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Figure 6A-E in New DNA-assisted records of water mites from Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Acari, Hydrachnidia)

Figure 6A-E Atractides disabatinoi sp. nov., holotype ♂ [CCDB_44301_HO9], ITALY, Sardinia, Comune di Fluminimaggiore, outflow of Sorgente Pubusinu, It 2022-2a. A – IV-L-4 and -5 (arrow indicate pointed lateral sheet covering the articulation of the next segment); B – genital field; C – I-L-5 and -6; D – palp, lateral view; E – palp, medial view. F A. robustus (Sokolow, 1940), ♂, MONTENEGRO, Morača river: genital field. Scale bars = 100 μm.

Figure 5A-C in New DNA-assisted records of water mites from Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Acari, Hydrachnidia)

Figure 5A-C. Panisus torrenticolus group, ♀ [CCDB_39399_B10], ITALY, Sardinia, Comune di Fluminimaggiore, Sorgente Pubusinu, It 2022-1c: A – photograph of dorsum; B – dorsocentralia; C – genital field. Scale bar = 100 μm.

Figure 4A-C in New DNA-assisted records of water mites from Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Acari, Hydrachnidia)

Figure 4A-C. Photographs of sampling sites. ITALY, Sardinia, Comune di Buggerru, It 2022-4, Spiaggia di San Nicolò, outflow of the contained Sorgente San Nicolò. A – overview of the Spiaggia di San Nicolò, in the center of the image the bridge of the SP 83 is visible (photo 12. August 2022). B – It 2022-4 with provisorily footpath (photo 12. August 2022). C – It 2022-4 aquatic and emersed plants at sample site (photo 12. August 2022).

Figure 3A-B in New DNA-assisted records of water mites from Sardinia, with the description of a new species (Acari, Hydrachnidia)

Figure 3A-B. Photographs of sampling sites. ITALY, Sardinia, Comune di Fluminimaggiore, It 2022-2, outflow of Sorgente Pubusinu. A – It 2022-2a, b spring stream (photo 7. August 2022); B – It 2022-2a detail of the moss carpet (photo 7. August 2022).

Fig. 4. Bancali Assemblage 1 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 4. Bancali Assemblage 1 (A–E) and Bancali Assemblage 2 (F, G); early Miocene, Bancali, Sardinia, Italy. A. Amphiope sp. showing collapse of the central area of the test. B. Chaotically oriented test fragments of Amphiope sp. C. Encrustation by barnacles (arrow) on Amphiope sp. remains. D. Circular holes on Amphiope sp. fragment. E. Highly abraded fragment of Amphiope sp. F. Clypeaster (C. intermedius morphotype) encrusted by barnacles (arrow). G. Koehleraster sp. (MDLCA 23583).

Fig. 5 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 5. Orientation data of complete tests. Early Miocene echinoids within Bancali Assemblage 1 (A), Bancali Assemblage 2 (B), and Usini Assemblage (C). N, number of counted specimens.

Fig. 3 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 3. Stratigraphic sections of Bancali (A) and Usini (B) with distribution and relative abundance of recognized echinoids and associated macrofauna and flora. Abbreviations: A1, Bancali Assemblage 1; A2, Bancali Assemblage 2; A3, Usini Assemblage; c, conglomerate; cs, coarse sandstone; f, floatstone; fs, fine sandstone; gr, grainstone; ms, medium sandstone; p, packstone; r, rudstone; vfs, very fine sandstone; w, wackestone.

Fig. 9 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 9. Distribution of clypeasteroid echinoids and associated echinoid taxa along a depth gradient as recognized in the Miocene sedimentary succession of northern Sardinia (based on Mancosu and Nebelsick 2013, 2015, 2017, and this paper).

Fig. 2 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 2. Stratigraphy of the Miocene volcano-sedimentary succession of the Porto Torres Basin (based on Mazzei and Oggiano 1990; Martini et al. 1992; Francolini 1994; Funedda et al. 2000, 2003; Bossio et al. 2006).

Fig. 1. A in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 1. A. Map of the Mediterranean showing location of studied area B. Distribution of Miocene sedimentary rocks in northern Sardinia and location of echinoid assemblages cited within the text. C. Simplified geological map of the northern part of the Porto Torres Basin with the location of the clypeasteroid-echinoid assemblages of Bancali and Usini.

