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508 results for “Symbiotes”
FIG. 2 in Chemical communication in the symbiotic interaction between the anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (ex Aiptasia pallida) Rapp and the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp.
FIG. 2. — Carbon (A), Nitrogen (B), Phosphorus (C), Sulphur (D) mean contents in bleached Exaiptasia diaphana Rapp samples. The error bars represent the standard deviation (n ≥ 3). Abbreviations: C, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to an empty dialysis tube (control group); E, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing the holobionts; S, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing Symbiodinium cells.
FIG. 1 in Chemical communication in the symbiotic interaction between the anemone Exaiptasia diaphana (ex Aiptasia pallida) Rapp and the dinoflagellate Symbiodinium spp.
FIG. 1. — Organic composition in bleached Exaiptasia diaphana Rapp samples. The error bars represent the standard deviation (n ≥ 3). Abbreviations: C, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to an empty dialysis tube (control group); E, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing the holobionts; S, Aposymbiotic Exaiptasia samples exposed to a dialysis tube containing Symbiodinium cells.
Data for "Symbiotic nutrient cycling enables the long-term survival of Aiptasia in the absence of heterotrophic food sources"
<p>Supplementary figures and raw data associated with the publication "Symbiotic nutrient cycling enables the long-term survival of Aiptasia in the absence of heterotrophic food sources". Data for physiological and NanoSIMS measurements are uploaded as individual sheets/tabs in the .xslx file. </p> <p>"Fig. 1" contains data for physiological measurements (biomass, protein content, and symbiont density) of fed and starved Aiptasia. </p> <p>"Fig. 2" contains data for NanoSIMS measurements for regions of interest from the tissue of fed and starved Aiptasia as well as unlabelled control Aiptasia. </p> <p>The R script contains all code required to repeat the data analysis and plotting.</p> <p> </p>
Data for "Symbiotic nutrient exchange enhances the long-term survival of cassiosomes, the autonomous stinging-cell structures of Cassiopea"
<p>Raw data linked to the publication "Symbiotic nutrient exchange enhances the long-term survival of cassiosomes, the autonomous stinging-cell structures of <em>Cassiopea".</em> NanoSIMS data and data from the survival experiments are available as individual tabs in the excel file.</p>
Data and code for Symbiotic bacteria, immune-like sentinel cells, and the response to pathogens in a social amoeba
<p>This repository contains data and code to do the analyses in the paper "Symbiotic bacteria, immune-like sentinel cells, and the response to pathogens in a social amoeba" published in Royal Society Open Science. The paper investigates how infection by <em>Paraburkholderia</em> symbionts affects host <em>Dictyostelium discoideum</em>'s immune function.</p>
Reciprocal nutritional provisioning between leafcutter ants and their fungal cultivar mediates performance of symbiotic farming systems
<ol> <li>Optimized food acquisition is challenging because foraged diet items are chemically complex and often nutritionally imbalanced. These challenges are likely magnified when foraged foods are used to provision others (e.g., offspring, nestmates, symbionts) with different nutritional requirements.</li> <li>We used a theoretical framework of nutritional niches to study these provisioning challenges in leafcutter ants that cultivate a fungal symbiont with nutrients derived from freshly foraged plant fragments. While the leaf-cutting behaviours of free-ranging foragers are well studied, little is known about how colonies use these plant fragments to produce their fungal crop within underground nest chambers.</li> <li>For instance, gardener ants are known to convert vegetation into a nutritional mulch that they plant on the fungus garden. However, it remains poorly understood how the ants use this mulch to target the specific nutritional needs of their fungal crop, and whether the cultivar signals if provisioned mulch meets its nutritional needs. Towards answers, we performed three experiments to assess the precision and specificity of nutritional regulation in farming systems of the Panamanian leafcutter ant <em>Acromyrmex</em> <em>echinatior</em>.</li> <li>A laboratory feeding experiment with nutritionally defined diets showed that ant farmers collect a specific intake target for protein and carbohydrates and then linked strict protein regulation by foragers to the cultivar's fundamental niche for protein. </li> <li>An in vitro experiment with the fungal cultivar in isolation did not detect a signal of protein stress that could be used by the ants to regulate their provisioning behaviour, but it did identify an elevated fatty acid that may reinforce optimal nutritional provisioning if detected by gardening ants.</li> <li>A feeding experiment with isotopically labelled diets then revealed nutrient-specific and caste-specific allocation timelines, with nitrogen being assimilated into the cultivar's nutritional rewards before being exclusively consumed by developing brood. In turn, these combined results help resolve the integrated behaviours that give rise to resilient leafcutter farming productivity. </li> <li>These results show how nutritional niches can help disentangle reciprocal provisioning dynamics between symbionts while providing a framework to explore the nutritional transactions that mediate symbiotic stability (e.g., sanctioning, screening, policing).</li> </ol>
