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FIGURE 5 in Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species

FIGURE 5. Palaeogeographic scenario (Scenario A). The Italian Peninsula in the Pliocene (modified from Pinna, 1989). Black triangles: sampling sites of Salamandrina populations included in the PER clade. Black stars: sampling sites of Salamandrina populations included in the TER clade. See text for details and confront to the Fig. 1.

FIGURE 4 in Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species

FIGURE 4. Haplotype network of Salamandrina terdigitata, reconstructed using parsimony probability as implemented in TCS. Each circle in the network corresponds to one observed haplotype. Size of circles is proportional to the number of individuals (in parentheses) carrying a given haplotype. The three letters codes of the populations are indicated; numbered codes in italic mean different individuals when more than one haplotype was found in a population.

FIGURE 3 in Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree for Salamandrina terdigitata samples plus outgroup, based on combined 12S, 16S and cytb. HKY85+ model (ln = 2864.386; shape parameter = 0.1203) was assumed. Numbers in boxes (from top to bottom) are bootstrap support values for ML (100 replicates), MP (1000 replicates) and NJ (1000 replicates) and posterior probability percentages in the Bayesian analysis (2 million generators). Specimens are identified by code of sampling locality (as in Tab.1) and by a progressive number.

FIGURE 1. A in Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis of the spectacled salamander, Salamandrina terdigitata (Urodela: Salamandridae), supports the existence of two distinct species

FIGURE 1. A female specimen of Salamandrina terdigitata from Lepini Mountains (Latium, Central Italy).

FIGURE 4 in Two new species of Tylototriton from Thailand (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae)

FIGURE 4. Neighbor-joining tree based on POMC and Rag1 genes for selected species of Tylototriton and related species (see Table 1). Number above branch represents significant (>70 %) bootstrap support for the tree. Scale bar=0.001 substitutions/site. (Sample No. 18 correponds to the Group 1 [T. shanjing Lineage 5], Nos. 19 and 23 to the Group 2 [T. shanjing Lineage 4: T. uyenoi sp. nov. described herein], and No. 25 to the Group 3 [T. shanjing Lineage 6: T. panhai sp. nov.])

FIGURE 3 in Two new species of Tylototriton from Thailand (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae)

FIGURE 3. Maximum likelihood tree based on the partial ND 2 gene for Tylototriton and related species (see Table 1 and Fig. 1). Numbers at the end of braches represent sample numbers shown in Table 1. Numbers above branches represent bootstrap supports for ML inference and Bayesian posterior probability (bs / bpp). Asterisks indicate nodes with bs> 70 % and bpp> 95 %. Scale bar = 0.02 substitutions / site. (Sample No. 18 correponds to the Group 1 [T. shanjing Lineage 5], Nos. 19 – 24 to the Group 2 [T. shanjing Lineage 4: T. uyenoi sp. nov. described herein], and Nos. 25 – 27 to the Group 3 [T. shanjing Lineage 6: T. panhai sp. nov.])

FIGURE 1 in Two new species of Tylototriton from Thailand (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae)

FIGURE 1. Photos of the three groups of Tylototriton shanjing from Thailand. A: a subadult of unknown sex of Group 1 (T. shanjing Lineage 5 in molecular phylogeny: see Fig. 3) from Doi Lahnga, Chiang Rai Province; B: an adult male of Group 2 (T. shanjing Lineage 4) from Doi Inthanon, Chinag Mai Province; C: an adult female of Group 3 (T. shanjing Lineage 6) from Phu Luang, Loei Province. Tips of tails of these individuals except for the one from Doi Inthanon were used in the molecular analysis. All of these individuals were released without being deposited as voucher specimens.

