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Figure 9. A in The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance

Figure 9. A possible phylogenetic arrangement of Diptera showing the distribution of internal male genitalic features. Black bars indicate the apomorphic condition and grey bars indicate reversals to the plesiomorphic condition. The numbers refer to characters listed below, which are discussed further in the text and scored in the data matrix (Table 2): 1, U-shaped vasa deferentia; 2, accessory gland continuous with vasa deferentia; 3, epididymus present; 4, apical fusion of vasa deferentia absent; 5, multichambered accessory gland; 6, sliding ejaculatory apodeme; 7, ejaculatory apodeme absent; 8, aedeagus membranous; 9, ventral plate present.

Figure 8. Male external terminalia. A in The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance

Figure 8. Male external terminalia. A, Androprosopa americana (Thaumaleidae) (posterior view). B, Androprosopa americana (Thaumaleidae) (posterior view). C, Dixella nicholsoni (Dixidae) (lateral view). D, Dixella nicholsoni (Dixidae) (posterior view; gonostyli removed). aed, aedeagus; cerc, cercus; gst, gonostylus; hyprct, hypoproct; pm, paramere; v pl, ventral plate. Scale bars = 0.1 mm, except in B scale bar = 0.05 mm.

Figure 6 in The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance

Figure 6. Male internal reproductive organs (dorsal view). A, Dixa yamatoma (Dixidae) (based on the specimen photographed in Fig. 5B). B, Corethrella sp. (Corethrellidae) [modified from McKeever (1985)]. C, Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Culicidae) [modified from Hodapp & Jones (1961)]. D, Ptychoptera nr japonica (Ptychopteridae) (scale bar = 0.1 mm). E, Ptychoptera lacustris (Ptychopteridae) [modified from Just (1973)]. acc gl, accessory gland; acc gl cplx, accessory gland complex; ej dt, ejaculatory duct; sem ves, seminal vesicle; tes, testis; vas df, vas deferens.

Figure 4. Male internal reproductive organs. A in The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance

Figure 4. Male internal reproductive organs. A, Bibio flavihalter (Bibionidae) (dorsal view). B, Bibio flavihalter (Bibionidae) (dorsal view). acc gl cplx, accessory gland complex; ej dt, ejaculatory duct; tes, testis; vas df, vas deferens. Scale bars = 0.1 mm.

Figure 2 in The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance

Figure 2. Male internal reproductive organs (dorsal view). A, Tipula oleracea L. (Tipulidae) [modified from Keuchenius (1913)]. B, Philorus vividis Kitakami (Blephariceridae) (accessory glands not observed) (scale bar = 0.1 mm). C, Lucilia sp. (Calliphoridae) [modified from Hori (1960)]. D, Trichocera annulata Meigen (Trichoceridae) [modified from Neumann (1958)]. E, Phlebotomus sp. (Psychodidae) [modified from Just (1973) and Perfil'ev (1968)]. F, Sylvicola sp. Anisopodidae [modified from Abul-Nasr (1950) and Dahl (1980)]. acc gl, accessory gland; aed, aedeagus; ej dt, ejaculatory duct; sem ves, seminal vesicle; spm pmp, sperm pump; tes, testis; vas df, vas deferens.

Figure 1 in The male genital tract and aedeagal components of the Diptera with a discussion of their phylogenetic significance

Figure 1. Male internal reproductive organs (dorsal view). A, Panorpa (Mecoptera), left testis removed [modified from Grell (1942)]. B, Nannochorista (Mecoptera), left testis removed, shaded areas mark discoloured regions (scale bar = 0.1 mm). C, Spilopsyllus (Siphonaptera), with ventral surface of accessory gland on right [modified from Mead-Briggs (1962)]. D, Xenos (Strepsiptera) [modified from Carcupino et al. (1995)]. acc gl, accessory gland; acc gl app, accessory gland appendix; ej dt, ejaculatory duct; epid, epididymis; p ej dt, proximal ejaculatory duct; sem ves, seminal vesicle; tes, testis; vas df, vas deferens.

opencc-by-4.0Dec 2021View details →

Contamination from microplastics and other anthropogenic particles in the digestive tracts of the commercial species Engraulis encrasicolus and Sardina pilchardus