Free‐living and symbiotic lifestyles of a thermotolerant coral endosymbiont display profoundly distinct transcriptomes under both stable and heat stress conditions
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Variation in symbiont density is linked to changes in constitutive immunity in the facultatively symbiotic coral, Astrangia poculata
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Reciprocal nutritional provisioning between leafcutter ants and their fungal cultivar mediates performance of symbiotic farming systems
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Symbiotic microbiota vary with breeding group membership in a highly social joint-nesting bird
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Is there a latitudinal diversity gradient for symbiotic microbes? A case study with sensitive partridge peas
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Aphid infestation differently affects the defences of nitrate-fed and nitrogenfixing Medicago truncatula and alters symbiotic nitrogen fixation
<p>Legumes can meet their nitrogen requirements through root nodule symbiosis, which could also trigger plant systemic resistance against pests. The pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum, a legume pest, can harbour different facultative symbionts (FS) influencing various traits of their hosts. It is, therefore, worth determining if and how the symbionts of the plant and the aphid modulate their interaction. We used different pea aphid lines without FS or with a single one (Hamiltonella defensa, Regiella insecticola, Serratia symbiotica) to infest Medicago truncatula plants inoculated with Sinorhizobium meliloti (symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF)) or supplemented with nitrate (non-inoculated (NI)). The growth of SNF and NI plants was reduced by aphid infestation, while aphid weight (but not survival) was lowered on SNF compared to NI plants. Aphids strongly affected the plant nitrogen fixation depending on their symbiotic status, suggesting indirect relationships between aphid- and plant-associated microbes. Finally, all aphid lines triggered expression of Pathogenesis-Related Protein 1 (PR1) and Proteinase Inhibitor (PI), respective marker for salicylic and jasmonic pathways, in SNF plants, compared to only PR1 in NI plants. We demonstrate that the plant symbiotic status influences plant–aphid interactions while that of the aphid can modulate the amplitude of the plant's defence response.</p>
Data for 'Heat stress destabilizes symbiotic nutrient cycling in corals'
<p>Physiological data (tab 1) and NanoSIMS data (tab 2) associated with publication 'Heat stress destabilizes symbiotic nutrient cycling in corals'. </p>
Raw data from: Dysregulation of host-control causes interspecific conflict over host investment into symbiotic organs
Microbial mutualists provide substantial benefits to hosts that feed back to enhance fitness of the associated microbes. In many systems, beneficial microbes colonize symbiotic organs, specialized host structures that house symbionts and mediate resources exchanged between parties. Mutualisms are characterized by net benefits exchanged among members of different species, however inequalities in the magnitude of these exchanges could result in evolutionary conflict, destabilizing the mutualism. We investigated joint fitness effects of root nodule formation, the symbiotic organ of legumes that house nitrogen-fixing rhizobia in planta. We quantified host and symbiont fitness parameters dependent on the number of nodules formed using near isogenic Lotus japonicus and Mesorhizobium loti mutants, respectively. Empirically estimated fitness functions suggest that legume and rhizobia fitness is aligned as the number of nodules formed increases from zero until the host optimum is reached, a point where aligned fitness interests shift to diverging fitness interests between host and symbiont. However, fitness conflict was only inferred when analyzing wildtype hosts along with their mutants dysregulated for control over nodule formation. These data demonstrate that to avoid conflict, hosts must tightly regulate investment into symbiotic organs maximizing their benefit to cost ratio of associating with microbes.
