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135 results for “Weapons”
Data and codes from: Flight hampers the evolution of weapons in birds
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Selection on weapon allometry in the wild
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Data from: The tale of the shrinking weapon: seasonal changes in nutrition affect weapon size and sexual dimorphism, but not contemporary evolution
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Data from: Cybernetic combatants support the importance of duels in the evolution of extreme weapons
A current evolutionary hypothesis predicts that the most extreme forms of animal weaponry arise in systems where combatants fight each other one-to-one, in duels. It has also been suggested that arms races in human interstate conflicts are more likely to escalate in cases where there are only two opponents. However, directly testing whether duels matter for weapon investment is difficult in animals and impossible in interstate conflicts. Here, we test whether superior combatants experience a disproportionate advantage in duels, as compared with multi-combatant skirmishes, in a system analogous to both animal and military contests; the battles fought by artificial intelligence agents in a computer war-game. We found that combatants with experimentally improved fighting power had a large advantage in duels, but that this advantage deteriorated as the complexity of the battlefield was increased by the addition of further combatants. This pattern remained under the two different forms of advantage granted to our focal A.I. combatants, and became reversed when we switched the roles to feature a weak focal A.I. among strong opponents. Our results suggest that one-on-one combat may trigger arms races in diverse systems. These results corroborate the outcomes of studies of both animal and interstate contests, and suggest that elements of animal contest theory may be widely applicable to arms races generally.
Anti-predator behaviour depends on male weapon size
<p>Tonic immobility and escape are adaptive anti-predator tactics used by many animals. Escape requires movement, whereas tonic immobility does not. If anti-predator tactics relate to weapon size, males with larger weapons may adopt tonic immobility, whereas males with smaller weapons may adopt escape. However, no study has investigated the relationship between weapon size and anti-predator tactics. In this study, we investigated the relationship between male weapon size and tonic immobility in the beetle <i>Gnathocerus</i><i> cornutus</i>. The results showed that tonic immobility was more frequent in males with larger weapons. Although most studies of tonic immobility in beetles have focused on the duration, rather than the frequency, tonic immobility duration was not affected by weapon size in <i>G</i>.<i> cornutus</i>. Therefore, this study is the first to suggest that the male weapon trait affects anti-predator tactics.</p>
Data from: Shark tooth weapons from the 19th century reflect shifting baselines in Central Pacific predator assemblies
The reefs surrounding the Gilbert Islands (Republic of Kiribati, Central Pacific), like many throughout the world, have undergone a period of rapid and intensive environmental perturbation over the past 100 years. A byproduct of this perturbation has been a reduction of the number of shark species present in their waters, even though sharks play an important in the economy and culture of the Gilbertese. Here we examine how shark communities changed over time periods that predate the written record in order to understand the magnitude of ecosystem changes in the Central Pacific. Using a novel data source, the shark tooth weapons of the Gilbertese Islanders housed in natural history museums, we show that two species of shark, the Spot-tail (Carcharhinus sorrah) and the Dusky (C. obscurus), were present in the islands during the last half of the 19th century but not reported in any historical literature or contemporary ichthyological surveys of the region. Given the importance of these species to the ecology of the Gilbert Island reefs and to the culture of the Gilbertese people, documenting these shifts in baseline fauna represents an important step toward restoring the vivid splendor of both ecological and cultural diversity.
Data from: Sperm competition and the evolution of precopulatory weapons: testis size and amplexus position, but not arm strength, affect fertilization success in a chorusing frog
Trade-offs between pre- and postcopulatory traits influence their evolution, and male expenditure on such traits is predicted to depend on the number of competitors, the benefits from investing in weapons, and the risk and intensity of sperm competition. Males of the chorusing frog Crinia georgiana use their arms as weapons in contest competition. Previously, we showed that increased numbers of rivals elevated the risk and intensity of sperm competition due to multimale amplexus, and caused a reversal in the direction of precopulatory selection on arm girth. Here we focused on the factors affecting postcopulatory fertilization success during group spawning, using paternity data from natural choruses. Competitive fertilization success depended on the time spent amplexed and amplexus position. Relative testes size but not arm girth, contributed to fertilization success, but the effect of testes size depended on amplexus position. Our findings offer within species empirical support for recent sperm competition models that incorporate precopulatory male-male competition, and show why an understanding of the evolution of animal weapons requires a consideration of both pre- and postcopulatory episodes of sexual selection.
