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118 results for “Reproduction: comparative”
Data from: Comparative reproductive ecology of Old and New World Trogons, an order in decline across the world
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Data from: A comparative study of insect abundance and reproductive success of barn swallows Hirundo rustica in two urban habitats
Few studies have quantified the relative reproductive success of passerines in urban habitats. I studied food availability and reproductive success of barn swallows Hirundo rustica in two urban habitats during 2012–2015. Barn swallows breeding in the town center experienced lower insect densities than those in the town periphery. Lower food availability resulted in reduced feeding rates per capita, lower nestling body mass, longer nestling periods, longer inter-clutch intervals, fewer first and second brood fledglings and a lower total number of fledglings produced during the breeding season in comparison to barn swallows breeding in the town periphery. I hypothesize that the lower intra-specific competition for nest sites and fitness advantages linked to the solitary breeding in urban habitats balanced the apparent costs of reproduction in more urbanized habitats.
Data from: The evolution of reproductive diversity in Afrobatrachia: a phylogenetic comparative analysis of an extensive radiation of African frogs
The reproductive modes of anurans (frogs and toads) are the most diverse of terrestrial vertebrates, and a major challenge is identifying selective factors that promote the evolution or retention of reproductive modes across clades. Terrestrialized anuran breeding strategies have evolved repeatedly from the plesiomorphic fully aquatic reproductive mode, a process thought to occur through intermediate reproductive stages. Several selective forces have been proposed for the evolution of terrestrialized reproductive traits, but factors such as water systems and co-evolution with ecomorphologies have not been investigated. We examined these topics in a comparative phylogenetic framework using Afrobatrachian frogs, an ecologically and reproductively diverse clade representing more than half of the total frog diversity found in Africa (∼400 species). We infer direct development has evolved twice independently from terrestrialized reproductive modes involving subterranean or terrestrial oviposition, supporting evolution through intermediate stages. We also detect associations between specific ecomorphologies and oviposition sites, and demonstrate arboreal species exhibit an overall shift towards using lentic water systems for breeding. These results indicate that changes in microhabitat use associated with ecomorphology, which allow access to novel sites for reproductive behavior, oviposition, or larval development, may also promote reproductive mode diversity in anurans.
Data from: Comparative analyses of reproductive structures in harvestmen (Opiliones) reveal multiple transitions from courtship to precopulatory antagonism
Explaining the rapid, species-specific diversification of reproductive structures and behaviors is a long-standing goal of evolutionary biology, with recent research tending to attribute reproductive phenotypes to the evolutionary mechanisms of female mate choice or intersexual conflict. Progress in understanding these and other possible mechanisms depends, in part, on reconstructing the direction, frequency and relative timing of phenotypic evolution of male and female structures in species-rich clades. Here we examine evolution of reproductive structures in the leiobunine harvestmen or "daddy long-legs" of eastern North America, a monophyletic group that includes species in which males court females using nuptial gifts and other species that are equipped for apparent precopulatory antagonism (i.e., males with long, hardened penes and females with sclerotized pregenital barriers). We used parsimony- and Bayesian likelihood-based analyses to reconstruct character evolution in categorical reproductive traits and found that losses of ancestral gift-bearing penile sacs are strongly associated with gains of female pregenital barriers. In most cases, both events occur on the same internal branch of the phylogeny. These coevolutionary changes occurred at least four times, resulting in clade-specific designs in the penis and pregenital barrier. The discovery of convergent origins and/or enhancements of apparent precopulatory antagonism among closely related species offers an unusual opportunity to investigate how major changes in reproductive morphology have occurred. We propose new hypotheses that attribute these enhancements to changes in ecology or life history that reduce the duration of breeding seasons, an association that is consistent with female choice, sexual conflict, and/or an alternative evolutionary mechanism.
FIGURE 163 in Comparative morphology of internal reproductive systems in leaf beetles of the Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its implication for the phylogeny
FIGURE 163. Strict consensus of two most parsimonious trees estimated from characters of the reproductive systems. Filled squares indicate non-homoplasious characters. Numbers above squares represent characters.
