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FIGURE 6 in Redescription of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species

FIGURE 6. nMDS analysis of the morphological variation of Mastigias medusae including data from all historically described species. A. Analysis including Mastigias from both lake (open colored symbols) and ocean (filled colored symbols) samples, and also from historical descriptions (black filled symbols). B. Analysis including only Mastigias from ocean habitats and from the historical descriptions. Circle emphasizes the close morphological match between new samples from the Philippines and historical descriptions of M. albipuntatus.

FIGURE 5 in Redescription of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species

FIGURE 5. Adult Mastigias papua medusa (103 mm bell diameter) from the type locality: waigeo, west Papua (specifically from Mastigias Papua Cove). A. Profile view of M. papua, with details of the oral arm and margin of the bell. Two rhopalia are marked with arrows, delineating an octant. B. Details of the subumbrellar view of the terminals clubs, showing the typical 'tricorn' cross-section of lagoonal animals. C. Details of the contracted bell margin and oral arm. Note the patches of endosymbiontic zooxanthellae (here most easily visible as tan tiny dots in the unwinged part of oral arm). D. Subumbrellar view of canals dyed in the laboratory, note the perradial canal (p) and the interradial canal (i) which are both generally simple canals originating at the gastrovascular cavity and ending at the ring canal; the origins of the highly anastomosing adradial canals are marked with yellow circles where they join the gastrovascular cavity. E. Subumbrellar view of the bell margin, with velar lappets in between the two pairs of rhopalar lappets (r).

FIGURE 4 in Redescription of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species

FIGURE 4. Mastigias papua from the type locality: waigeo, west Papua (specifically from Mastigias Papua Cove, November 2007) showing ontogenetic variation within species. A. Mature medusa, 150 mm bell diameter B. Juvenile medusa, 16 mm bell diameter. (i) unwinged portion of the oral arm, (ii) winged portion of oral arm, and (iii) terminal club.

FIGURE 3 in Redescription of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species

FIGURE 3. nMDS analysis of morphological variation of 229 Mastigias samples collected in 5 regions in the western Pacific and China Sea. Lake samples are represented by unfilled symbols; ocean samples are represented by filled symbols. The type specimen is represented by a filled star.

FIGURE 2 in Redescription of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species

FIGURE 2. Bayesian phylogenetic reconstruction using COI of Mastigias. Branches are labeled with symbols that represent the Bayesian posterior probability for the alignments 1, 2 and 3 respectively; * 0.95–1.00, ^ 0.90–0.95, + 0.80–0.90. Branches in black are present in all three alignments (i.e. 1—keeping missing data, 2—excluding sequences with missing data, 3— excluding sites with ambiguous base calls); branches in grey are present in alignment 1 only or alignments 1 and 2, or 1 and 3. Points in the map represent the locations of the three monophyletic clades, named primarily following Swift et al. (2016): the 'China Sea' clade with samples from Berau, Japan, Komodo and Philippines; the 'Solomon Sea' clade with samples from Tufi; and a 'Tropical western Pacific Islands' clade with samples from Palau, Papua, and Enewetak.

FIGURE 1 in Redescription of Mastigias papua (Scyphozoa, Rhizostomeae) with designation of a neotype and recognition of two additional species

FIGURE 1. Map of the Indo-west Pacific showing the samples considered in this study (see also Table 1). Symbols represent the samples available from each location for each category of analysis (see key, top right). Locations for the museum samples are approximate as specific locations for those samples were not available. Type locality is shown for Mastigias papua as described by Lesson (1830).

FIGURE 14 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 14. Plan diagrams of the subumbrella margin of the two subgroups of Cyanea. a) Cyanea capillata, capillata-group; b) Cyanea nozakii, nozakii-group. Red arrows indicate the radial septa, which are complete in the former and interrupted in the latter. pmc = primary marginal cleft, smc = secondary marginal cleft. From Stiasny and van der Maaden (1943).

FIGURE 13 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 13. Canonical Analysis of Principal Coordinates for six standardised and isometric measures of Cyanea annaskala, Cyanea rosea and Cyanea altafissura sp nov. Values for CAP1 and CAP2 were 0.93 and 0.41 respectively. (bt = bell thickness; dcmf = depth of coronal muscle folds; dsmc = depth of secondary marginal cleft, dpmc = depth of primary marginal cleft; nrmf = number of radial muscle folds; ncmf = number of coronal muscle folds).

