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F I G U R E 6 A in Assessing the diversity of Australian tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) using DNA barcoding and iterative species delimitation

F I G U R E 6 A midpoint rooted, maximum likelihood phylogeny using IQ-TREE of the 20 biological species found in this study. The phylogeny was estimated using 1000 ultrafast bootstraps (ufBS) from the three-gene concatenated sequence alignment. Coloured boxes and borders correspond to the colours used under the 5% cut-off (Figure S1). Only ufBS of 90 or greater are shown. Species sharing the same colour were found to share at least one nuclear allele.

F I G U R E 3 A 16S in Assessing the diversity of Australian tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) using DNA barcoding and iterative species delimitation

F I G U R E 3 A 16S neighbour-joining tree constructed under an HKY substitution model used for identifying putative species.

F I G U R E 5 in Assessing the diversity of Australian tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) using DNA barcoding and iterative species delimitation

F I G U R E 5 TCS haplotype network coloured by putative species identified at the 4% cut-off. (a) EF1γ. (b) 28S.

F I G U R E 1 in Assessing the diversity of Australian tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) using DNA barcoding and iterative species delimitation

F I G U R E 1 Map of sampling localities across Australia identified by putative species under the 4% threshold.

Fig. 8 in Jambu, a new genus of tarantula from Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

Fig. 8. Jambu manoa gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA 6131). A–B. Male left palpal bulb. A. Prolateral view. B. Retrolateral view. C–D. Male left tibial apophysis. C. Ventral view. D. Prolateral view. Arrows show embolus. Abbreviation: PA = paraembolic apophysis. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 9 in Jambu, a new genus of tarantula from Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

Fig. 9. Jambu manoa gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA 6131), type IV urticating setae. A. Lateral view. B. Convex face view. Scale bar = 20 μm.

Fig. 6 in Jambu, a new genus of tarantula from Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

Fig. 6. Jambu manoa gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA 6131). A. Abdomen, dorsal view. B. Abdomen, ventral view. C. Carapace, dorsal view.D. Sternum, ventral view. E. Distal right palp and bulb, retrolateral view. F. Oral region, ventral view. G. Right cymbium, ventral view.

Fig. 4 in Jambu, a new genus of tarantula from Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

Fig. 4. Jambu paru gen. et sp. nov. A–D. Holotype, ♂ (MPEG 7437). E. Paratype, ♀ (MPEG 7447). A–B. Left palpal bulb. A. Prolateral view. B. Retrolateral view. C–D. Left tibial apophysis. C. Ventral view. D. Prolateral view. E. Female spermathecae, ventral view. Arrows show embolus. Abbreviations: PA = paraembolic apophysis; PI = prolateral inferior keel. Scale bars = 1 mm.

Fig. 3 in Jambu, a new genus of tarantula from Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

Fig. 3. Jambu paru gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (MPEG 7437), left palpal bulb. A. Prolateral view. B. Retrolateral view. C. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view. Arrows show the embolus. Abbreviations: PA = paraembolic apophysis; PI = prolateral inferior keel.

Fig. 1 in Jambu, a new genus of tarantula from Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

Fig. 1. Jambu paru gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (MPEG 7437). A. Abdomen, dorsal view. B. Abdomen, ventral view. C. Carapace, dorsal view.D. Sternum, ventral view. E. Distal right palp and bulb, retrolateral view (arrow shows retrolateral tibial process). F. Oral region, ventral view. G. Right cymbium, ventral view.

Fig. 7 in Jambu, a new genus of tarantula from Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

Fig. 7. Jambu manoa gen. et sp. nov., holotype, ♂ (INPA 6131), left palpal bulb. A. Prolateral view. B. Retrolateral view. C. Dorsal view. D. Ventral view. Arrows show the embolus. Abbreviation: PA = paraembolic apophysis.

Fig. 2 in Jambu, a new genus of tarantula from Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

Fig. 2. Jambu paru gen. et sp. nov., paratype, ♀ (MPEG 7447). A. Carapace, dorsal view. B. Oral region, ventral view. C. Abdomen, dorsal view. D. Abdomen, ventral view. E. Sternum, ventral view.

