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Fig. 5 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 5. TCS network showing the relationships among the recorded haplotypes of X. formosensis based on the analysis of a 648 base pair region of the mitochondrial gene COI using PopART.

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Fig. 2 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 2. Skull views of Mazama simplicicornis argentina (I) Holotype and (II) Topotype, compared with (III) the skull of Subulo gouazoubira neotype (Bernegossi et al. 2022, adapted). A = right lateral view, B = left lateral view, C = dorsal view and D = ventral view.

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Fig. 1 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 1. Lateral view of the adult male topotype of Mazama simplicicornis argentina (Lönnberg 1919) collected in the Chaco Province of Argentina.

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Fig. 5 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 5. Bayesian Inference of concatenated mitochondrial genes Cytb (partial 224 bp) and ND5 (partial 224 bp and partial 249 bp) of neotropical deer species including Mazama simplicicornis argentina topotype (star) and holotype (arrow). Outgroup = A. alces.

Fig. 2 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 2. Genetic analysis as inferred by the assignment test and using a Bayesian approach in STRUCTURE 2.3.4. A) Estimation of populations using a ΔK value of 2 based on TE-AFLP markers. B) The result of Bayesian assignment test indicted two genetic clusters for seven locations of X. formosensis.

Fig. 7 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 7. Timeline of the population density change of X. formosensis at the Shengang area from 1991 to 2019. #No population density data available.

Fig. 12 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 12. Causes and effects in the Aral Sea crisis. Hatched outlines show the extension of the sea after the regression had split it into two main bodies in the south and the Small Aral Sea in the north. (1) Diversion of water for irrigation resulted in (2) disastrously reduced inflow to the sea from ca.1960 onwards (3) Almost simultaneously planned species introductions seriously disturbed the native fauna (4) The reduced water inflow caused area regression, increased salinity and therefore serious reduction in biodiversity (5) Almost all fish disappeared with serious economic consequences for the human population (6) Sediment form the dried out sea bottom was blown into the air, causing very serious health problems for the human population (7) At the height of the area regression in 1990, the northern Small Aral Sea was connected to the vanishing Large Aral only through eastern Berg Strait, since the western Auzy-Kokaral Strait had dried out; a dam constructed in 2005 across the Berg Strait now retains inflowing water from the Syr Darya (8) Water level in the Small Aral Sea rapidly increased and salinity decreased; the fauna was reconstituted from refugial populations and fisheries recovered, where it again became an important commercial asset. (9) The larger part of the original Aral Sea continues to degrade into hypersaline water bodies and dried out salt flats with little or no metazoan life (10) The surrounding arid steppe now suffers from more extreme weather oscillations, since Aral waters no longer act as a buffer to temperature (11) In the future, climate caused, decreased precipitation at the sources of the two rivers will add to the shortage of water.

Fig. 5 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 5. Highly schematized representation of reproductive patterns of native fishes in the Aral Sea. A–D summarises the migratory patterns explained in detail in the text. A, Long distance migration into the rivers for spawning. B, Shorter distance migration into rivers for spawning. C, Migration from open sea to shallow coastal waters for spawning. D, Fish that stay and reproduce near the shore.

Fig. 4 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 4. Aral Sea Fauna. Important native and introduced species in the Aral Sea fauna. Mesocyclops leuckarti and Arctodiaptomus salinus were important members of the zooplankton, but the latter was replaced by the introduced Calanipeda aquaedulcis. In the benthos Dikerogammarus aralensis was displaced by the introduced shrimp Palaemon elegans. Bivalves of the genus Adacna, Cerastoderma and the introduced species Abra segmentum were important food for fish. The same is true for the introduced polychaete Hediste diversicolor. The fish depicted were all valuable commercial fisheries. Chironomid larvae and pupae were important food items for fish. The Aral Sea Trout and the Aral Sea Sturgeon have both gone extinct. Further details in text.

Fig. 11 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 11. Total fish catch in the lower Amu Darya. In 1992 the landings had decreased to 13% of the amount in 1972. The blue part of columns is the ratio of introduced fishes in the total landings. Catches decreased due to the Aral Sea Crisis. (data from Pavlowskya 2022).

Fig. 2 in Fig. 11. Left G1s in Tuerkayana latens, a New Species of Land Crab from French Polynesia, with a Discussion on the Phylogeny of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae)

Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree constructed with Maximum Likelihood (ML) based on the COI gene for selected sequences of A. amphitrite, focusing on Iranian populations (green circles). Amphibalanus reticulatus (JQ035518.1), A. variegatus (JQ035522.1) and Balanus glandula (KU204282.1) were used as outgroups. Numbers show the bootstrap values after 1000 pseudo-replicates. Clades I, II and III are corresponding to those in Chen et al. (2014).

Fig. 3 in Fig. 11. Left G1s in Tuerkayana latens, a New Species of Land Crab from French Polynesia, with a Discussion on the Phylogeny of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae)

Fig. 3. Maximum-parsimony mitochondrial DNA haplotype networks for material from the PG and the GO, and the retrieved sequences from the GenBank (only sequences of the clade I in Chen et al. (2014) phylogenetic tree are included).