Fig. 6 in Ecomorphological and taphonomic gradients in clypeasteroid-dominated echinoid assemblages along a mixed siliciclastic-carbonate shelf from the early Miocene of northern Sardinia, Italy

Fig. 6. Taphonomic gradient recognized on complete tests and fragments of clypeasteroid echinoids by using the qualitative analysis of the surface characters.

Fig. 12 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 12. Distribution areas of different Lissodus species in Europe. A. Latest Carboniferous/earliest Permian (Stephanian C): Lissodus lacustris is the most common species; Lissodus lopezae is restricted to Central Spain, and Lissodus cf. zideki shows a migration into the eastern Saar−Nahe Basin documenting the existence of migration possibilities between the single basins, other routes to the northwestern Rheic Ocean and to the southern Sardinia are just assumed. B. Early Permian (Asselian%Sakmarian): Lissodus cf. lacustris is a relic of Lissodus lacustris; Lissodus sp. (NM), Lissodus sp., and Lissodus sardiniensis sp. nov. are considered to be endemic relicts of L. cf. zideki in its former occurrence area; and the appearance of L. zideki in the late Early Permian of North America is also regarded as the result of NW migration.

Fig. 10 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 10. Correlation chart of some late Pennsylvanian and Permian continental basins of Europe and marine−influenced Texas, USA. Grey circles indicate the occurrence of Lissodus remains (stratigraphy after Colmenero et al. 2002, Roscher and Schneider 2005, and Lucas 2006).

Fig. 9 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 9. Hypothetical food chain for the Early Permian Guardia Pisano lake environment based on indirect evidence (dashed lines) derived from functional−morphological interpretations (following Boy and Schindler 2000 and Kriwet et al. 2007). The producers are presupposed for the existence of the 1st (gastropods, ostracods) and 2nd consumers (undetermined branchiosaur, Acanthodes sp., and Lissodus sardiniensis sp. nov.), the 3rd consumer are xenacanthid sharks (Xenacanthus sp.,?Bohemiacanthus sp.), and a diplodoselachid−like shark forms the top predator.

Fig. 7 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 7. Spine fragments (A–E) and dermal denticles: morphotype 1 (F–I), morphotype 2 (J–L), and morphotype 3 (M–O) of hybondontoid shark Lissodus sardiniensi sp. nov., Gzehlian–Asselian of Guardia Pisano, Sardinia, Italy. A. FG 589/F/001, lateral view. B. FG 589/F/005, lateral view. C. FG 589/F/002, lateral view. D. FG 589/F/003, cross−section with anterior side above. E. FG 589/F/004, cross−section of the anterior side with the keel. F. FG 589/S/004, oblique lateral view. G. FG 589/S/009, oblique lateral view. H. FG 589/S/010, oblique lateral view. I. FG 589/S/011, oblique lateral view. J. FG 589/S/002, lateral view. K. FG 589/S/001, oblique lateral (K1), dorsal (K2) views. L. coalesced denticle FG 589/S/003, oblique dorsal view. M. FG 589/S/007, lateral (M1), anterior (M2) views. N. FG 589/S/006, oblique lateral view. O. FG 589/S/005, anterior view. Scale bars: A, 1 mm, B–G, 300 µm, H–O, 100 µm.

Fig. 6 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 6. Thin sections of teeth of hybondontoid shark Lissodus sardiniensis sp. nov. shown under ordinary light, Gzhelian–Asselian of Guardia Pisano, Sardinia, Italy. A. FG 589/T/033 complete tooth. B. FG 589/T/034 complete tooth. C. FG 589/T/035 tooth crown. D. FG 589/T/037 tooth crown. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 8 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 8. Isolated vertebrate remains from Guardia Pisano. Acanthodes sp., Gzhelian–Asselian of Guardia Pisano, Sardinia, Italy. A. Scale FG 589/A/001, lateral view. B. Scale FG 589/A/002, dorsal view. C. Scale FG 589/A/003, dorsal view. D. Scapulocoracoid FG 589/A/007, lateral view. E. Spine fragment FG 589/A/008, lateral view. F. Branchiosaur jaw fragment FG 589/B/001, lateral (F1) and occlusal (F2) views. G. Bicuspid amphibian tooth FG 589/001 lateral view. H. Orthacanthus−like tooth fragment FG 589/O/001, oblique occlusal (H1) and lateral (H2) views. I. Lateral cusp of?Bohemiacanthus sp. tooth FG 589/002, lateral view. J. Lateral cusp of Xenacanthus sp. tooth FG 589/O/003, lateral view. Scale bars: A–C, F, G, I, 100 µm, D–E, J, 300 µm, H, 500 µm.