Data from: Population genomics and demographic sampling of the ant-plant Vachellia drepanolobium and its symbiotic ants from sites across its range in East Africa.
The association between the African ant plant, Vachellia drepanolobium, and the ants that inhabit it has provided insight into the boundaries between mutualism and parasitism, the response of symbioses to environmental perturbations, and the ecology of species coexistence. We use a landscape genomics approach at sites sampled throughout the range of this system in Kenya to investigate the demographics and genetic structure of the different partners in the association. We find that different species of ant associates of V. drepanolobium show striking differences in their spatial distribution throughout Kenya, and these differences are only partly correlated with abiotic factors. A comparison of the population structure of the host plant and its three obligately arboreal ant symbionts, Crematogaster mimosae, Crematogaster nigriceps, and Tetraponera penzigi, shows that the ants exhibit somewhat similar patterns of structure throughout each of their respective ranges, but that this does not correlate in any clear way with the respective genetic structure of the populations of their host plants. A lack of evidence for local coadaptation in this system suggests that all partners have evolved to cope with a wide variety of biotic and abiotic conditions.
Data from: Symbiotic immuno-suppression: is disease susceptibility the price of bleaching resistance?
Accelerating anthropogenic climate change threatens to destroy coral reefs worldwide through the processes of bleaching and disease. These major contributors to coral mortality are both closely linked with thermal stress intensified by anthropogenic climate change. Disease outbreaks typically follow bleaching events, but a direct positive linkage between bleaching and disease has been debated. By tracking 152 individual coral ramets through the 2014 mass bleaching in a South Florida coral restoration nursery, we revealed a highly significant negative correlation between bleaching and disease in the Caribbean staghorn coral, Acropora cervicornis. To explain these results, we propose a mechanism for transient immunological protection through coral bleaching: Removal of Symbiodinium during bleaching may also temporarily eliminate suppressive symbiont modulation of host immunological function. We contextualize this hypothesis within an ecological perspective in order to generate testable predictions for future investigation.
Data from: Select and resequence reveals relative fitness of bacteria in symbiotic and free-living environments
Assays to accurately estimate relative fitness of bacteria growing in multistrain communities can advance our understanding of how selection shapes diversity within a lineage. Here, we present a variant of the "evolve and resequence" approach both to estimate relative fitness and to identify genetic variants responsible for fitness variation of symbiotic bacteria in free-living and host environments. We demonstrate the utility of this approach by characterizing selection by two plant hosts and in two free-living environments (sterilized soil and liquid media) acting on synthetic communities of the facultatively symbiotic bacterium Ensifer meliloti. We find (i) selection that hosts exert on rhizobial communities depends on competition among strains, (ii) selection is stronger inside hosts than in either free-living environment, and (iii) a positive host-dependent relationship between relative strain fitness in multistrain communities and host benefits provided by strains in single-strain experiments. The greatest changes in allele frequencies in response to plant hosts are in genes associated with motility, regulation of nitrogen fixation, and host/rhizobia signaling. The approach we present provides a powerful complement to experimental evolution and forward genetic screens for characterizing selection in bacterial populations, identifying gene function, and surveying the functional importance of naturally occurring genomic variation.