Abstract Fragments of microplastics (< 5mm) found in commercial species of fish, crustaceans, and bivalves, are an issue of global concern. The bioaccumulation of microplastics and other anthropogenic particles in different levels of the food web may provoke unwanted impacts on marine ecosystems and cause pernicious effects on human health. Here, we study the presence of anthropogenic particles and the fraction of microplastics in the target organs of two representative commercial fish species in Spain; the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) and the European pilchard (Sardina pilchardus). The individuals were sampled along the continental shelf of the Gulf of Cádiz, from the Bay of Cádiz to Cape Santa Maria. The isolation of the microplastics (MPs) was carried out with a complete alkaline-oxidant organic digestion (KOH-H2O2) of the digestive tract, including both the contents ingested and the muscle tissues. Anthropogenic particles were found in all individuals of both species with an average of 8.94 ± 5.11 items·ind-1. Fibres made up 93 % of the items while fragments and films were represented by the remaining 7 %. The average size of the anthropogenic particles was 0.89 ± 0.82 mm. In addition to the fragment and film particles identified as microplastics, 29 % of the fibres were estimated to be microplastics by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis. The main polymer found in both species was nylon. No significant correlation was found between the abundance and size of anthropogenic particles ingested and individual size or other body variables. The analysis of similarities (ANOSIM) and the distanced-based multiple linear regression model showed a high homogeneity in anthropogenic particle contamination in both species throughout the study area along the continental shelf of the Gulf of Cádiz.

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2010View details →

Figure |. Hystrignathus splendidus sp. n. female. A Esophageal region, lateral view. B Cephalic end, internal view C Cephalic end, external view D Spines at level of the end of procorpus E Tail, lateral view F Vulva, lateral view G Egg. H Genital tract I Habitus, lateral view. in Two new species of nematode (Oxyurida, Hystrignathidae) parasites of Passalus interstitialis Escholtz, 1829 (Coleoptera, Passalidae) from Cuba and a new locality for Longior similis Morffe, Garcia & Ventosa, 2009

Figure |. Hystrignathus splendidus sp. n. female. A Esophageal region, lateral view. B Cephalic end, internal view C Cephalic end, external view D Spines at level of the end of procorpus E Tail, lateral view F Vulva, lateral view G Egg. H Genital tract I Habitus, lateral view.

Fig. 3 in Isolation and identification of 18 unrecorded prokaryotic species from the intestinal tracts of aquatic animals in Korea

Fig. 3. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showing the phylogenetic relatedness between the four isolated strains belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria and the type species from each genus. The tree was mainly reconstructed using the NJ, ML, and MP algorithms. The filled diamonds indicate the branches present in the phylogenetic trees reconstructed with three different tree reconstruction methods. Numbers on the nodes represent bootstrap values with 1000 replicates (NJ/ML/MP). B. fragilis NCTC 9434T was used as an outgroup. The bar indicates 0.05 accumulated substitutions per nucleotide.

Fig. 2 in Isolation and identification of 18 unrecorded prokaryotic species from the intestinal tracts of aquatic animals in Korea

Fig. 2. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showing the phylogenetic relatedness between the nine isolated strains belonging to the phylum Proteobacteria and the type species from each genus. The tree was mainly reconstructed using the neighbor joining (NJ), maximum likelihood (ML), and maximum parsimony (MP) algorithms. The Filled diamonds indicate the branches present in the phylogenetic trees reconstructed using three different tree reconstruction methods. Numbers on the nodes represent bootstrap values with 1000 replicates (NJ/ ML/MP). Bacteroides fragilis NCTC 9434T was used as an outgroup. The bar indicates 0.05 accumulated substitutions per nucleotide.

Fig. 5 in Isolation and identification of 18 unrecorded prokaryotic species from the intestinal tracts of aquatic animals in Korea

Fig. 5. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showing the phylogenetic relatedness between the three isolated strains belonging to the phylum Firmicutes and the type species from each genus. The tree was mainly reconstructed using the NJ, ML, and MP algorithms. The filled diamonds indicate the branches present in the phylogenetic trees reconstructed using three different tree reconstruction methods. Numbers on the nodes represent bootstrap values with 1000 replicates(NJ/ML/MP). E. coli ATCC 11775T was used as an outgroup. The bar indicates 0.05 accumulated substitutions per nucleotide.

Fig. 1 in Isolation and identification of 18 unrecorded prokaryotic species from the intestinal tracts of aquatic animals in Korea

Fig. 1. The energy-filtering transmission electron micrographs of the isolated strains. Strains: 1, K33R8; 2, K33T6; 3, G12R3; 4, R13S1; 5, R23R4; 6, R33M6-1; 7, R33M4; 8, K11M4; 9, O13M9; 10, 719; 11, 176; 12, 775; 13, 765; 14, 684; 15, A52; 16, 771; 17, A79; 18, 772.

opencc-by-4.0Aug 2023View details →

PARALLEL G-QUADRUPLEX FOLDS VIA MULTIPLE PATHS INVOLVING G-TRACT STACKING AND STRUCTURING FROM COIL ENSEMBLE

Data from all-atom molecular dynamics simulations of DNA G-quadruplex and various G-hairpins: input files (Gromacs and Amber), stripped trajectory files (reactive trajectories and reference replicas for G4, and reactive trajectories, and reference replicas for selected hairpin simulations), metadynamics bias files, and the ΔG_fold calculation protocol.