FIGURES 119–138 in Comparative morphology of internal reproductive systems in leaf beetles of the Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its implication for the phylogeny
FIGURES 119–138. Female internal reproductive systems of the Criocerinae. 119, 120: Crioceris quatuordecimpunctata, 121: Lema (Lema) cirsicola, 122: Le. (Le.) concinnipennis, 123: Le. (Le.) coronata, 124: Le. (Le.) diversa, 125: Le. (Le.) michioi, 126, 127: Le. (Microlema) decempunctata, 128: Le. (Petauristes) honorata, 129, 130: Lilioceris (Bradyceris) lewisi, 131, 132: Li. (Lilioceris) parvicollis, 133: Li. (Li.) rugata, 134, 135: Li. (Li.) subpolita, 136, 137: Oulema dilutipes, 138: O. oryzae. 120, 127, 130, 132, 135, 137: Enlarged lateral view of bursa copulatrix and spermathecal organ. BC: Bursa copulatrix; CO: common oviduct; Ov: ovary; SptOrg: spermathecal organ.
FIGURES 139–162 in Comparative morphology of internal reproductive systems in leaf beetles of the Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its implication for the phylogeny
FIGURES 139–162. Spermathecal organs of the Criocerinae. 139: Crioceris quatuordecimpunctata, 140, 141: Lema (Lema) cirsicola, 142–144: Le. (Le.) concinnipennis, 145, 146: Le. (Le.) coronata, 147: Le. (Le.) delicatula, 148: Le. (Le.) diversa, 149, 150: Le. (Le.) michioi, 151, 152: Le. (Le.) scuterallis, 153: Le. (Microlema) decempunctata, 154, 155: Le. (Petauristes) honorata, 156: Lilioceris (Bradyceris) lewisi, 157: Li. (Lilioceris) parvicollis, 158: Li. (Li.) rugata, 159, 160: Li. (Li.) subpolita, 161: Oulema dilutipes (spermathecal capsule only), 162: O. oryzae. 141, 143, 144 (reversed), 146, 150, 152: Enlarged. SptC: Spermathecal capsule; SptCd: distal part of spermathecal capsule; SptCp: proximal part of spermathecal capsule; SptD: spermathecal duct; SptGl: spermathecal gland; SptM: spermathecal muscle.
FIGURES 92–103 in Comparative morphology of internal reproductive systems in leaf beetles of the Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its implication for the phylogeny
FIGURES 92–103. Armatures of the internal sac of the subgenus Lema. 92, 93: Lema (Lema) cirsicola, 94, 95: Le. concinnipennis, 96, 97: Le. coronata, 98: Le. delicatula, 99: Le. diversa, 100, 101: Le. michioi, 102, 103: Le. scuterallis. 93, 95, 97, 101, 103: Enlarged basal part. Left dorsal, middle lateral, and right ventral views.
FIGURES 104–118 in Comparative morphology of internal reproductive systems in leaf beetles of the Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its implication for the phylogeny
FIGURES 104–118. Male internal reproductive systems of the Criocerinae. 104: Crioceris quatuordecimpunctata, 105: Lema (Lema) cirsicola, 106: Le. (Le.) concinnipennis, 107: Le. (Le.) coronata, 108: Le. (Le.) delicatula, 109: Le. (Le.) diversa, 110: Le. (Le.) michioi. 111: Le. (Microlema) decempunctata, 112: Le. (Petauristes) honorata, 113: Lilioceris (Bradyceris) lewisi, 114: Li. (Lilioceris) parvicollis, 115: Li. (Li.) rugata, 116: Li. (Li.) subpolita, 117: Oulema dilutipes, 118: O. oryzae. AG: Accessory gland; Ed: ejaculatory duct; EdC: common ejaculatory duct; EdL: lateral ejaculatory duct; Prt: prostata; Sv: seminal vesicle; Tes: testis; Vd: vas deferens.
FIGURES 58–75 in Comparative morphology of internal reproductive systems in leaf beetles of the Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its implication for the phylogeny
FIGURES 58–75. Spermathecal organs of the Donaciinae. 58: Donacia (Cyphogaster) lenzi, 59: D. (C.) provostii, 60: D. (Donacia) ozensis, 61, 62: D. (Donaciomima) clavareaui, 63: D. (Donaciomima) flemola, 64–66: D. (Donaciomima) hiurai, 67, 68: D. (Donaciomima) japana, 69: D. (Donaciomima) nitidior, 70, 71: D. (Donaciomima) vulgaris, 72, 73: Plateumaris constricticollis babai, 74: P. constricticollis toyamensis, 75: P. sericea. 62, 65, 66: Enlarged. 71, 73: Opening part of the spermathecal duct. SptC: Spermathecal capsule; SptCd: distal part of spermathecal capsule; SptCp: proximal part of spermathecal capsule; SptD: spermathecal duct; SptGl: spermathecal gland; SptM: spermathecal muscle.
