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Figure 5. A–E in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 5. A–E, Vermiliopsis glandigera Gravier, 1908, figured from two specimens from AM W21470; A and B from first specimen; C–E from a second specimen: (A) worm in situ within its tube; (B) worm removed from tube showing the transparent partitioned operculum, its bulb-shaped basal part, the conspicuous annulus just below the latter, pinnule-free radiolar tips and extent of the thoracic membranes; (C) tube; D,E, worm removed from its tube: (D) worm showing distal end of the chitinous part of the operculum contracted into a concavity, and bears a small digitiform process in its centre; (E) another view of worm showing the transparent distal part of the operculum; the large annulus at the distal end of the peduncle has assumed the shape of a ventrally directed projection in alcohol.

Figure 24. A–J, Hydroides trihamulatus n in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 24. A–J, Hydroides trihamulatus n.sp. (A,B) anterior and posterior parts of tube of a juvenile specimen; (C) worm, showing operculum, operculum, pinnule-free tips of radioles and arrangement of anterior abdominal tori; D–F, from another somewhat older specimen: (D) anterior end of worm, showing operculum, its well-formed main coronal spine, and remaining coronal spines and infundibular spines with simple pointed tips; (E) tube with worm in situ; (F) operculum showing somewhat swollen processes; (G) operculum of still older specimen showing well-formed main coronal spine and remaining coronal and infundibular spines with T-shaped tipas.

Figure 2. A–F, Kimberleya hutchingsae n in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 2. A–F, Kimberleya hutchingsae n.sp. from holotype AM W21396: (A) tube; (B) worm; (C) collar chaeta; (D) chaeta from the 2nd thoracic chaetal fascicle; (E) Apomatus-chaeta from a mid thoracic chaetal fascicle; (F) anterior abdominal uncinus (rasp-shaped); (G) portion of tube from AM W21447. H,I, Pseudoprotula kimberleyensis n.gen. and n.sp., from AM W202938, two views of complete worm: (H) ventral view of thorax showing the last pair of uncinal tori; (I) dorsal view of thorax: showing absence of an operculum, the number of thoracic chaetigers and the extent of the thoracic membranes.

Figure 14. A–K and Q, Hydroides kimberleyensis n in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 14. A–K and Q, Hydroides kimberleyensis n.sp., from holotype AM W202931: (A) whole worm removed from its tube; (B–D) different views of operculum; (E–I) bayonet-shaped special collar chaetae. J–K, uncini: (J) thoracic uncini, (K) anterior abdominal uncini. L–P, from paratype AM W202963: (L) whole worm; (N–P) different views of operculum. (Q) tube with worm in situ.

Figure 17. A–K, Hydroides pseudexaltatus n in Descriptions of New Serpulid Polychaetes from the Kimberleys of Australia and Discussion of Australian and Indo-West Pacific Species of Spirobranchus and Superficially Similar Taxa

Figure 17. A–K, Hydroides pseudexaltatus n.sp., from holotype AM W202930. (A) tube; (B) anterior end of worm showing operculum, radioles, and anterior abdominal tori almost meeting dorsally; (C,D) two other views of operculum; (E–I) bayonet-shaped special collar chaetae; (J) thoracic uncini; (K) anterior abdominal uncini.

FIG. 5 in A Boreal serpulid fauna from Volgian-Ryazanian (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) shelf sediments and hydrocarbon seeps from Svalbard

FIG. 5. — Ecology of serpulids from latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous seep carbonates from Spitsbergen, Svalbard: A, specimen of Propomatoceros sp. attached to exposed carbonate surface (white arrow) (PMO 225.171), seep 3; B, serpulid tube attached to bioclast (black arrow) with surface covered with smaller serpulid tubes (white arrows) (PMO 214.757), seep 9; C, serpulid tube partially filled with dark authigenic micrite; some microborings visible close to the surface (white arrow) are filled with dark authigenic micritie (PMO 214.723),seep 9; D, serpulid tube filled with authigenic botryoidal cement (PMO 171.023B), seep 13. Scale bars:A, B, 2 mm; C, D, 1 mm.