Data from: Contests with deadly weapons: telson sparring in mantis shrimp (Stomatopoda)
Mantis shrimp strike with extreme impact forces that are deadly to prey. They also strike conspecifics during territorial contests, yet theoretical and empirical findings in aggressive behaviour research suggest competitors should resolve conflicts using signals before escalating to dangerous combat. We tested how Neogonodactylus bredini uses two ritualized behaviours to resolve size-matched contests: meral spread visual displays and telson (tailplate) strikes. We predicted that (i) most contests would be resolved by meral spreads, (ii) meral spreads would reliably signal strike force and (iii) strike force would predict contest success. The results were unexpected for each prediction. Contests were not resolved by meral spreads, instead escalating to striking in 33 of 34 experiments. The size of meral spread components did not strongly correlate with strike force. Strike force did not predict contest success; instead, winners delivered more strikes. Size-matched N. bredini avoid deadly combat not by visual displays, but by ritualistically and repeatedly striking each other's telsons until the loser retreats. We term this behaviour 'telson sparring', analogous to sparring in other weapon systems. We present an alternative framework for mantis shrimp contests in which the fight itself is the signal, serving as a non-lethal indicator of aggressive persistence or endurance.
Data from: Experimental manipulation reveals a trade-off between weapons and testes
Theory predicts a trade-off between sexually-selected weapons used to secure mates and post-copulatory traits used to maximize fertilization success. However, individuals that have a greater capacity to acquire resources from the environment may invest more in both pre- and post-copulatory traits, and trade-offs may not be readily apparent. Here, we manipulate the phenotype of developing individuals to examine allocation trade-offs between weapons and testes in Mictis profana (Hemiptera: Coreidae), a species where the hind legs are sexually selected weapons used in contests over access to females. We experimentally prevented males from developing weapons by inducing them to autotomize their hind legs before the final molt to adulthood. We compared trait expression in this group to males where autotomy was induced in the mid legs, which are presumably not under sexual selection to the same extent. We found males without weapons invested proportionally more in testes mass than those with their mid legs removed. Males that developed to adulthood without weapons did not differ from the mid leg removal group in other traits potentially under pre-copulatory sexual selection, other post-copulatory traits, or naturally selected traits. In addition, a sample of adult males from the same population in the wild revealed a positive correlation between investment in testes and weapons. Our study presents a critical contribution to a growing body of literature suggesting the allocation of resources to pre- and post-copulatory sexual traits is influenced by a resource allocation trade-off and that this trade-off may only be revealed with experimental manipulation.
Data from: Predation shapes the evolutionary traits of cervid weapons
Sexually selected weapons evolved to maximize the individual reproductive success of males in many polygynous breeding species. Many weapons are also retained outside of reproductive periods for secondary reasons, but the importance of these secondary functions is poorly understood. Here we leveraged a unique opportunity from the predator–prey system in northern Yellowstone National Park, WY, USA to evaluate whether predation by a widespread, coursing predator (wolves) has influenced a specific weapon trait (antler retention time) in their primary cervid prey (elk). Male elk face a trade-off: individuals casting antlers early begin regrowth before other males, resulting in relatively larger antlers the following year, and thus greater reproductive success, as indicated by research with red deer. We show, however, that male elk that cast their antlers early are preferentially hunted and killed by wolves, despite early casters being in better nutritional condition than antlered individuals. Our results run counter to classic expectations of coursing predators preferring poorer-conditioned individuals, and in so doing, reveal an important secondary function for an exaggerated sexually selected weapon—predatory deterrence. We suggest this secondary function played a key evolutionary role in elk; uniquely among North American cervids, they retain their antlers long after they fulfil their primary role in reproduction.