FIGURES 21–33 in Comparative morphology of internal reproductive systems in leaf beetles of the Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its implication for the phylogeny
FIGURES 21–33. Male internal reproductive systems of the Donaciinae. 21: Donacia (Cyphogaster) lenzi, 22: D. (C.) provostii, 23: D. (Donacia) ozensis, 24: D. (Donaciomima) clavareaui, 25: D. (Donaciomima) flemora, 26: D. (Donaciomima) hiurai, 27: D. (Donaciomima) japana, 28: D. (Donaciomima) nitidior, 29: D. (Donaciomima) vulgaris, 30: Plateumaris constricticollis babai, 31: do, peritoneal sheath was removed, 32: P. constricticollis toyamensis, 33: P. sericea. AG: Accessory gland; Ed: ejaculatory duct; EdC: common ejaculatory duct; EdL: lateral ejaculatory duct; ES: ejaculatory sac; Prt: prostata; Sv: seminal vesicle; Tes: testis; Vd: vas deferens; Ve: vas efferens.
FIGURES 1–8 in Comparative morphology of internal reproductive systems in leaf beetles of the Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its implication for the phylogeny
FIGURES 1–8. Schematic depictions and terminology adopted in this study. 1: Male internal reproductive system with the Type 1 testis (sperm tubes are enveloped in the peritoneal sheath), 2: Type 3 testis (sperm tubes, vasa efferentia, and part of vas deferens are enveloped in the peritoneal sheath), 3: Type 4 testis (sperm tubes, vasa efferentia, and vas deferens are enveloped in the peritoneal sheath), 4: topographical relationships among sperm tubes, vasa efferentia, and vas deferens in the Type 4 testis (the condition in which the peritoneal sheath is removed), 5: male aedeagus (lateral view), 6: female internal reproductive system, 7: spermathecal organ (enlarged); 8: definitions of explanatory terms for describing spermathecal capsules.
FIGURES 76–91 in Comparative morphology of internal reproductive systems in leaf beetles of the Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its implication for the phylogeny
FIGURES 76–91. Aedeagi of the Criocerinae. 76: Crioceris quatuordecimpunctata, 77: Lema (Lema) cirsicola, 78: Le. (Le.) concinnipennis, 79: Le. (Le.) coronata, 80: Le. (Le.) delicatula, 81: Le. (Le.) diversa, 82: Le. (Le.) michioi, 83: Le. (Le.) scuterallis, 84: Le. (Microlema) decempunctata, 85: Le. (Petauristes) honorata, 86: Lilioceris (Bradyceris) lewisi, 87: Li. (Lilioceris) parvicollis, 88: Li. (Li.) rugata, 89: Li. (Li.) subpolita, 90: Oulema dilutipes, 91: O. oryzae. Left dorsal, middle lateral, and right ventral views. MF: median foramen; ML: median lobe; MO: median orifice; Teg: tegmen.
FIGURES 34–57 in Comparative morphology of internal reproductive systems in leaf beetles of the Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its implication for the phylogeny
FIGURES 34–57. Female internal reproductive systems of the Donaciinae. 34, 35: Donacia (Cyphogaster) lenzi, 36, 37: D. (C.) provostii, 38–40: D. (Donacia) ozensis, 41: D. (Donaciomima) clavareaui, 42, 43: D. (Donaciomima) flemora, 44, 45: D. (Donaciomima) hiurai, 46, 47: D. (Donaciomima) japana, 48, 49: D. (Donaciomima) nitidior, 50, 51: D. (Donaciomima) vulgaris, 52, 53: Plateumaris constricticollis babai, 54, 55: P. constricticollis toyamensis, 56, 57: P. s e r i - cea. 39: Right ovary consisting of 7 ovarioles. 35, 37, 40, 43, 45, 47, 49, 51, 53, 55, 57: Enlarged lateral view of bursa copulatrix and spermathecal organ. BC: Bursa copulatrix; CO: common oviduct; Ov: ovary; SptOrg: spermathecal organ.
