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72 results for “South American ungulates”
Figure 9 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates
Figure 9. Right lower molars of South American 'condylarths' and 'didolodontids' in occlusal view. A, p4–m3 of Molinodus suarezi [cast of MHNC 13867 (mirrored)]. B, m2–m3 of Escribania chubutensis [UNPSJB PV 916 (holotype; mirrored)]. C, talonid of m2, and m3 of Raulvaccia peligrensis [MLP 90−II−12−69 (mirrored)]. D, P5–M3 of Ricardocifellia protocenica [MNRJ 1431-V, m1–m3 (mirrored); MNRJ 1450-V, p5 (mirrored)]. E, p2–m3 of Didolodus multicuspis (MACN A 10689). F, p2–m3 of Protolipterna ellipsodontoides [cast of DGM 1308M (mirrored)]. G, p1–m3 of Asmithwoodwardia scotti (cast of DGM 358M (holotype; mirrored)]. H, p4–m3 of Miguelsoria parayiruhnor (cast
Figure 10 in A new dentition-based phylogeny of Litopterna (Mammalia: Placentalia) and 'archaic' South American ungulates
Figure 10. Most parsimonious trees (MPTs) from the maximum parsimony analyses. A, Hypothesis 1 (H1). B, Hypothesis 2 (H2). H1 and H2 are different hypotheses for the paraconid of notoungulates (see main text). The numbers next to each node of the tree are the absolute Bremer supports on the left side and the Jackknife resampling support values on the right side. Litopterna is indicated with a star, but other nodes or tips of relevance are indicated in circles of different colours: blue, orders; black, families. Note that in the Discussion section, we redefined the families Anisolambdidae and Sparnotheriodontidae as the subfamilies Anisolambdinae and Sparnotheriodontinae of the family Anisolambdidae. Abbreviations: Ad, Adianthidae; An, Anisolambdidae; As, Astrapotheria; I, Indaleciidae; L, Litopterna; Ma, Macraucheniidae; Np, Notopterna; Nt, Notonychopidae; Nu, Notoungulata; Pe, Proterotheriidae; Py, Pyrotheria; S, Sparnotheriodontidae; X, Xenungulata.
Data from: Ancient collagen reveals evolutionary history of the endemic South American 'ungulates'
Since the late eighteenth century, fossils of bizarre extinct creatures have been described from the Americas, revealing a previously unimagined chapter in the history of mammals. The most bizarre of these are the 'native' South American ungulates thought to represent a group of mammals that evolved in relative isolation on South America, but with an uncertain affinity to any particular placental lineage. Many authors have considered them descended from Laurasian 'condylarths', which also includes the probable ancestors of perissodactyls and artiodactyls, whereas others have placed them either closer to the uniquely South American xenarthrans (anteaters, armadillos and sloths) or the basal afrotherians (e.g. elephants and hyraxes). These hypotheses have been debated owing to conflicting morphological characteristics and the hitherto inability to retrieve molecular information. Of the 'native' South American mammals, only the toxodonts and litopterns persisted until the Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene. Owing to known difficulties in retrieving ancient DNA (aDNA) from specimens from warm climates, this research presents a molecular phylogeny for both Macrauchenia patachonica (Litopterna) and Toxodon platensis (Notoungulata) recovered using proteomics-based (liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry) sequencing analyses of bone collagen. The results place both taxa in a clade that is monophyletic with the perissodactyls, which today are represented by horses, rhinoceroses and tapirs.
Data from: Ancient collagen reveals evolutionary history of the endemic South American ‘ungulates’
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Data from: Testing a developmental model in the fossil record: molar proportions in South American ungulates
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FIG. 32. Digital 3D in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 32. Digital 3D reconstructions of the osseous labyrinths of Cochilius volvens AMNH VP-29651, Tetramerorhinus lucarius AMNH VP-9245, Tapirus indicus AMNH M-200300, Ceratotherium simum AMNH M-51882, and Equus caballus AMNH M-204155 (above and on opposite page), in lateral, ventral, and dorsal views. In each ventral view, arrow indicates position of fenestra cochleae.