Fig. 5 in Jambu, a new genus of tarantula from Brazil (Araneae, Theraphosidae, Theraphosinae)

Fig. 5. Jambu paru gen. et sp. nov., paratypes (♂ MPEG 7442, ♀ MPEG 7440), type IV urticating setae. A. Male, lateral view. B. Male, convex face view. C. Female, lateral view. D. Female, convex face view. Scale bar = 20 μm.

F I G U R E 4 in Assessing the diversity of Australian tarantulas (Araneae: Theraphosidae) using DNA barcoding and iterative species delimitation

F I G U R E 4 Species delimitation summary. Boxes in white represent which initial putative species specimens are assigned to as estimated under different barcode gap cut-offs. Letters within boxes represent different putative species hypotheses. Boxes in green are where the nuclear loci are consistent with being a distinct biological species, with no evidence of allele sharing. Boxes in grey are where putative species are found to share alleles of the nuclear loci. Boxes in orange are where putative species share internal haplotypes but also have alleles unique to each putative species (neotypy). Boxes in black represent the putative species found to be supported under different initial putative species thresholds.

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Figura 1 in Primeros registros de dispersión terrestre en juveniles de Grammostola rosea (Walckenaer, 1837) (Araneae: Theraphosidae) en Chile

Figura 1. (A) Grammostola rosea hembra junto a juveniles dentro de la madriguera. (B), (C) y (D) Juveniles de G. rosea dispersándose, Cachagua, Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Fotografías: (A) Andrés Olivera; (B), (C) y (D) Mauricio Montenegro. / (A) Grammostola rosea female with juveniles inside the burrow. (B), (C) and (D) G. rosea juveniles dispersing, Cachagua, Región de Valparaíso, Chile. Photographs: (A) Andrés Olivera; (B), (C) and (D) Mauricio Montenegro.

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Figura 2 in Primeros registros de dispersión terrestre en juveniles de Grammostola rosea (Walckenaer, 1837) (Araneae: Theraphosidae) en Chile

Figura 2. Mapa de registros de dispersión terrestre en juveniles de Grammostola rosea (Walckenaer, 1837). (A) Registros a nivel país. (B) Registros en la Región de Coquimbo. (C) Registros en la Región de Valparaíso. (D) Registros en la Región Metropolitana. (E) Registros en la Región de O'Higgins. / Map of records of Grammostola rosea (Walckenaer, 1837) juveniles terrestrial dispersal. (A) Records in the country. (B) Records in Región de Coquimbo. (C) Records in Región de Valparaíso. (D) Records in Región Metropolitana.

Figure 5A-C in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 5A-C. Spinneret silk spigot ultrastructure: A – two spigots of posterior lateral spinnerets. B – enlarged view of framed section in A: opening at the end of shaft, from which silk secretion is extruded, C – opening at the end of shaft, filled with solidified silk secretion. The secretion has two components. Peripheral (S1) component of solidified protein mixture surrounds the central (S2) component, which unlike component S1, has a granular appearance. SPI – spigots, bas – basal part (socket), term – terminal part of spigot (shaft).

Figure 2A-B in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 2A-B. Macrostructure of shelter and attachment fields: A – mid-section of silken tube. Arrows indicate where the tube is attached to the substratum by means of attachment fields (AF). B – detailed view of an attachment field.

Figure 4A-D in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 4A-D. SEM micrographs of spinnerets: A – overview of ventral side of a nymph. B – enlarged view of framed section in A: posterior part of ventral side of opisthosoma with two pairs of spinnerets. C – surface of posterior lateral spinnerets with spigots, partly covered by adjacent hairs (setae). Location of spigots is marked with arrows. D – detailed view of surface of spinnerets with spigots, hairs and silk fibrils. CH – chelicerae, HA – hairs, PE – pedipalps, PMS – posterior median spinnerets, PLS – posterior lateral spinnerets, SI – silk, SP – spinnerets, SPI – spigots, I. – IV. – first to fourth pairs of legs.

Figure 1A-B in Silks and silk-producing organs of Neotropical tarantula Avicularia metallica (Araneae, Mygalomorphae, Theraphosidae)

Figure 1A-B. Adult female Avicularia metallica: A – a female sitting on a leaf of Dwarf Cavendish banana Musa acuminata. B – the same female kept inside a glass insectarium. The female leans against the glass wall both with its feet and spinnerets at the end of its opisthosoma. SP – spinnerets, I. – IV. – first to fourth pairs of legs.