FIGURES 9–20 in Comparative morphology of internal reproductive systems in leaf beetles of the Donaciinae and Criocerinae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its implication for the phylogeny
FIGURES 9–20. Aedeagi of the Donaciinae. 9: Donacia (Cyphogaster) lenzi, 10: D. (C.) provostii, 11: D. (Donacia) ozensis, 12: D. (Donaciomima) clavareaui, 13: D. (Donaciomima) flemora, 14: D. (Donaciomima) hiurai, 15: D. (Donaciomima) japana, 16: D. (Donaciomima) nitidior, 17: D. (Donaciomima) vulgaris, 18: Plateumaris constricticollis babai, 19: P. constricticollis toyamensis, 20: P. sericea. Left dorsal, middle lateral, and right ventral views. MF: Median foramen; ML: median lobe; MO: median orifice; Teg: tegmen.
Fig. 7 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny
Fig. 7. Optimization of ultrastructural characters (characters 6 to 8, and 11 to 13) of the spermatozoa on a pruned phylogenetic hypothesis for Leptodactylidae. See list of characters and bibliographic sources in Table 3. Colors correspond to: gray, ambiguity; blue, state 0; red, state 1.
Fig. 8 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny
Fig. 8. Taxonomic distribution and optimization of 11 selected ultrastructural characters of the spermatozoa on the phylogenetic hypothesis of Leptodactylus proposed by de S´a et al. (2014) and subsequent modifications (see materials and methods section). Numbers refer to characters described in Results section.
Fig. 6 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny
Fig. 6. Optimization of reproductive modes and ultrastructural characters (characters 1 to 5) of the spermatozoa on a pruned phylogenetic hypothesis for Leptodactylidae (see section "Optimization" in Materials and Methods). See list of characters and bibliographic sources in Tables 1 and 3 Colors correspond to: gray, ambiguity; blue, state 0; red, state 1; green, state 2; orange, state 3; black, state 4.
Fig. 4 in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny
Fig. 4. Transmission electron microscopy of spermatozoa of species of the Leptodactylus melanonotus group. A: L. melanonotus. LS of the acrosomal vesicle and nuclei (n). Note the long and thick acrosomal vesicle (av) and the reduced sub-acrosomal space (ss). B: L. validus. TS showing acrosomal vesicle (ac) and nuclei (n) at different levels. Note the thickness of the acrosomal vesicle and of the acrosomal space. The conical shape of the nucleus is observed in the different cross-sections. C: L. podicipinus. LS of the acrosomal complex-nuclei (n), with the organelle-free cytoplasmic region (black arrowhead) present. D. L. wagneri. LS of the posterior region of the nucleus (n), showing the asymmetrical nuclear fossa (nf) and the transverse striations (ts). E: L.validus. LS of the posterior nuclear region. Note the symmetrical fossa with the proximal (pc) and distal (dc) centrioles. F: L. wagneri. TS of the axoneme (a) and paraxonemal rod (pr) separated from the mitochondrial collar (mc) by the cytoplasmic canal (cc). G-H: L. wagneri, L. melanonotus. TSs of the tail showing the axoneme (a) associated to the juxtaxonemal fiber (jf), and the axial fiber (af) attached to the other components of the tail by the undulating membrane (o). I: L. leptodactyloides. Terminal region of the tail where the axoneme (a) is the only element of the tail. Scales bars: C, D, H, I = 0.5 µm; A, E-G = 0.2 µm; B = 1 µm.
Fig. 1. A-B in Comparative spermatozoa ultrastructure of neotropical grass frogs (genus Leptodactylus) with comments on anuran reproductive modes and phylogeny
Fig. 1. A-B: Schematic reconstruction of the morphology of the two types of spermatozoa observed in the genus Leptodactylus. Note that the main difference between the two morpho-types is the presence of the organelle-free cytoplasmic region between the acrosomal vesicle and the other end of the nucleus. Dashed lines indicate the cross-section represented on the right-hand side of the image.
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