Fig. 7. MAXENT reconstruction for clade I in Fig. 11. Left G1s in Tuerkayana latens, a New Species of Land Crab from French Polynesia, with a Discussion on the Phylogeny of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae)

Fig. 7. MAXENT reconstruction for clade I (A) and clade III (B) of Amphibalanus amphitrite in the world representing current distribution models.

Fig. 9. The Aral Sea regression crisis. A in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 9. The Aral Sea regression crisis. A, The desert left by the vanished sea is slowly being populated by drought and salt resistant plants. B, The first, primitive dam over the Berg Strait. C, Local fishermen look from the north at the final Kokaral Dam over the Berg Strait. D–E, ESA Spot satellite images of the Small Aral Sea soon after the dam construction and showing the increase in area already during the first year. F, Commercial fishing from small boats in the reconstituted Small Aral Sea.

Fig. 3. Haplotype networks for A. oahuensis. Panels correspond with the 12S in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 3. Haplotype networks for A. oahuensis. Panels correspond with the 12S rDNA gene (Panel A), 16S rDNA gene (Panel B), COI (Panel C), and H3A (Panel D). Colors and locality IDs correspond with those used in all other Figures. Black circles represent unsampled (i.e., missing) haplotypes, with the size of circles proportional to the frequency at which each haplotype was recovered.

Fig. 1 in Tuerkayana latens Ng and Hsi-Te Shih 2023, n. sp.

Fig. 1. Map of localities included in this study. M01-Wanead, Yap, Federated States of Micronesia; M02-Las Cabanas Beach, Palawan, Philippines; P01-Baby Beach, Maui, HI, USA; P02-Waiʻānapanapa, Maui, HI, USA; P03-Koki Beach Park, Maui, HI, USA; P04-Hanakaoʻo Park, Maui, HI, USA; P05-Kihei, Maui, HI USA; P06-Kapalaoa Beach, Oʻahu, HI, USA; P07-Pūpūkea Beach Park, Oʻahu, HI, USA; P08-Spencer Beach Park, Hawaiʻi, HI, USA; P09-Nāpoʻopoʻo Park, Hawaiʻi, HI, USA; P10-Blue Pango, Efate, Vanuatu; P11-Pele Island, Vanuatu; P12-Champagne Beach, Espiritu Santo, Vanuatu; P13-Opunohu bay, Moorea, Tahiti, French Polynesia; P14-Upolu, Samoa; P15-The Beachhouse, Viti Levu, Fiji. Colors, shapes, and labels for each locality correspond with other figures and tables. Detailed information for each locality is presented in table 1. Map is edited from a map in the public domain in Wikimedia Commons at https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_Theater_Areas;map1.svg.

Fig. 10. A in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 10. A, Commercial fisheries yield for the Aral Sea system. For early years only intermittent data are available. The yield declined to virtually nil during the regression crisis after 1960, but then recovered in the partially restored Small Aral Sea. The inserted figure shows the decline in fish biodiversity. B, Yield per species of commercial fisheries in the restored Small Aral Sea. Data after 2012 are not completely available.

Fig. 6 in Fig. 11. Left G1s in Tuerkayana latens, a New Species of Land Crab from French Polynesia, with a Discussion on the Phylogeny of the Genus (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura: Gecarcinidae)

Fig. 6. Bayesian skyline plots of effective population size through time in Amphibalanus amphitrite from two biogeographical areas (A: PG and B: GO), based on the 576 bp sequences of COI and a nucleotide substitution rate of 3.1%/MY. The bold black curve is the median of the parameter NeT, which is proportional to the effective population size; the blue lines delimit the 95% highest posterior density. For comparison, all x-axes have the same scale. The plots are truncated to the median estimate of each area's TMRCA.

Fig. 3. A and B in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 3. A and B, Geological history and topographic details of the Aral Sea from late Pliocene to present; the extensions of the present Black Sea, Caspian Sea and Aral Sea are shown in outline. The large Akchagyl Sea (or Basin) (~3.2–2 mln. years BP) covered a vast area and connected to the Black Sea by the Manych-Kerch Pillway. The later Apsheron Sea (~1.8–0.7 mln. years BP) was smaller, but still larger than the present Caspian Sea. C, The position of the present Aral Sea in its extension before the modern regression. D, Topographic and hydrological details of the Aral Sea as of about 1960. Original figure partially based on Krijgsman et al. (2019).

Fig. 6 in Tuerkayana rotundum

Fig. 6. Salinity and inflow of water for the Aral Sea. A, Total inflow to the Aral Sea during the regression and caused by diversion for irrigation purposes. B, The resulting increase in salinity; after 1990 the waters of the Large and Small Aral were separated and evolved independently of each other; the inserted maps show the decrease in area. After 2000 also the eastern and western parts of the Large Aral became separate water bodies, but both rapidly hypersalinizing. The construction of the dams that kept water in the Small Aral, had almost immediate effects. On the axis is indicated key events for the fauna in the system; further details in text. Modified and extended with new data from Plotnikov et al. (2021b).