FIGURE 6 in Two new species of Tylototriton from Thailand (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae)

FIGURE 6. The male holotype (KUHE 19147) of Tylototriton uyenoi (the Group 2 [T. shanjing Lineage 4]: A, B, G, and J), the female holotype (THNHM 2800) of T. panhai (the Group 3 [T. shanjing Lineage 6]: C, D, H, and K), and male topotype (NMNS 3682 - 38) of T. shanjing (T. shanjing Lineage 1: E, F, I, and L). Dorsal (A, C, and E) and ventral view (B, D, and F) of the body, left lateral view of the tail (G, H, and I), and dorsal view of the head (J, K, and L). Scale bar = 20 mm in body and tail, 10 mm in head.

FIGURE 2 in Two new species of Tylototriton from Thailand (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae)

FIGURE 2. Map showing localities of the samples of Tylototriton and Echinotriton used for molecular analyses. For locality of the sample numbers, refer to Table 1. The samples from unknown localities are shown in squares and positioned at supposed localities. (Sample No. 18 corresponds to the Group 1 [T. shanjing Lineage 5], Nos. 19 – 24 to the Group 2 [T. shanjing Lineage 4: T. uyenoi sp. nov. described herein], and Nos. 25 – 27 to the Group 3 [T. shanjing Lineage 6: T. panhai sp. nov.])

FIGURE 5 in Two new species of Tylototriton from Thailand (Amphibia: Urodela: Salamandridae)

FIGURE 5. Two dimensional plots of the first principal component (PC 1) versus the second (PC 2) (left), and PC 1 versus the third (PC 3) (right) of the male specimens of the Group 2 (T. shanjing Lineage 4: T. uyenoi sp. nov. described herein) and topotypic male specimens of T. shanjing (T. shanjing Lineage 1). Asterisk shows the holotype of T. uyenoi sp. nov.

Figure 15 in A comparative atlas of selected skeletal elements of European urodeles (Amphibia: Urodela) for palaeontological investigations

Figure 15. Precaudal vertebrae of Ichthyosaura (A, B) and Lissotriton (C, D), as an example of the intrageneric variation of the posterodorsal area of the neural arch. Notice that in A and C, the posterodorsal area is vertical and followed by the forked neural crest, whereas in B and D the posterodorsal area is roof-shaped, and the neural crest terminates in the middle of the incisura dorsalis. In contrast, the medial edges of the prezygapophyses (dashed lines in A, C) are a less variable character (divergent in the case of Ichthyosaura and parallel in Lissotriton; see diagnoses section). Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 16 in A comparative atlas of selected skeletal elements of European urodeles (Amphibia: Urodela) for palaeontological investigations

Figure 16. Phylogenetic trees of European genera of urodeles. A, 50% majority rule consensus, morphology-based tree (present study). Numbers at the nodes represent posterior probabilities. B–D, trees based on molecular analyses: B, maximum likelihood analysis based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequences from the study by Pyron & Wiens (2011); C, Bayesian inference analyses based on four nuclear genes from the study by Veith et al. (2018); and D, based on amino acid sequences of mitochondrial genes under a CAT-GTR model from the study by Rancilhac et al. (2021).

Figure 14 in A comparative atlas of selected skeletal elements of European urodeles (Amphibia: Urodela) for palaeontological investigations

Figure 14. Caudal vertebrae of European urodeles. A, Ommatotriton ophryticus (MNCN 40462). B, C, Pleurodeles waltl (MDHC 253). D, Triturus carnifex (MDHC 299). E, Triturus carnifex (MDHC 145). From left to right: anterior, dorsal, lateral (right lateral for A, C; left lateral for B, D, E), posterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 13 in A comparative atlas of selected skeletal elements of European urodeles (Amphibia: Urodela) for palaeontological investigations

Figure 13. Caudal vertebrae of European urodeles. A, Calotriton asper (MNCN 16122). B, Euproctus platycephalus (MDHC 405). C, D, Ichthyosaura alpestris (MDHC 391). E, Lissotriton vulgaris (MDHC 135). From left to right: anterior, dorsal, lateral (left lateral for A, E; right lateral for B–D), posterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 12 in A comparative atlas of selected skeletal elements of European urodeles (Amphibia: Urodela) for palaeontological investigations