FIGURE 11 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 11. Rooted Maximum Likelihood COI tree using GTR + I + G model of evolution: North Atlantic Ocean, red; Tropical Atlantic Ocean, black; South Pacific Ocean, blue; Indian Ocean, orange. Bootstrap support values (ML) are given above branches, with posterior probabilities (BY) given below branches.

FIGURE 9 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 9. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. Subumbrella view, showing coronal muscle fields and inter-radial gastric cirri.

FIGURE 8 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 8. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. Subumbrella view showing one of the four gonads (g) emerging from between adjacent oral pillars (op) at base of oral arms (oa). Velar (vcmf) and rhopalial (rcmf) coronal muscle fields, radial muscle fields (rmf) and tentacle bundles (tb) also shown.

FIGURE 7 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 7. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. Subumbrella view of U-shaped tentacular bundle (tb), hollow tentacle (t), velar (vcmf) and rhopalial (rcmf) coronal muscle fields, radial muscle fields (rmf), primary marginal cleft (pmc) and rhopalium (r).

FIGURE 5 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 5. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. View of subumbrella showing rectangular shape of marginal lappets, the comparative depths of the primary/velar (pmc) and secondary/rhopalial (smc) clefts, and the dendritic and anastomosing nature of marginal canals.

FIGURE 12 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 12: Rooted Maximum likelihood ITS1 tree using the GTR + I + G model of evolution: North Atlantic Ocean, red; Tropical Atlantic Ocean, black; South Pacific Ocean, blue; Pacific Ocean, purple. Bootstrap support values (ML) are given above branches, with posterior probabilities (BY) given below branches.

FIGURE 4 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 4. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. a) Exumbrella surface showing uniform distribution of nematocyst warts.

FIGURE 3 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 3. Diagram depicting the features that were counted or measured (mm) on Cyanea specimens collected from NW Africa (bd = bell diameter; cmwr = rhopalial coronal muscle width; cmwv = velar coronal muscle width; dcmf = depth of coronal muscle folds; dpmc = depth of primary marginal cleft; dsmc = depth of secondary marginal cleft; gvpc = gastrovascular pits in the coronal muscle folds; gvpr = gastrovascular pits in the radial muscle folds; loa = length of oral arms; mlw = marginal lappet width; ncmf = number of coronal muscle folds; ncn = number of nematocyst clusters; ncp = nematocyst clusters protrude; nsl = number of secondary lobes; nt = number of tentacles; ntr = number of tentacle rows; tmc = tertiary marginal cleft; woa = width of oral arms): adapted from Dawson (2005a).

FIGURE 6 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 6. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. A) Subumbrella view of the bell margin, showing a secondary marginal cleft (smc), the position of radial muscle fields (rmf), the rhopalium (r) and the overlapping edges of the marginal lappets that in effect form a rhopalial tube (see schematic inset). B) subumbrella view of bell margin showing a secondary marginal cleft (smc) and the rhopalial hood (rh). C) detail of rhopalium at base of rhopalial "tube", note the absence of bulbs/papillae on stalk.

FIGURE 2 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 2. Map showing the location of samples collected, with details of the northern Gulf of Guinea (A) and West Africa (B).

FIGURE 10 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 10. Cyanea altafissura sp. nov. Subumbrella view of gastric sinus running beneath radial muscle fields (rmf) and tentacular bundle (tb), highlighted by red dye. Inset shows point of dye injection (circle) and subsequent movement through anastomosing connections between the tentacular and rhopalial gastrovascular pouches.

FIGURE 1 in Integrative taxonomy reveals the presence of a new species of Cyanea (Scyphozoa: Discomedusae: Semaeostomeae: Cyaneidae) from the West coast of Africa

FIGURE 1. The only described species of Cyanea from the South Atlantic Ocean—Cyanea annasethe from off the west coast of South Africa. a) whole specimen in anteriolateral view, b) detail of subumbrella surface. Although the colours on Haeckel's (1899) iconic image are not based on observations of a living specimen, the images do impart useful information regarding, inter alia, the distribution of papillae on the exumbrella, the relative depths of velar and rhopalial marginal clefts, the numbers of tentacles, the arrangement of lappet canals, the base of the oral arms and the nature of the radial septa. Note too the endodermal core to the tentacles. Adapted from Plate 8, Haeckel (1899).