FIG. 28 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 28. Homalodotherium sp. MPM PV 17490, oblique caudoventral aspect. Patterson (1934a) claimed that in this taxon a carotid foramen existed on bulla's caudal surface, lying close to jugular area of basicapsular fenestra. In this specimen, only transbullar aperture in this location (asterisk) is very small and more readily interpreted as a canaliculus for tympanic nerve. If adult Homalodotherium possessed an intact internal carotid artery at all (see p. 114), it must have entered endocranium through exposed rostral part of basicapsular fenestra (not visible from this angle), as in Toxodon (see fig. 29). Note fully caudal position of posttemporal foramen, as in other notoungulates (cf. fig. 30).
FIG. 33 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 33. Stapes in selected members of comparative set. Top: Digital 3-D reconstruction of left stapes of Astrapotherium magnum MACN A 3208 in A, medial; B, tympanic; C, lateral; D, vestibular views. E, Dislocated stapes lodged in vestibule of left osseous labyrinth of MACN A 3208 (note scale). Bottom: Left stapes of Tapirus indicus (F) and Equus caballus (G) in medial and distal views (after Fleischer, 1973: figs. 48, 49). All to same scale as Astrapotherium.
FIG. 17 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 17. Cochilius volvens AMNH VP-29651, transverse segments through caudal cranium in rostrocaudal sequence (on this and opposite page). Note different scales. In A, external acoustic canal bordered by epitympanic sinus, retroarticular canal. In B, closely spaced segments depict trajectory of channel (prootic canal) for lateral head vein/prootic sinus, which typically opens into tympanic cavity on margin of secondary facial foramen (asterisks). In C, asterisk marks distal part of intratympanic sulcus for
FIG. 16 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 16. Cochilius volvens AMNH VP-29651, parasagittal segments through caudal cranium, from lateral to medial. A, prootic canal traceable from temporal sinus within endocranium to track of facial nerve in tympanic cavity (see fig. 17). B, large vacuity dorsal to petrosal formed by confluence of posttemporal canal and sulcus for temporal sinus. C, channels for accessory lacunae of transverse sinus and sinus communicans housed in calvarial bones.
FIG. 18 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 18. Cochilius volvens AMNH-VP 29651, left auditory region in slightly oblique ventral aspect. A, virtual horizontal slice through reconstructed left auditory region, with bulla digitally removed. B, same specimen, skull intact (stereopair). Bulla shifted slightly out of position post mortem, as it would normally cover caudal portion of basicapsular fenestra. Entotympanic-ectotympanic suture fully visible running parasagitally across bullar surface (see MacPhee, 2014). Key: 1, basisphenoid surface articulating with rostromedial portion of expanded bulla; 2, caudal aperture of pterygoid canal; 3, groove for greater petrosal and deep petrosal nerves; 4, transclival foramina in basioccipital; 5, groove connecting transclival foramen with small foramen in basioccipital-basisphenoid synchondrosis. In A, asterisks identify continuous basicapsular fenestra, covered by bulla in intact skull except for jugular area and foramen ovale. Dorsal wing of entotympanic (ENT) forms "medial flange," roofing over space between promontorium and medial bullar wall. For adital connection between epitympanic sinus and tympanic cavity, see figures 16 and 17.
FIG. 38 in Cranial Morphology And Phylogenetic Relationships Of Trigonostylops Wortmani, An Eocene South American Native Ungulate
FIG. 38. Tapirus, selected basicranial features in subadult and adult specimens on this and facing page. A, T . terrestris AMNH M-77576 (adult), caudal cranium in ventral aspect; B, T . indicus AMNH M-130108 (adult), segment through articular process of tegmen tympani; C, D, T . indicus AMNH M-200300 (subadult), isolated right petrosal in lateral (top) and ventral (bottom) aspects; E, F, T . indicus AMNH M-200300, isolated left ectotympanic (stereopair) in oblique medial (top) and oblique lateral (bottom) aspects. Key: 1, incisura ovalis; 2, incisura carotidis; 3, rostral (piriform) and caudal (jugular) portions of continuous basicapsular fenestra; 4, incomplete "canal" for internal carotid artery; 5, prominent groove for
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