Figure 12. Caudal vertebrae of European urodeles. A, Salamandrella keyserlingii (BSPGM 5451). B, Proteus anguinus (BSPGM 4538). C, Speleomantes strinatii (MDHC 225). D, Salamandrina perspicillata (MDHC 407). E, Mertensiella caucasica (BSPGM 2730). F, Salamandra salamandra (MDHC 234). G, Salamandra salamandra (MDHC 396). From left to right: anterior, dorsal, lateral (right lateral for A, B, D–F; left lateral for C, G), posterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 10 in A comparative atlas of selected skeletal elements of European urodeles (Amphibia: Urodela) for palaeontological investigations

Figure 10. Precaudal vertebrae of European urodeles. A, Mertensiella caucasica (MNCN 23821). B–D, Salamandra salamandra (MDHC 396): B, one of the first trunk vertebrae; C, trunk vertebra close to the pelvis; and D, sacral vertebra. E, Calotriton asper (MNCN 16122). From left to right: anterior, dorsal, lateral (right lateral for B, D; left lateral for A, C, E), posterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 9 in A comparative atlas of selected skeletal elements of European urodeles (Amphibia: Urodela) for palaeontological investigations

Figure 9. Precaudal vertebrae of European urodeles. A, Salamandrella keyserlingii (BSPGM 5451). B, Proteus anguinus (BSPGM 4539). C, first precaudal vertebra of Speleomantes strinatii (MDHC 225). D, precaudal vertebra of Speleomantes strinatii (MDHC 225) close to the pelvis. E, Salamandrina perspicillata (MDHC 228). F, Chioglossa lusitanica (MNCN 16099). From left to right: anterior, dorsal, lateral (right lateral for A, C–F; left lateral for B), posterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 11 in A comparative atlas of selected skeletal elements of European urodeles (Amphibia: Urodela) for palaeontological investigations

Figure 11. Precaudal vertebrae of European urodeles. A, Euproctus platycephalus (MDHC 405). B, Ichthyosaura alpestris (MDHC 352). C, Lissotriton vulgaris (MDHC 135). D, Ommatotriton vittatus (MNCN 13193). E, Pleurodeles waltl (MDHC 253). F, G, Triturus carnifex (MDHC 38): F, one of the first trunk vertebrae; and G, trunk vertebra close to the pelvis. From left to right: anterior, dorsal, lateral (left lateral for A–C, E, F; right lateral for D, G), posterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 8 in A comparative atlas of selected skeletal elements of European urodeles (Amphibia: Urodela) for palaeontological investigations

Figure 8. Atlantes of European urodeles. A, Lissotriton vulgaris (MDHC 135). B, Lissotriton vulgaris (MDHC 133). C, Ommatotriton vittatus (MNCN 13193), with right postzygapophyses missing. D, Pleurodeles waltl (MDHC 253). E, Triturus carnifex (MDHC 38). From left to right: anterior, dorsal, lateral (right lateral for A, D; left lateral for B–C, E), posterior and ventral views. Scale bars: 1 mm.

Figure 3 in A comparative atlas of selected skeletal elements of European urodeles (Amphibia: Urodela) for palaeontological investigations

Figure 3. Terminology followed for the precaudal vertebrae (for the use of this word in the present work, see the Terminology section). Trunk vertebra of Lissotriton vulgaris in anterior (A), dorsal (B), left lateral (C), posterior (D) and ventral (E) views. Abbreviations (newly introduced term is in quotes): avc, anterior ventral crest; azc, anterior zygapophyseal crest; con, condyle; cot, cotyle; dia, diapophysis; fsn, foramen of the spinal nerve; 'idor, incisura dorsalis'; ivca, incisura vertebralis caudalis; na, neural arch; nc, neural canal; ncr, neural crest; par, parapophysis; postz, postzygapophyses; prez, prezygapophyses; pvc, posterior ventral crest; pzc, posterior zygapophyseal crest; vc, vertebral centrum; vl, ventral lamina. Notice that in this specimen, the neural spine is absent. Scale bar: 1 mm.