FIG. 3 in A Boreal serpulid fauna from Volgian-Ryazanian (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) shelf sediments and hydrocarbon seeps from Svalbard

FIG. 3. — Serpulids from background sediments and seep carbonate bodies, Spitsbergen, Svalbard: A-C,?Pyrgopolon decorata (Stolley, 1912): A, two large specimens showing the shape and external ornament of the tube (PMO 217.355A, B), Konusdalen; B, details of the external ornament of?Pyrgopolon decorata (PMO 317.355 A); C, acetate peel of the tube wall of?Pyrgopolon decorata (PMO 217.355 B). D-G,?Pyrgopolon aff. nodulosum (Lundgren, 1883): D, fragment of a tube (PMO 217.357), seep 3; E, acetate peel of the tube wall (PMO 217.357), seep 3; F, mass accumulation of?Pyrgopolon aff. nodulosum (PMO 226.601), Echinoderm bed, Janusfjellet; G, thin section of the tube wall of?Pyrgopolon aff. nodulosum (PMO 214.847), Echinoderm bed, Janusfjellet. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, 1 mm; C, E, G, 200 µm; D, 2 mm; F, 15 mm.

FIG. 1 in A Boreal serpulid fauna from Volgian-Ryazanian (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) shelf sediments and hydrocarbon seeps from Svalbard

FIG. 1. — Map showing the location of study areas (A), geological map of Sassenfjorden (B) and Agardhbukta (C) areas of Spitsbergen, Svalbard with the serpulid-bearing localities in the paper marked;K, locality with?Pyrgopolon decorata in Konusdalen;E, mass accumulation of?Pyrgopolon aff.nodulosum from the Echinoderm bed; M, Myklegardfjellet seep;3, 8, 9, seep numbers.Modified from Dallmann et al.(2001).

FIG. 4 in A Boreal serpulid fauna from Volgian-Ryazanian (latest Jurassic-earliest Cretaceous) shelf sediments and hydrocarbon seeps from Svalbard

FIG. 4. — Serpulids from seep carbonate bodies, Spitsbergen, Svalbard: A-E,?Pyrgopolon sp. A: A, large specimen showing the shape and external surface of the tube (PMO 217.365), seep 8; B, details of the outer surface of?Pyrgopolon sp. A, showing the smooth outer surface (PMO 217.365), seep 8; C, cross-section of the tube showing the thickness relation of inner and outer layers (PMO 217.365), seep 8; D, details of the outer prismatic layer (PMO 217.365), seep 8; E, details of the inner microgranular layer (PMO 217.365), seep 8. F, Propomatoceros sp. A, apertural view (PMO 217.354), seep 3. G, H, Nogrobs aff. quadricarinata Münster in Goldfuss, 1831: G, specimen showing shape and external ornament of the tube (PMO 217.356), Myklegardfjellet seep; H, details of the outer surface showing ornament composed of incomplete rings and concave surface of the tube (PMO 217.356), Myklegardfjellet seep. Scale bars: A, 5 mm; B, C, H, 1 mm; D, 200 µm; E, 100 µm; F, G, 2 mm.

Figure 8 in Ultrastructure and mineral composition of serpulid tubes (Polychaeta, Annelida)

Figure 8. Pomatoceros triqueter, polished section of the tabula, fine crystal homogeneous structure, treated with 1% acetic acid for 2 min. Abbreviations: cryst, crystals; orgm, organic matrix.

Figure 7. A–B in Ultrastructure and mineral composition of serpulid tubes (Polychaeta, Annelida)

Figure 7. A–B, Serpula crenata, inner tube layer. A, cross section, fresh fracture surface, showing the crystals of irregularly oriented prismatic structure completely embedded into the organic matrix. B, polished cross section, treated with GA solution for 5 min; note that the organic matrix is partially decomposed. C, Marifugia cavatica, longitudinal section, fresh fracture surface, inner mineral irregulary oriented prismatic structure, and inner organic tube layer. D, Spirobranchus giganteus, tube lumen, inner organic layer; note the mesh-like composition of the layer. E, Hydroides dianthus, polished longitudinal section, treated with 1% acetic acid for 2 min, showing transition between irregularly oriented prismatic and lamello-fibrillar structure. F, Laminatubus alvini, polished cross section, treated with 1% acetic acid for 2 min, showing transition between inner irregularly oriented prismatic and outer homogeneous angular crystal structure. Abbreviations: cryst, crystals; exter, exterior; HAC, homogeneous angular crystal structure; IOP, irregularly oriented prismatic structure; LF, lamello-fibrillar structure; orgm, organic matrix; orgl, inner organic layer of the tube.

Figure 5. A–B in Ultrastructure and mineral composition of serpulid tubes (Polychaeta, Annelida)

Figure 5. A–B, Vitreotubus digeronimoi, simple prismatic structure, polished, and treated with GA solution for 5 min. A, cross section. B, longitudinal section. C–D, Pomatoceros triqueter, lamello-fibrillar structure. C, cross section. D, longitudinal section. E–F, Floriprotis sabiuraensis, spherulitic lamello-fibrillar structure, inner tube layer. E, cross section. F, longitudinal section. Samples (C–F) were treated with 1% acetic acid for 2 min. Abbreviations: exter, exterior; ginc, growth increments.