Data from: Disentangling the variability of symbiotic nitrogen fixation rate and the controlling factors
<p>Symbiotic nitrogen (N) fixation (SNF), replenishing bioavailable N for terrestrial ecosystems, exerts decisive roles in N cycling and gross primary production. Nevertheless, it remains unclear what determines the variability of SNF rate, which retards the accurate prediction for global N fixation in earth system models. This study synthesized 1230 isotopic observations to elucidate the governing factors underlying the variations of SNF rate. The SNF rates varied significantly from 3.69 to 12.54 g N m<sup>-2</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup> across host plant taxa. The traits of host plant (e.g., biomass characteristics and taxa) far outweighed soil properties and climatic factors in explaining the variations of SNF rate, accounting for 79.0% of total relative importance. Furthermore, annual SNF yield contributed to more than half of N uptake for host plants, which was consistent across different ecosystem types. This study highlights that the biotic factors, especially host plant traits (e.g., biomass characteristics and taxa), play overriding roles in determining SNF rate compared with soil properties. The suite of parameters for SNF lend support to improve N fixation module in earth system models that can provide more confidence in predicting bioavailable N changes in terrestrial ecosystems.</p>
Fitness effects of symbiotic relationships among arthropod predators
<p>Symbiotic relationships shape ecological communities and often involve more than two species. Yet few experimental studies examine the impact of symbioses involving three species, particularly any mediating role of third parties, and none involving symbioses of predators.</p> <p>We investigated experimentally the synergistic and antagonistic fitness effects of three symbiotic spider predators across a broad latitudinal range and involving different species combinations.</p> <p>The three-dimensional web-complex of <em>Cyrtophora</em> spiders is a habitat patch to different associates – species of <em>Argyrodes</em> and web-building <em>Leucauge</em> spider guests. Our field experiments, which manipulated the presence of each guest species and determined the subsequent host weight change, revealed a remarkable consistency in fitness outcomes across the three populations, with the consequences of the interactions between two species depending upon the services provided by a third.</p> <p><em>Cyrtophora</em> hosts intercepted more prey when web-building <em>Leucauge</em> guests were present and thus gained more weight. In contrast, <em>Argyrodes</em> guests exerted a fitness cost on their <em>Cyrtophora</em> host, but only when <em>Leucauge</em> guests were absent. A comparison of the prey consumed by <em>Cyrtophora</em> hosts and <em>Argyrodes</em> guests revealed that their diets (reflected in the size of prey) overlapped less in the presence of <em>Leucauge</em> web-building guests.</p> <p>Our novel experimental study highlights the importance of exploring synergistic effects in multi-species symbioses.</p>
Supplementary code and data for: Symbiotic bacteria and fungi proliferate during diapause and may enhance overwintering survival in a solitary bee
<div> <div> <div> <p>Host-microbe interactions underlie the development and fitness of many macroorganisms, including bees. Whereas many social bees benefit from vertically transmitted gut bacteria, current data suggests that solitary bees, which comprise the vast majority of species diversity within bees, lack a specialized gut microbiome. Here we examine the composition and abundance of bacteria and fungi throughout the complete life cycle of the ground-nesting solitary bee Anthophora bomboides standfordiana. In contrast to expectations, immature bee stages maintain a distinct core microbiome consisting of Actinobacterial genera (Streptomyces, Nocardiodes) and the fungus Moniliella spathulata. Dormant (diapausing) larval bees hosted the most abundant and distinctive bacteria and fungi, attaining 33 and 52 times their initial copy number, respectively. We tested two adaptive hypotheses regarding microbial functions for diapausing bees. First, using isolated bacteria and fungi, we found that Streptomyces from brood cells inhibited the growth of multiple pathogenic filamentous fungi, suggesting a role in pathogen protection during overwintering, when bees face high pathogen pressure. Second, sugar alcohol composition changed in tandem with major changes in fungal abundance, suggesting links with bee cold tolerance or overwintering biology. We find that Anthophora bomboides hosts a conserved core microbiome that may provide key fitness advantages through larval development and diapause, which raises the question of how this microbiome is maintained and faithfully transmitted between generations. Our results suggest that focus on microbiomes of mature or active insect developmental stages may overlook stage-specific symbionts and microbial fitness contributions during host dormancy.</p> </div> </div> </div>
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.