Data from: The design of a beautiful weapon: compensation for opposing sexual selection on a trait with two functions
Male fiddler crabs, genus Uca, have one greatly enlarged claw with which they court females and threaten and fight other males. Longer claws are more effective signals but are thought to be less effective weapons because the relative closing force at the tip of the claw decreases with claw length. We studied claw morphology and fighting in Uca terpsichores and Uca beebei and found a mechanism that may resolve opposing selection for signaling and fighting ability. When males fought they delivered gripping forces not at the tips but at the tubercles on the inner margins of their claws' fingers. As claws grow, these tubercles remain relatively close to the apex of the gape. Consequently, the mechanical advantage that governs the forces that can be delivered at these tubercles decreases only slightly with increasing claw length allowing the claw to be an effective signal and a powerful weapon. Animal weapons are exceptionally diverse in form and detail of armature and the causes of this diversity are poorly understood. We suggest that the designs of weapons may often reflect compensatory patterns of growth and placement of armature that enhances the weapon's overall utility for multiple uses in competition for mates.
Bronze Weapon Hoard, Jebel al-Buhais, Sharjah
Bronze Age bronze hoard containing a variety of spear heads, knives and daggers. Jebel al-Buhais, Sharjah, UAE. On display in the Mleiha Archaeological Center. 2nd millenium BCE. Catalog number EXS254. Processed in Reality Capture from 837 images. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Flint stone tool or weapon
Used some scanning spray to create enough surface features.. Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
RPG Weapons Barrel
RPG styled wooden barrel made as part of university project Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Sword-weapon
first attempt at making a sword Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Chinese simple weapon rack
This is a simple weapon rack for my chinese weapon room Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Murder Weapon (OA. 1817)
This badge represents the sheath of the sword-point relic displayed at the site of Thomas Becket's martyrdom. It would have originally included a model sword. Thomas Becket was made Royal Chancellor of England by Henry II before becoming Archbishop of Canterbury. When the pair fell out over his dual roles, he was placed at odds between the king and the Pope. Becket was murdered in Canterbury Cathedral in 1170 by knights close to Henry II. A popular cult developed at Canterbury cathedral where his tomb was situated and he was made a saint. Becket was killed by a knight called Fitzurse, whose sword severed the top of the archbishop's head and became a contact relic. The badges sold at Canterbury display a wide variety of imagery. The pin on the reverse of this badge allowed it to be fixed to its wearer's hat or bag. l.97.48 w. 18.63mm http://www.britishmuseum.org/research/collection_online/collection_object_details.aspx?objectId=45072&partId=1&searchText=OA.1817&page=1 Source: Objaverse 1.0 / Sketchfab
Supplementary material 4 from: Romiti F, Redolfi De Zan L, Rossi de Gasperis S, Tini M, Scaccini D, Anaclerio M, Carpaneto G (2017) Latitudinal cline in weapon allometry and phenology of the European stag beetle. In: Campanaro A, Hardersen S, Sabbatini Peverieri G, Carpaneto GM (Eds) Monitoring of saproxylic beetles and other insects protected in the European Union. Nature Conservation 19: 57-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.19.12681
Allometric relationship between mandible (LnML) and elytron (LnEL) length of each population : Data type: statistical data
Supplementary material 3 from: Romiti F, Redolfi De Zan L, Rossi de Gasperis S, Tini M, Scaccini D, Anaclerio M, Carpaneto G (2017) Latitudinal cline in weapon allometry and phenology of the European stag beetle. In: Campanaro A, Hardersen S, Sabbatini Peverieri G, Carpaneto GM (Eds) Monitoring of saproxylic beetles and other insects protected in the European Union. Nature Conservation 19: 57-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.19.12681
Allometric relationship between mandible (LnML) and elytron (LnEL) length for minor and major morph : Data type: statistical data
Supplementary material 1 from: Romiti F, Redolfi De Zan L, Rossi de Gasperis S, Tini M, Scaccini D, Anaclerio M, Carpaneto G (2017) Latitudinal cline in weapon allometry and phenology of the European stag beetle. In: Campanaro A, Hardersen S, Sabbatini Peverieri G, Carpaneto GM (Eds) Monitoring of saproxylic beetles and other insects protected in the European Union. Nature Conservation 19: 57-80. https://doi.org/10.3897/natureconservation.19.12681
Shapiro-Wilk normality test on biometric, phenological and climatic variable : Data type: statistical data
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