Figure 4. A–B in Ultrastructure and mineral composition of serpulid tubes (Polychaeta, Annelida)

Figure 4. A–B, Protula diomedeae, semi-ordered irregularly oriented prismatic structure. A, cross section. B, longitudinal section. C–D, Pyrgopolon ctenactis, semi-ordered spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic structure, outer tube layer. C, cross section. D, longitudinal section. E–F, Crucigera websteri, contact of inner tube layer with spherulitic prismatic structure, and third tube layer from outside with lamello-fibrillar structure. E, cross section. F, longitudinal section. All samples were polished and treated with 1% acetic acid for 2 min. Abbreviations: exter, exterior; ginc, growth increments; LF, lamello-fibrillar structure; osh, organic sheet; SPHP, spherulitic prismatic structure.

Figure 3. A–B in Ultrastructure and mineral composition of serpulid tubes (Polychaeta, Annelida)

Figure 3. A–B, Neovermilia falcigera, irregularly oriented platy structure, outer tube layer. A, cross section. B, longitudinal section. C–D, Bathyvermilia langerhansi, homogeneous angular crystal structure, outer tube layer. C, cross section. D, longitudinal section. E–F, Pomatostegus stellatus, homogeneous rounded crystal structure. E, cross section. F, longitudinal section. All samples were polished and treated with 1% acetic acid for 2 min. Abbreviations: exter, exterior.

Figure 2. A–B in Ultrastructure and mineral composition of serpulid tubes (Polychaeta, Annelida)

Figure 2. A–B, Pseudovermilia madracicola, spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic structure. A, cross section. B, longitudinal section. C–E, Crucigera zygophora. C, transition between irregularly oriented prismatic and spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic structure in cross section. D, spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic structure, cross section. E, spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic structure, longitudinal section. F, Spiraserpula caribensis, spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic structure. All sections were polished and treated with 1% acetic acid for 2 min. Abbreviations: IOP, irregularly oriented prismatic structure; SIOP, spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic structure.

Figure 1. A–B in Ultrastructure and mineral composition of serpulid tubes (Polychaeta, Annelida)

Figure 1. A–B, Apomatus globifer, irregularly oriented prismatic structure, polished and treated with GA (see Material & Methods) solution for 5 min. A, cross section. B, longitudinal section. C–E, Marifugia cavatica, polished, and treated with 1% acetic acid for 2 min. C, cross section, two-layered tube with irregularly oriented prismatic structure. D, longitudinal section, outer tube layer, with a low content of homogeneous carbonate cement. E, longitudinal section, inner tube layer, with a high content of homogeneous carbonate cement. F, Semivermilia crenata, irregularly oriented prismatic structure with a high content of homogeneous carbonate cement, polished cross section, treated with GA solution for 5 min. Abbreviations: cryst, crystals; exter, exterior; hc, homogeneous carbonate cement.

Figure 6. A–D in Ultrastructure and mineral composition of serpulid tubes (Polychaeta, Annelida)

Figure 6. A–D, Spirobranchus giganteus, polished, and treated with GA solution for 5 min. A, outer tube layer with oriented fibrillar structure, cross section. B, outer tube layer, oriented fibrillar structure, longitudinal section. C, detail of (B), showing the close-up of the organic sheet. D, outer layer with spherulitic irregularly oriented prismatic structure; note the epitaxial growth of prisms through several organic sheets. E, Ficopomatus enigmaticus, polished longitudinal section, spherulites in irregularly oriented prismatic structure, treated with 1% acetic acid for 2 min. F, Placostegus tridentatus, calcitic spherulite, longitudinal section of the tube with simple prismatic structure. Abbreviations: exter, exterior; ginc, growth increments; osh, organic sheet; pr, prismatic crystals; SPH, spherulite.

Figure 10 in Ultrastructure and mineral composition of serpulid tubes (Polychaeta, Annelida)

Figure 10. Evolution of serpulid tube ultrastructures. Phylogenetic relationships of serpulid genera derived from Kupriyanova et al. (2006), Bayesian majority consensus phylogram of the combined molecular and morphological data set. Numbers denote the presence of the ultrastructures in a particular genus: 1, unoriented structures; 2, semi-oriented structures; 3, oriented prismatic structures; 4, oriented complex structures.