative phylogenetic hypotheses for the corbiculate bees. (a) Hypothesis commonly recovered with morphological data and favored by the data matrix of this study. (b) Hypothesis recovered with current available large phylogenomic datasets and obtained from a constraint grouping Bombini and Meliponini. Step counts in both trees were based on the results from the XIW analysis only with the difference that in (b) Bombini was constrained as sister group of Meliponini but all other relations were left unchanged, including the internal relationships of all corbiculate tribes. Star and dotted box indicate character state transformations optimized onto the given branch (only DELTRAN optimization of character state transformations informative for the corbiculate bees where shown): small, filled circles indicate unique transformations and non-filled circles indicate multiple transformations; numbers above circles denote characters and those below are their respective character states. Large circles to the right of dotted box indicate total number of unique (filled) and multiple (nonfilled) transformations on the branch of interest. Color coding of character state transformations matches those for the respective anatomical partition, indicated in the small boxes inside the large gray box below. Color codes: magenta (head), red (mouthparts), dark orange (mesosoma), green (legs), light blue (wings), yellow (metasoma), dark blue (genitalia/sting), and dark gray (internal morphology). Circles at the bottom-right corner of the small boxes indicate total number of character state transformations for each anatomical partition. Large light orange boxes on bottom-right present some indices and statistics for character state transformations optimized onto each hypothesis and the results of Bayesian topological tests. Abbreviations: L: tree length (step count); RI: global Retention Index; CI: global Consistency Index; MgLk: marginal likelihood calculated for the model constrained on the given tree topology; BF: Bayes factor calculated for the topological tests contrasting the two hypotheses. Photographs of A. dorsata, B. pauloensis, C. collaris, and M. quadrifasciata taken from Porto et al. (2021).

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2024View details →

Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Solving terhadap hasil belajar siswa di kelas XI SMA N 3 Halmahera Timur

Artikel ini meneliti tentang Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Problem Solving dalam pembelajaran fisika di SMA N 3 Bicoli Halmahera Timur penelitian ini melihat ketercapaian hasil belajar siswa. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Penelitian kuantitatif desain eksperimen tipe posttest pada kelompok ekuivalen. Penelitian ini memberikan informasi Hasil yang didapat setelah semua data dianalisis  maka siswa yang diajarkan  dengan model pembelajaran problem posing memiliki perbedaan  dimana nilai rata-rata kelas eksperimen  = 83,12 dan kelas kontrol = 55,19 sehingga selisih sebesar 27,93

FIGURE 26 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 26. Paralectotype of Scleroderma [sic.] hova, ♀. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. F. Labels. Scale bars: 200 µm.

FIGURE 28 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 28. Pristocera cambouei, ♀. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. F. Labels. Scale bars: 100 µm.

FIGURE 25 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 25. Paralectotype of Pristocera cambouei, ♂. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. F. Tarsal claws. G. Mesosoma, lateral view. H. Forewing. I. Hamuli, hind wing. J. Labels. Scale bars: 200 µm.

FIGURE 16 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 16. Pristocera makungai, ♀. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. E. Labels. Scale bars: 100 µm.

FIGURE 12 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 12. Pristocera morti, ♀. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. E. Labels. Scale bars: 100 µm.

FIGURE 20 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 20. Pristocera zubai, ♀. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. F. Labels. Scale bar: 500 µm, except 200 µm for B, E.

FIGURE 24 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 24. Lectotype of Scleroderma [sic.] hova, ♀. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Mesopleuron, lateral view. F. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. G. Labels. Scale bars: 100 µm, except 50 µm for B, F.

FIGURE 15 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 15. Pristocera makungai, ♂. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. F. Pronotum, lateral view. G. Mesopleuron, lateral view. H. Forewing. I. Hamuli, hind wing. J. Hypopygium, inner view. K. Genitalia, dorsal view. L. Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 100 µm.

FIGURE 19 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 19. Pristocera zubai, ♂. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. F. Pronotum, lateral view. G. Mesopleuron, lateral view. H. Forewing. I. Hamuli, hind wing. J. Hypopygium, inner view. K. Genitalia, dorsal view. L. Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 500 µm, except 100 µm for J–L.

FIGURE 11 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 11. Pristocera morti, ♂. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Pronotum, lateral view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. F. Mesopleuron, lateral view. G. Forewing. H. Hypopygium, inner view. I. Genitalia, dorsal view. J. Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 100 µm.

FIGURE 10 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 10. Pristocera julieni, ♀. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, latero-frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Mesosoma, lateral view. F. Labels. Scale bars: 200 µm, except 100 µm for A, B.

FIGURE 27 in Pairs in copulation of the highly dimorphic genus Pristocera Klug (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) from Madagascar solve taxonomic problems of male-female associations

FIGURE 27. Pristocera cambouei, ♂. A. Head, dorsal view. B. Mandible, frontal view. C. Mesosoma, dorsal view. D. Mesosoma, ventral view. E. Metasomal petiole, ventral view. F. Pronotum, lateral view. G. Mesopleuron, lateral view. H. Forewing. I. Hamuli, hind wing. J. Hypopygium, inner view. K. Genitalia, dorsal view. L. Genitalia, ventral view. Scale bars: 100 µm.