Fig. 5 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 5. Teeth of hybondontoid shark Lissodus sardiniensis sp. nov. Morphotype II (A–H) and morphotype III (I–N), Gzhelian–Asselian of Guardia Pisano, Sardinia, Italy. A. Paratype FG 589/T/059, labial (A1), occlusal (A2), and lingual (A3) views. B. Paratype FG 589/T/060, labial (B1), occlusal (B2), and oblique lingual (B3) views. C. FG 589/T/051, labial view. D. FG 589/T/052, labial view. E. FG 589/T/053, labial view. F. FG 589/T/058, lingual view. G. FG 589/T/055, lingual view. H. FG 589/T/056, lingu−lateral view. I. FG 589/T/062, labial view. J. FG 589/T/066, lingual view. K. FG 589/T/061, labial view. L. Crown FG 589/T/065, lingual view. M. Crown FG 589/T/064, labial view. N. Crown FG 589/T/063, labial view. Scale bars 100 µm.

Fig. 11 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 11. Palaeobiogeography of hybodonts, ctenacanths, and xenacanthids from the Lower Rotliegend, Stephanian C (Late Carboniferous and Early Permian) based on current knowledge: B, Bohemiacanthus; L, Lissodus; O, Orthacanthus; P, Plicatodus; S, Sphenacanthus; T, Triodus; X, Xenacanthus; below the horizontal line – occurrences during Stephanian C (late Gzhelian–early Asselian), and above the horizontal line—occurrences during Lower Rotliegend (middle Asselian–early Sakmarian) (after Fischer 2005, new arranged after Schneider and Zajíc 1994). Palaeogeographic position of important Permo−Carboniferous basins (after Fischer 2005 and Roscher and Schneider 2006), the Late Permian Northern and Southern Permian Basin are omitted: AU, Autun Basin; BLG, Blanice Graben; BCG, Boskovice Graben; BU, Bourbon l'Archambault Basin; CA, Carpathian Basin; CR, Carnic Alps; DB, Donetsk Basin; DÖ, Döhlen Basin; EB, Erzgebirge Basin; EBL, Elbe Lineament; FL, Flechting Block; FRL, Franconian Lineament; FR, Franconian Basin; GBFZ, Golf of Biscay Fracture Zone; GMFZ, Gibraltar Minas Fracture Zone; GP, Guardia Pisano Basin; GSH, Grand Sillon Houllier Fracture Zone; HRF, Hunsrück Fracture; IF, Ilfeld Basin; IS, Intra Sudetic Basin; KP, Krkonoše Piedmont Basin; LC, Lu Caparoni Basin; LO, Lodève Basin; MO, Montceau les Mines Basin; NGVC, North German Volcanite Complex; NS, North Sudetic Basin; PBF, Pays de Bray Fracture; PD, Perdasdefogu Basin; PU, Puertollano Basin; RGL, Rhein Graben Lineament; RÜ, Rügen; SB, Saale Basin; SNB, Saar−Nahe Basin; ST, St. Etienne Basin; SV, Salvan−Dorénaz Basin; TF, Thuringian Forest Basin; TTFZ, Tornquist−Teysseyre Fracture Zone; WCB, Western and Central Bohemian Basins; WEI, Weissig Basin; ZÖ, Zöbingen.

Fig. 3 in New hybondontoid shark from the Permocarboniferous (Gzhelian-Asselian) of Guardia Pisano (Sardinia, Italy)

Fig. 3. Diagrammatic illustrations of teeth, fin spines and dermal denticles of Lissodus sardiniensis sp. nov. A. Tooth (following Duffin 1985), labial (A1), lingual (A2), occlusal (A3), and lateral (A4) views. B. Fin spine (modified from Schneider 1986), posterior (B1), lateral (B2) views, cross−section (B3). C. Denticles (following Thies 1995), oblique anterior (C1), and lateral (C2) views.